Border fertigation: field experiments and a simple model

Fertilizers are commonly dissolved in border irrigation water. However, there are no available procedures for the proper design and management of surface fertigation. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the uniformity of fertilizer application under varying inflow discharges and fertilizer application times in blocked-end borders. Results from the fertigation evaluations showed that the fertilizer distribution uniformity of the low half (DULH) ranged from 2.9 to 51.6%, while water DULH ranged from 63.5 to 96.9%. A simplified border fertigation model based on one-dimensional convection was formulated and applied to the simulation of the experiments. The model was able to explain 43.8% of the variability in the fertilizer DULH. Application of the model to selected case studies revealed that short-duration applications, such as those resulting from instantaneous release of fertilizer into the irrigation stream, often produce low uniformities. This is particularly true for early applications in blocked-end borders and for early and late applications in level basins. In both irrigation systems, application of fertilizer at a constant rate during the entire irrigation event is frequently the best solution. In the presence of runoff, the model can be used to find a compromise between fertilizer application uniformity and runoff losses. Finally, if large deep percolation losses are expected, the model can identify uniform fertigation options based on late applications of fertilizer. Received: 8 August 1996     

圆形喷灌机泵注式施肥装置设计与田间试验

圆形喷灌机水肥一体化作业时对喷洒肥液均匀性有较高要求,需要采用比例施肥装置,确保注入喷灌机的肥液流量保持恒定。为此设计了基于柱塞式注肥泵的泵注式施肥装置,并以注射喷嘴的孔口直径、安装位置以及注肥泵的电源频率为变量,进行了圆形喷灌机应用泵注式施肥装置的喷灌施肥均匀性试验。结果表明,圆形喷灌机停止状态下,注肥泵电源频率50 Hz运行时,3种注射喷嘴孔口直径和3种安装位置的组合工况下喷灌施肥的均匀系数CU为99.00%~99.65%,变异系数CV为0.46%~1.37%,其中当注射喷嘴孔口直径为2.5 mm、安装在进水管水平段位置的工况时获得的喷灌施肥均匀性最佳。圆形喷灌机行走状态下,测得单列雨量筒喷灌施肥均匀系数C*UH为88.77%~90.66%,表明圆形喷灌机采用泵注式施肥装置能够获得较高的喷灌施肥均匀性。此外,通过对比注肥泵电源频率在50 Hz和46 Hz时的喷灌施肥均匀性,发现喷头喷洒肥液的电导率总平均值与电源频率之间具有显著的正相关性,表明改变注肥泵的电源频率是圆形喷灌机实现高均匀度变量喷灌施肥的一种有效途径。     

Spatial and temporal distributions of nitrogen and crop yield as affected by nonuniformity of sprinkler fertigation

Deep percolation and nitrate leaching are important considerations in the design of sprinkler systems. Field experiments were therefore conducted to investigate the influence of nonuniformity of sprinkler irrigation on deep percolation and spatial distributions of nitrogen and crop yield during the growing season of winter wheat at an experiment station in Beijing, China. Three experimental plots of a sandy clay loam soil in the 0–40 cm depth interval and a loamy clay soil below 40 cm were irrigated with a sprinkler irrigation system that had a seasonal averaged Christiansen irrigation uniformity coefficient (CU) varying from 72 to 84%. Except for the fertilizer applied before planting, fertilizer was applied with the sprinkler irrigation system. The corresponding seasonal averaged CU for fertigation varied from 71 to 85%. Daily observation of matrix water potentials in the root zone showed that little deep percolation occurred. Consequently, the effect of sprinkler uniformity on deep percolation was minor during the irrigation season for the soil tested. Intensive gravimetric soil core samplings were conducted several times during the irrigation season in a grid of 5 m × 5 m for each plot to determine the spatial and temporal variation of NH₄-N and NO₃-N contents. Soil NH₄-N and NO₃-N exhibited high spatial variability in depth and time during the irrigation season with CU values ranging from 23 to 97% and the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.04 to 1.06. A higher uniformity of sprinkler fertigation produced a more uniform distribution of NH₄-N, but the distribution of NO₃-N was not related to fertigation. Rather it was related to the spatial variability of NO₃-N before fertigation began. At harvest, the distribution of dry matter above ground, nitrogen uptake, and yield were measured and the results indicated that sprinkler fertigation uniformity had insignificant effects on the parameters mentioned above. Field experimental results obtained from this study suggest that sprinkler irrigation if properly managed can be used as an efficient and environment-friendly method of applying water and fertilizers.     

施肥浓度对摇臂式喷头喷灌施肥均匀性的影响

为了研究施肥浓度对喷灌施肥均匀性的影响规律,选用摇臂式喷头10PY₂H,测量其喷灌施肥时肥液体积、施肥浓度、施肥量3种参数的径向分布.试验中,氯化钾溶液质量浓度(即母液浓度)分别为0,20,35,50,65,80 g/L.采用叠加法计算组合喷洒时3种施肥参数的均匀度CU、分布均匀度DU和统计均匀度U_s.分析表明施肥浓度对摇臂式喷头的灌水施肥影响呈现非线性特点.增加母液浓度对肥液体积分布和施肥浓度分布均匀性的影响相对较小,但对施肥量分布均匀性的影响十分显著.组合喷灌加剧了不同测点的数值差异.随着母液浓度增大,施肥量径向分布变化增大,当母液质量浓度增大到80 g/L时,施肥量主要集中在20%~60%射程处,导致施肥均匀性急剧下降;当母液质量浓度小于等于35 g/L时,远端90%~100%射程处的施肥浓度相对更高,与前人得出的滴灌施肥系统施肥浓度沿管道方向递减的规律相反.3个评价指标中,均匀度CU数值最高,分布均匀度DU总体数值最低、变化最大,且以DU变化最为明显,这说明了DU能反映低值区的施肥情况.喷灌施肥等值线图表明肥液与施肥量的分布规律相似,但施肥浓度的分布情况则相反,这可能与射程远端施肥浓度更大有关.     

Analysis, assessment, and improvement of fertilizer distribution in pressure irrigation systems

The transformation of traditional irrigation systems into pressure irrigation networks allows water users associations to use central fertigation systems. For efficient fertigation management, however, it is essential to obtain uniform distribution of the injected fertilizer through the system and to understand the hydraulic processes that take place in the central fertigation system. This will allow users to implement strategies that improve fertilizer distribution. In this work we develop a new methodology to improve fertilizer distribution uniformity and apply it to a case study. The results show how fertilizer distribution can be improved by means of proper scheduling of irrigation deliveries. The best results are obtained when fertigating sectors operate without non-fertigating sectors and there are not intermediate irrigations without fertilizer, achieving an improvement of the fertilizer distribution of 10.5%. In addition, this work highlights the difficulties of obtaining uniform distribution of fertilizer in a centralized irrigation system when there are users that do not want to make use of it.     

畦灌不同液施模式下水氮空间分布特征

【目的】改善土壤水氮分布。【方法】基于夏玉米生长关键期灌溉施肥的试验结果,探究畦灌不同液施模式对土壤水氮空间分布状况及其变化趋势的影响。选取畦宽(1.5、2.3、3.2 m),施肥时机(灌溉到畦长的1/3、1/2施肥和全程施肥)和改水成数(85%、90%、95%)3个因素,每个因素3个水平,设置传统畦灌进行对照,采取正交设计选取最优水平组合,以形成适合作物生长发育的土壤水氮空间分布状况。【结果】畦宽对于土壤水分沿畦长分布的变异系数有显著影响,贡献率达94.36%;改水成数影响水分和氮素沿畦长分布均匀性(DUWH和DUNH、DUNQ),尤其对氮素沿畦长分布均匀性有显著影响,贡献率分别为23.9%、91.74%和71.26%;施肥时机仅对DUWH和DUNQ有显著影响,贡献率为56.09%和27.41%。【结论】液施条件下可以改善土壤水氮空间分布;畦宽为1.5 m、灌溉到畦长1/2时施肥,改水成数为95%的施肥方式可以形成较好的土壤水氮储存效率和水氮沿畦长分布均匀性。     

控水控肥对微喷灌三七土壤磷素的影响

通过3个控水水平和4个控肥水平正交试验,对2017—2019年泸西县大栗树村三七典型种植区控水控肥条件下微喷灌三七土壤全磷和速效磷运移分布及其储量特性进行试验研究.结果表明:不同灌水量全磷以三七植株为中心沿水平方向和土壤深度增大均逐渐减小,水平方向最大值出现范围在0~10 cm,土壤深度最大值出现范围在0~20 cm.速效磷沿水平方向和土壤深度增大均先减小后增大,沿水平方向和土壤深度方向最大值出现范围均在0~20 cm.不同施肥量全磷和速效磷以三七植株为中心沿水平方向和土壤深度增大均先减小后增大,处理W3F2全磷和速效磷水平方向和土壤深度方向最大值出现范围在0~10 cm.不同灌水量全磷和速效磷分布均匀系数均随灌水量增加先减小后增大,处理W3F2全磷和速效磷分布均匀系数最小,分别为46.77%和62.70%,处理CK全磷偏态系数为负值,其余处理全磷和速效磷偏态系数均为正值.不同施肥量全磷和速效磷分布均匀系数均随施肥量增加先减小后增大,处理W2F3全磷分布均匀系数最小,为46.83%;处理W2F4速效磷分布均匀系数最小,为68.68%;处理W2F1速效磷偏态系数为负值,其余处理全磷和速效磷偏态系数均为正值.不同灌水量全磷和速效磷储量在土壤表层0~20 cm最大,全磷和速效磷储量均随土壤深度增加而减少,随灌水量增加而增加.不同施肥量全磷和速效磷储量均随施肥量增加先增大后减小,处理W2F3全磷和速效磷储量平均值最大.该研究对三七土壤水肥高效利用和调控提供技术支持,对三七高产优质种植具有指导意义.     

Simulation of 1D surface and 2D subsurface water flow and nitrate transport in alternate and conventional furrow fertigation

Increasing water and fertilizer productivity stands as a relevant challenge for sustainable agriculture. Alternate furrow irrigation and surface fertigation have long been identified as water and fertilizer conserving techniques in agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to simulate water flow and fertilizer transport in the soil surface and in the soil profile for variable and fixed alternate furrow fertigation and for conventional furrow fertigation. An experimental data set was used to calibrate and validate two simulation models: a 1D surface fertigation model and the 2D subsurface water and solute transfer model HYDRUS-2D. Both models were combined to simulate the fertigation process in furrow irrigation. The surface fertigation model could successfully simulate runoff discharge and nitrate concentration for all irrigation treatments. Six soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters were inversely estimated using the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization technique. The outcome of this process calibrated HYDRUS-2D to the observed field data. HYDRUS-2D was run in validation mode, simulating water content and nitrate concentration in the soil profiles of the wet furrows, ridges and dry furrows at the upstream, middle and downstream parts of the experimental field. This model produced adequate agreement between measured and predicted soil water content and nitrate concentration. The combined model stands as a valuable tool to better design and manage fertigation in alternate and conventional furrow irrigation.     

滴灌均匀系数对土壤水分和氮素分布的影响

为了确定滴灌均匀系数的设计与评价标准,在日光温室内研究了滴灌施肥灌溉均匀性和施氮量对土壤水氮分布特性的影响。试验中滴灌均匀系数（Cu）设置0.62、0.80和0.96 3个水平,施氮量设置150和300 kg/hm2 2个水平。土壤含水率和电导率采用沿毛管均匀布置的TDR探头（Hydra Probe）连续监测,并定期取土样测试土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量。结果表明,在作物生育期内3种滴灌均匀系数处理的土壤含水率一直保持很高的均匀系数,滴灌均匀系数和施氮量对土壤含水率均值及其均匀系数的影响均不显著（α=0.05）。土壤电导率及硝态氮含量的均匀性在很大程度上取决于土壤初始氮素含量的均匀性,其均匀系数低于土壤含水率的均匀系数,滴灌均匀系数的影响也不显著。从获得均匀的土壤水氮分布的角度出发,现行滴灌均匀系数标准尚有降低的空间。     

Two-dimensional modeling of nitrate leaching for various fertigation scenarios under micro-irrigation

The regular application of nitrogen fertilizers by irrigation is likely responsible for the increase in nitrate concentrations of groundwater in areas dominated by irrigated agriculture. Consequently, sustainable agricultural systems must include environmentally sound irrigation practices. To reduce the harmful effects of irrigated agriculture on the environment, the evaluation of alternative irrigation water management practices is essential. Micro-irrigation offers a large degree of control, enabling accurate application according to crop water requirements, thereby minimize leaching. Furthermore, fertigation allows the controlled placement of nutrients near the plant roots, reducing fertilizer losses through leaching into the groundwater. The presented two-dimensional modeling approach provides information to improve fertigation practices. The specific objective of this project was to assess the effect of fertigation strategy and soil type on nitrate leaching potential for four different micro-irrigation systems. We found that seasonal leaching was the highest for coarse-textured soils, and conclude that fertigation at the beginning of the irrigation cycle tends to increase seasonal nitrate leaching. In contrast, fertigation events at the end of the irrigation cycle reduced the potential for nitrate leaching. For all surface-applied irrigation systems on finer-textured soils, lateral spreading of water and nitrates was enhanced by surface water ponding, causing the water to spread across the surface with subsequent infiltration downwards and horizontal spreading of soil nitrate near the soil surface. Leaching potential increased as the difference between the extent of the wetted soil volume and rooting zone increased.     

Evaluating drip irrigation in commercial tea production in Tanzania

This paper evaluates the performance of the first drip irrigation scheme in commercial tea production in Tanzania with a view to making recommendations for improved management and providing data for investment decisions. Uniformity, efficiency and adequacy of irrigation were calculated and the scheduling of irrigation water was reviewed. Operators were interviewed to highlight the main benefits and problems of the system. Investment and recurrent costs of drip and overhead sprinkler systems were quantified and compared. Root development was assessed qualitatively using excavation pits. Irrigation uniformity DU and efficiency ranged between 88 and 95% in the 10 out of 14 irrigation blocks where endline pressures were at least 0.5 bars, and between 77 and 89% in the four blocks were endline pressure was less than 0.5 bars. Scheduling drip irrigation using tensiometers offered potential water savings of 26% in comparison to a water balance schedule, but these are not currently realised. Gross marginal income was very sensitive to tea price and yield. Economically optimal fertilizer rates vary in dependence of tea price and yield and appear to be lower than the current level of 300 kg N ha⁻¹. The higher costs under drip, compared to overhead sprinklers, were mainly for purchase and installation and fertilizer. The costs of labour for applying water and fertilizer were reduced by nearly 50%. At average 2002 tea prices of 1.31 US$ kg⁻¹, drip irrigation would improve the grower’s gross margin if an additional yield of at least 411 kg ha⁻¹ was achieved. The main threats to drip system performance are discussed. Future research efforts should aim at establishing the yield response of tea to water and fertilizer under drip irrigation.     

Tomato nitrogen accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Tomato production systems in Florida are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation and on sandy soils with low inherent water and nutrient retention capacities; potential nutrient leaching losses undermine the sustainability of such systems. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on crop N and P accumulation, N-fertilizer use efficiency (NUE) and NO₃-N leaching of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production system in sandy soils. Experimental treatments were a factorial combination of three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220, and 330 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) surface drip irrigation (SUR) both the irrigation and fertigation line placed underneath the plastic mulch; (2) subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) where the irrigation drip was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with the irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation applied once a day. Except for the TIME treatment all irrigation treatments were soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based with irrigation occurring at 10% volumetric water content. Five irrigation windows were scheduled daily and events were bypassed if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. The use of SMS-based irrigation systems significantly reduced irrigation water use, volume percolated, and nitrate leaching. Based on soil electrical conductivity (EC) readings, there was no interaction between irrigation and N-rate treatments on the movement of fertilizer solutes. Total plant N accumulation for SUR and SDI was 12-37% higher than TIME. Plant P accumulation was not affected by either irrigation or N-rate treatments. The nitrogen use efficiency for SUR and SDI was on the order of 37-45%, 56-61%, and 61-68% for 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively and significantly higher than for the conventional control system (TIME). Moreover, at the intermediate N-rate SUR and SDI systems reduced NO₃-N leaching to 5 and 35 kg ha⁻¹, while at the highest N-rate corresponding values were 7 and 56 kg N ha⁻¹. Use of N application rates above 220 kg ha⁻¹ did not result in fruit and/or shoot biomass nor N accumulation benefits, but substantially increased NO₃-N leaching for the control treatment, as detected by EC monitoring and by the lysimeters. It is concluded that appropriate use of SDI and/or sensor-based irrigation systems can sustain high yields while reducing irrigation application as well as reducing NO₃-N leaching in low water holding capacity soils.     

根层水肥调控对盆栽玉米生长效果的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同水肥调控措施对玉米生长、根系分布及植株氮、磷、钾养分的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉施肥处理相比,滴灌深施处理能显著提高10cm以下土层的总根长和根表面积;在试验条件下,不同处理对玉米地上、地下部含磷量影响差异不显著,在玉米生长后期对地上部氮及地上、地下部含钾量的影响差异显著,表现为常规灌溉施肥处理要显著低于土壤表层滴灌施肥、土壤深层滴灌施肥处理。玉米在3个取样时期的生物量均表现为土壤表层滴灌施肥、土壤深层滴灌施肥处理显著高于常规灌溉施肥处理,其增长率达59.0%～75.3%、30.0%～32.5%和13.6%～16.5%。     

沙地大型喷灌机施肥灌溉配套鱼鳞坑对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响研究

为了实现沙地上大型喷灌机施肥灌溉下马铃薯的水肥高效利用,通过田间试验研究了大型喷灌机施肥灌溉条件下配套水土保持措施——鱼鳞坑对马铃薯生长、水肥利用效率等的影响。结果表明,在大型喷灌机条件下,通过负压计指导施肥灌溉,当垄中心20cm深度处的土壤水基质势低于-15kPa时进行施肥灌溉时,在马铃薯垄间挖鱼鳞坑,能有效地改善根区土壤水分状况,促进马铃薯的生长,不仅马铃薯增产22.1%~33.3%,还使肥料偏生产力提高了33.3%~36.8%。     

Field evaluation of fertigation uniformity as affected by injector type and manufacturing variability of emitters

Fertigation with microirrigation systems is increasing in popularity. Uniformity of fertigation is important for many reasons. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of injector types and emitters on fertigation uniformity by simultaneously measuring the distributions of water application, solution concentration, and fertilizer applied within a subunit of microirrigation system. Three conventionally used injectors, a water-driven piston proportional pump, a venturi device, and a differential pressure tank, were evaluated with three different emitters. The results indicated that both manufacturing variability of emitters and injector types had a very significant effect on the uniformity of fertilizer applied, while the uniformity of water application was mainly dependent on emitter type. The uniformity of solution concentration was dependent on injection methods. Emitters having a higher manufacturer’s variation produced a more nonuniform distribution of water application and fertilizer applied. For a given emitter type, a differential pressure tank produced considerably higher coefficients of variation (Cv) for water application and fertilizer applied than a proportional pump or a venturi injector because a differential pressure tank released fertilizer in a decreasing rate with time. To obtain a uniform fertigation distribution, an injector that can inject fertilizers in a constant rate is recommended. The relationship between water application uniformity and fertigation uniformity for a microirrigation system was established for different injection methods. Cv for fertilizer applied was very close to water application Cv for a microirrigation system using a proportional pump or a venturi injector as an injection device. However, fertilizer Cv for a differential pressure tank was approximately double of the water application Cv. The injection method and injector performance should therefore be considered in the design of microirrigation systems.     

Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha⁻¹ for years 1-3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15-51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7-29%. Tomato yield was 11-80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70-75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0-15 cm soil layer while 15-20% of the roots were found in the 15-30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.     

Water and nitrate movement in drip-irrigated onion under fertigation and irrigation treatments

Frequent fertigation of crops is often advocated in the technical and popular literature, but there is limited evidence of the benefits of high-frequency fertigation. Field experiments were conducted on an Indo-American Hybrid var., Creole Red, of onion crop during three winter seasons of 1999–2000 through 2001–2002 in coarse-textured soil of Delhi under the semi-arid region of India. Three irrigation levels of 60, 80 and 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ET) and four fertigation frequencies of daily, alternate day, weekly and monthly comprised the fertigation treatment. Analysis of soil samples indicated considerable influence of fertigation frequency on NO₃-N distribution in soil profile. NO₃-N in lower soil profiles (30.0–60.0 cm soil depth) was marginally affected in daily, alternate day and weekly fertigation. However, fluctuations of NO₃-N content in 0.0–15.0, 15.0–30.0, 30.0–45.0 and 45.0–60.0 cm soil depth was more in monthly fertigation frequency. The level of soil NO₃-N after the crop season shows that more NO₃-N leached through the soil profile in monthly fertigation frequency. Amounts of irrigation water applied in three irrigation treatments proved to be too small to cause significant differences in the content of NO₃-N leached beyond rooting depth of onion. Yield of onion was not significantly affected in daily, alternate day and weekly fertigation, though there was a trend of lower yields with monthly fertigation. The highest yield was recorded in daily fertigation (28.74 t ha⁻¹) followed by alternate day fertigation (28.4 t ha⁻¹). Lowest yield was recorded in monthly fertigation frequency (21.4 t ha⁻¹). Application of 56.4 cm irrigation water and 3.4 kg ha⁻¹ urea per fertigation (daily) resulted in highest yield of onion with less leaching of NO₃-N.     

磷肥施入方式对土壤速效磷含量及玉米生长的影响

2016年和2017年分别进行了玉米盆栽和大田试验.盆栽试验中,磷肥施入方式设置磷肥基施和磷肥分3次随水施入2种,滴灌带埋深设置0,15,30 cm 3个水平.大田试验中增加了地表滴灌不施磷肥处理作为对照.结果表明磷肥以随水施入方式分次施入土壤时,能提高土壤剖面中速效磷含量,土壤剖面中速效磷呈随距滴头距离增加而减小的趋势.磷肥随水施入措施可以有效促进作物生长及产量形成,对玉米产量的影响在α=0.1水平上达到显著.滴灌带埋深为15 cm时,作物生长及产量优于地表滴灌处理.当滴灌带埋深为30 cm时,在一定程度上降低了施入磷肥对作物生长的促进作用.建议采用地下滴灌磷肥随水施入方式,但也应该避免使用过深的滴灌带埋深.     

Impacts of spatial variability of basins microtopography on irrigation performance

Land microtopography unevenness is a key variable affecting basin irrigation performances. Using stochastic modeling, a number of sets of spatially variable surface elevations were generated, and a two-dimensional basin irrigation model was used to simulate irrigation for the generated sets. Strip, narrow and wide basins, as well as graded and zero-levelled basins were analyzed. Results show that spatial variability of basin microtopography influences the infiltrated depth when the advance is completed (Z _adv) and the irrigation uniformity (DU_lq). When the degree of unevenness increases, the Z _adv value and its range of variation also increase, thus indicating that overirrigation increases with unevenness, mainly when zero leveling is adopted, inflow rates are small, and basin length is larger. Differently, DU_lq is relatively small and insensitive to unevenness in case of graded basins, but is much larger and sensitive in case of zero leveling. This indicates that when water saving is aimed, it is preferable to adopt graded basins and shorter cut-off times, while it is better to adopt zero leveling and high inflow rates when high DU_lq is pretended.     

滴灌施肥灌溉条件下土壤水氮运移的研究进展

对滴灌施肥灌溉条件下水分和养分运移的研究进展进行了总结。许多研究表明 ,滴灌施肥灌溉条件下土壤水、氮的运移和分布主要受土壤特性、灌水器流量、肥液浓度及灌水量的影响 ,而灌水器周围饱和区半径的确定是影响土壤水分和氮素运移模拟精度的关键因素。关于滴灌施肥灌溉条件下氮素运移的研究较少 ,尤其在施肥灌溉系统运行参数对氮素运移、转化、分布影响的研究方面更为薄弱 ,在今后的研究中应予以加强。