丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对玉米秸秆DM、OM瘤胃有效降解率(P)无显著影响(P>0.05);玉米秸秆NDF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)和降解常数(c)及ADF降解常数(c)差异不显著(P>0.05),丙酸镁组ADF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),NDF和ADF瘤胃快速降解部分(a)和瘤胃有效降解率(P)较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁提高了玉米秸秆NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率(P)。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛日粮养分表观消化率的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁、体况良好、体重500 kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对养分消化率的影响.结果表明:丙酸镁组日粮干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和磷(P)的表现消化率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),但与丙酸和氧化镁组相比差异不显著(P>0.05).日粮粗脂肪(EE)和钙(Ca)的表现消化率各组间差异不显著(P>0.05).     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛氮平衡和能量平衡的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对西门塔尔牛氮平衡和能量平衡的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,各组采食氮、采食总能、粪能、尿能、气体能、产热量、消化能/采食能差异均不显著(P>0.05);丙酸镁组粪氮较对照和氧化镁组显著降低(P<0.05);处理组尿氮较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05);丙酸镁和丙酸组可消化氮和沉积氮、代谢能和沉积能较对照和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),氧化镁组沉积氮较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。丙酸镁组消化能、沉积能/消化能和沉积能/采食能较对照和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05)。丙酸镁降低了粪氮和尿氮,提高了可消化氮、沉积氮、消化能、代谢能、沉积能、沉积能/消化能、沉积能/采食能,改善了氮平衡和能量平衡。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛尿嘌呤衍生物和微生物蛋白的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重500kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,丙酸镁组和丙酸组尿囊素、PD、微生物氮(MN)、MCP较对照组和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),但丙酸镁组和丙酸组差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对尿酸(uric acid)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮中添加丙酸镁和丙酸提高了尿囊素含量和PD、MN和MCP产量,但处理对尿酸没有影响。     

包被硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮中添加包被硒(0、0.3、0.6、0.9mg/kg)对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响。结果表明:添加包被硒瘤胃中pH值、VFA、乙酸/丙酸比值均无显著差异(P>0.05);瘤胃氨态氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05);玉米秸秆DM、OM、ADF和NDF有效降解率提高;0.6mg/kg和0.9mg/kg组豆粕DM、OM和CP有效降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组和0.9mg/kg组尿囊素、PD显著高于对照组和0.3mg/kg组(P<0.05)。兼顾基础日粮含硒量以及考虑硒的安全剂量,建议以包被硒为硒源时日粮硒添加水平为0.60mg/kg(以干物质计)。     

薰衣草秸秆和薰衣草秸秆青贮的瘤胃降解规律比较

本试验旨在研究薰衣草秸秆和薰衣草秸秆青贮的瘤胃降解特性,比较其瘤胃降解规律的差异。试验选用4头1.5岁、平均体重为(415±20)kg的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的利鲁公牛(利木赞牛×鲁西黄牛),采用尼龙袋法评定薰衣草秸秆和薰衣草秸秆青贮的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃降解率和瘤胃降解参数。结果表明:青贮处理显著降低了薰衣草秸秆的OM含量(P0.05),显著提高了粗脂肪(EE)含量(P0.05),有提高CP含量(P=0.07)和降低NDF含量(P=0.08)的趋势,对酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。青贮处理显著提高了薰衣草秸秆72 h DM、OM和NDF瘤胃降解率(P0.05),对72 h CP瘤胃降解率没有显著影响(P0.05)。薰衣草秸秆青贮的DM、OM、CP和NDF有效降解率均显著高于薰衣草秸秆(P0.05)。青贮处理对薰衣草秸秆DM和OM的快速降解部分(a)比例没有显著影响(P0.05),显著提高了DM和OM的慢速降解部分(b)和可利用部分(a+b)比例(P0.05),有提高DM慢速降解部分降解速率(c)的趋势(P=0.06)。薰衣草秸秆和薰衣草秸秆青贮CP的快速降解部分、慢速降解部分和可利用部分比例差异不显著(P0.05),薰衣草秸秆青贮CP的慢速降解部分降解速率有增加的趋势(P=0.06)。青贮处理显著提高了薰衣草秸秆NDF的快速降解部分、可利用部分比例和慢速降解部分降解速率(P0.05),有提高NDF慢速降解部分比例的趋势(P=0.08)。由此可见,青贮处理可以改善薰衣草秸秆的品质,提高肉牛对薰衣草秸秆的利用效率,为进一步开发利用薰衣草秸秆资源提供理论参考。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH和氨态氮浓度的影响

选用4头3.5岁、体况良好(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度的影响。结果表明:日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,0h各组间pH差异不显著(P0.05),3h、6h丙酸镁和丙酸组pH较对照组和氧化镁组显著降低(P0.05),9h丙酸镁组pH与其他三组差异不显著(P0.05),丙酸镁组和丙酸组pH平均值较对照组和氧化镁组显著降低(P0.05);0h和9h各组间瘤胃液NH3-N浓度差异不显著(P0.05),3h和6h丙酸镁组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著低于其他组(P0.05),丙酸镁组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度平均值显著低于其他组(P0.05)。本试验条件下,日粮中添加丙酸镁可降低西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH和NH3-N浓度。     

赖氨酸铜对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究赖氨酸铜(0、8、16和24mg/kg)对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响。结果表明:瘤胃pH值和VFA无显著差异(P>0.05);24mg/kg组NH3浓度高于对照(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸低于对照组(P<0.05),玉米秸秆DM、OM、NDF和ADF有效降解率低于对照组和其他处理组(P<0.05),豆粕DM、OM和CP瘤胃有效降解率低于对照组(P<0.05)。24mg/kg组尿囊素、尿嘌呤衍生物和微生物蛋白低于对照和8mg/kg组(P<0.05)。赖氨酸铜添加量以8mg/kg为宜,兼顾基础日粮含铜量,建议日粮铜水平为11.25mg/kg。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌对全株玉米青贮品质及瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG)对全株玉米青贮品质及瘤胃降解率的影响。采用单因素试验设计,设置对照组(CON)和LGG处理组(添加105 CFU/g鲜重LGG),于0、24、36、48 d取样,测定其常规营养价值、发酵品质和瘤胃降解特性。结果表明:与CON组相比,LGG组干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)含量在48 d下降,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在36 d后显著降低,淀粉含量在36 d显著升高;不同天数的pH均显著下降;36 d和48 d乳酸含量显著升高,乙酸和丙酸在24 d时显著升高;氨态氮在整个发酵过程中变化不显著;LGG组DM慢速降解速率常数c和有效降解率(ED)均显著高于CON组;LGG组CP快速降解参数a、慢速降解速率常数c和ED显著升高,LGG组NDF慢速降解参数b和ED显著升高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌能显著改善全株玉米青贮发酵品质,提高DM、CP和NDF在瘤胃内的ED。     

日粮添加甘油对牛精料瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头体重500kg,年龄3.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究甘油(0、100、200和300g/d)对精饲料瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:200g/d组精饲料干物质(DM)和有机物质(OM)的有效降解率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05);添加甘油后精饲料粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率较对照组降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据试验结果推断日粮中甘油的适宜添加水平为200g/d。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …