国槐DNA导入花生栽培品种引起性状变异的研究

以国槐为供体，花生栽培品种７９２６６ 和辐８７０７ 为受体，采用花萼管注射法和柱头浸滴法将供体ＤＮＡ导入受体。Ｄ１ 代变异率为３３３％ ～６３４％ ，变异的性状包括单株果数、果形、果大小、内种皮颜色、株型、叶形、熟性、育性及产量性状。Ｄ２ 代大部分变异株能稳定遗传，不再分离，稳定株行占Ｄ２代株行的７５％ ～９６％ 。试验表明，国槐ＤＮＡ 导入花生栽培种，可以引起后代的变异，变异范围广，稳定快，是花生品种改良和创造新种质的有效方法途径。     

外源DNA导入大豆变异后代的SOD同工酶分析

以花粉管通道途径向大豆导入外源DNA,变异后代已达D_4代。 受体为栽培品种吉林20号、吉林16号;供体足野生豆、半野生豆和栽培豆。从439个D_1植株中得12株变异株,变异率为3％。变异性状明显表现供体特征,并且是可遗传的。超氧物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶电泳鉴定,在有的变异株中检测到供体具有的亚基谱带b_1、b_2。结果表明,外源DNA导入技术在大豆育种上是可以利用的。     

基因型对玉米开苞导入后代性状变异的影响

采用玉米开苞导入技术将不同基因型玉米自交系总DNA分别导入不同基因型受体玉米自交系中,得到了广泛的变异。不同基因型供体导入同一基因型受体后,后代大部分性状趋向于受体,而部分性状发生变异;同一基因型供体导入不同基因型受体后,后代大部分性状与供体对照相差显著;后代性状变异频率不同,但不同组合部分性状都发生了不同程度的变异。玉米的开苞导入技术对供体和受体的选择是不严格的。     

大豆DNA直接导入玉米自交系的研究

本文报导了大豆DNA直接导入自交授粉后的玉米自交系中的实验结果,通过1994～1998年的5代观察：玉米自交授粉后22 h导入外源DNA所产生的变异率最高,其变异性状较丰富,既具有供体性状的类型,也有新产生的类型,且多数性状在D₄代即能稳定,个别性状稳定较慢;实验表明：通过高蛋白材料DNA的导入可以改良受体的品质。     

高粱稻GLR与受体9311的遗传多态性比较

采用"穗茎注射法"将高粱BTx623基因组DNA导入超级杂交稻亲本9311,获得了高着粒密度的大穗变异系"高粱稻"GLR。用225对In Del分子标记对原始变异株及其自交3代株系与供体和受体进行多态性检测,发现两者与受体9311相比分别有20.4%和10.7%的多态位点,并在原始变异株及其自交3代株系中发现受体9311不存在而与供体高粱同源的片段,从分子水平证明了供体高粱DNA片段向受体水稻基因组的转移。比较分析5个已克隆的穗部性状相关基因在变异系与受体9311中的多态性,发现DEP3、D1和Gnla 3个基因共存在35个SNP和6个In Del,其中9个SNP和2个In Del位于外显子。     

辐照外源DNA直接导入大豆诱变效果的研究

提取农作物总DNA ,采用软x射线 ,剂量为 2Gy、2 0Gy、2 0 0Gy和 60C0γ射线 ,剂量为 1Gy、3Gy和 5Gy进行照射 ,利用花粉管通道技术将其直接导入大豆。以导入不经照射的DNA为对照 ,实验结果表明 :导入受照射的DNA明显的降低了D0 代的结实率和D1代的成苗率 ,但后代材料的变异率明显提高 ,并且出现了供体和受体都不具备的新性状     

远缘物种DNA导入水稻保持系的种质创新及SSR分析

将小粒野生稻(Oryza minuta)、高粱的DNA分别导入水稻保持系V20B和IR58025B,在第1代(D1)获得变异,从前者变异株的后代中选育出了新的不育系及其保持系株系野威A和野威B,而高粱DNA导入IR58025B获得的变异系从D2开始在形态上已不出现分离.SSR分析表明,变异系野威B、香粱5均与受体存在遗传多态性,并含有供体特异的分子标记带型.首次从分子水平上证明,通过导入外源DNA获得的变异株确实存在无分离的现象.说明导入远缘物种DNA是创造水稻新种质的有效途径.     

长穗偃麦草DNA导入引起的冬小麦后代性状变异及其遗传研究

为了解外源DNA导入小麦后引起的性状变异及其遗传规律,应用花粉管通道外源DNA导入技术将长穗偃麦草总DNA导入冬小麦陇鉴127中,调查其后代产生的变异,并进行连续选择和抗病性鉴定。结果表明,从D1、D2代开始各性状均产生明显的变异,D3代基本趋于稳定。对陇鉴127的4个变异系的方差齐性检验显示主要性状有明显的变化:株高、旗叶面积、单穗粒数变异程度较大;穗长、千粒重性状比较稳定,不易发生变异;分蘖数具有不一致性和不稳定性,易受环境影响发生变异。抗病性鉴定表明,变异后代有个别表现对条锈病免疫或高抗,部分材料兼抗白粉病。说明个别变异材料中已引入了供体抗锈基因,外源基因已进入冬小麦中并得到表达。研究还表明外源DNA导入冬小麦后引起变异的种类多、范围广、幅度大,具有多样性和复杂性,但不是完全随机的,而是具有重复性和一定的趋向性。     

外源DNA直接导入水稻的研究初报

应用花粉管通道法、种子浸渍法及孕穗期茎注射等方法，将玉米等外源供体DNA直接导入水稻品种中，其后代在生育期、株高、穗数、粒数及粒重等主要性状方面都产生了明显的变异。本文初步报道了用普通栽培水稻盐粳10号为受体，玉米黑307为供体将其DNA经孕穗期茎注射法导入后得到的变异株系及花粉管通道法、种子浸渍法后代的变异情况。     

甘蔗DNA导入糯玉米自交系后代性状变异的研究

利用浸种法将外源DNA导入玉米自交系,后代产生了多种多样的变异类型,变异性状十分丰富,主要包括株高、穗位高、叶片数、叶片形状与颜色、叶片的长度与宽度、光合叶面积、百粒重和生育期等。这些变异性状有的具有供体性状,有的产生新的性状,并且在D3代趋向稳定。从D0到D3代连续4代田间性状观察发现,变异植株的株高、穗位高均变矮,叶色浓绿。对D3代稳定株系的可溶性糖含量进行测定分析,结果表明,可溶性糖含量都有所提高。该方法为改良玉米品质,创造玉米新种质提供一条新的途径。     

青枯菌潜伏浸染对花生的影响

用青枯菌对20个花生品种进行人工接种，研究了青枯菌潜伏侵染对花生根系、根瘤数、生物产量及结实性状的影响。结果表明，青枯菌潜伏侵染对花生生长发育有普遍的抑制作用，不同花生品种对潜伏浸染的反应存在广泛差异。     

In situ sprouting and regulation of fresh-seed dormancy in Spanish type groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Two hundred groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm accessions and 21 cultivars belonging to the Spanish group (ssp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) were screened for pod loss due to sprouting of seed in the field. Some cultivars were also tested for germination of the fresh-seed with or without testa and treated or untreated with ethrel or abscisic acid (ABA). Large variation in pod loss due to in situ sprouting of seed, and fresh-seed dormancy (FSD) was found among the accessions and cultivars. Fresh-seed dormancy index (FSDI) varied from 2% in Chico to 88% in ICGS 44 (the check with high FSD). Cultivars with an FSDI value of less than 10% showed more pod loss in situ than the cultivars with high FSDI. Thus pod loss due to in situ sprouting increased with a decrease in FSDI. Cultivar SB XI did not show any in situ sprouting or pod loss. A direct relationship (r, 0.86^**) existed between fresh-seed germination of accession/cultivar in the laboratory and the percentage of its plants with sprouted seed in the field. Seed of two Spanish cultivars ICGS 11 (dormant) and GG 2 (non-dormant) when tested for germination after treatment with ethrel or ABA at various seed development stages showed different germination response to these chemicals. Seed of GG 2 showed up to 40% germination even at an early stage (S₁) of seed development, whereas the seed of ICGS 11 responded to the ethrel only at maturity (S₄). Regulation of FSD appeared to be more under the control of the testa than the cotyledons. The variation in the degree of in situ sprouting can be used for breeding Spanish cultivars with various desirable levels of FSD.     

国家区试鲜食夏大豆品种重要农艺性状的演变

为指导鲜食夏大豆高产优质新品种的选育与推广,分析了2006-2018年国家区试鲜食夏大豆13年的品种试验数据,研究了鲜食夏大豆品种14个重要农艺性状的演变规律。研究结果表明:2006-2018年8个鲜食夏大豆新品种通过国家审定;14个农艺性状的变异范围在6.75%～38.67%之间,A级口感率的变异系数最大,标准二粒荚宽最小;参试品种的平均鲜荚产量为10 468.9 kg·hm^-2,较对照减产1.7%;随着年度的推进,鲜荚产量得到了提升,采青天数、株高、主茎节数、单株有效分枝数、单株有效鲜荚数有下降趋势,而多粒荚率、单株鲜荚重有上升趋势,百粒鲜重、标准二粒荚长和宽、标准荚率、A级口感率逐步提升。相关性分析表明,鲜荚产量与多粒荚率、单株鲜荚重、百粒鲜重、标准二粒荚长和宽、标准荚率极显著正相关,A级口感率与百粒鲜重、标准二粒荚长和宽极显著正相关。主成分分析表明,影响鲜食夏大豆性状变异的最主要因子是标准二粒荚长和宽、荚数、多粒荚率及株型因子,在鲜食夏大豆选育过程中应注重选择多粒荚多、荚长、荚大、粒大的品种进行组配,以提高鲜食夏大豆的产量和品质。     

南方春大豆不同播季主要农艺性状的变化及其遗传研究

本文以１２个南方春大豆早熟品种（系）和１２个中熟品种（系）为材料，进行春，秋播试验，研究主要农艺性状的秋播变异率，遗传变异系数，遗传力和遗传进度，结果表明：１，两熟期组秋播变异率平均，除分枝起点为负值以外，其它１１个性状在２．３６％－５２．８８％之间，说明秋播对为结性状均有一定影响；熟期组之间各性状秋播变异率的大小亦存在较大差异，如秋播对早熟组株高，主茎节数，结荚节数，结荚高度，主茎荚数和百粒重的     

Agronomic and physiological contributions to the yield improvement of soybean cultivars released from 1950 to 2006 in Northeast China

Increasing yield is a high priority in most breeding programs. Approximately 600 soybean cultivars had been released by the end of the last century in Northeast China. Understanding the agronomic and physiological changes is essential for planning further plant breeding strategies in soybean. In this study, 45 representative soybean cultivars, from maturity groups 00 and 0, released from 1950 to 2006 in Northeast China were compared in field conditions for 3 consecutive years. A positive correlation between seed yield and year of cultivar release was indicated with a 0.58% average annual increase. Seed number per plant was the most important contributor to yield gain, with a 0.41% increase per year. Pod number per plant and seed size varied slightly with the year of cultivar release. Although variation in protein was from 37.0% to 45.5%, and oil concentration was from 16.7% to 22.0%, their concentrations were not consistently related to year of cultivar release. A 33% increase in the photosynthetic rate, 10.6% increase in plant dry weight and 19.0% increase in harvest index (HI) were found, while leaf area index (LAI) decreased by 17.3%. Modern cultivars have higher photosynthetic rates than their predecessors. The reduced plant height gave increased resistance to lodging, with the lodging score dropping from 3.2 in 1951 to 1.0 in 2006. Seed resistances to disease and pest infestation were also improved. Yield stability was enhanced over years, which could be attributed to the stable pod production across different environments. A flow diagram to explain the contributors to genetic improvement of soybeans in Northeast China was developed.     

国家区试鲜食春大豆重要农艺性状的演变

为指导鲜食春大豆高产优质新品种的选育与推广,分析了2004-2017年国家区试鲜食春大豆品种的14个重要农艺性状及其演变规律。研究结果显示:国家区试鲜食春大豆品种性状的遗传变异十分丰富,变异系数为5.9%～33.49%,遗传变异系数最大的性状是单株有效鲜荚数,而采青天数、标准二粒荚荚长和荚宽的遗传变异系数较小。随着年度的递进,鲜食春大豆的株型、鲜荚产量、口感、荚型性状获得了逐渐的改良。主成分分析表明,荚数与生育生长、鲜荚产量、株型、荚率、品尝品质和荚型因子是鲜食春大豆性状变异的最主要影响因子。相关性分析显示,鲜荚产量与单株有效分枝数、百粒鲜重、单株鲜荚重、标准二粒荚荚长极显著正相关,与500 g标准荚数极显著负相关,与其余性状相关性不显著。A级口感率与采青天数、株高、主茎节数、单株有效荚数等性状极显著负相关。因此,鲜食春大豆品种选育时,应注重分枝多、粒大荚长而饱满的亲本组配及后代选择,协调荚型、株型和生育期的改良,从而选育出高产优质鲜食春大豆新品种。     

外源DNA直接导入大豆的研究

本文报道了在大豆自花授粉后,利用其形成的花粉管通道,将外源DNA直接导入栽培大豆的研究结果。 通过对10组大豆实验材料进行外源DNA导入的结果看出:转化的后代主要表现在熟期、株型、花色、种皮包、百粒重和蛋白质含量的变异;变异的D_2代单株或株系的过氧化物同功酶酶谱和酶活性显示了明显的差异,其中发生“疯狂分离”的单株,其酶带显示不规律;表型变异不明显而蛋白质含量高于受体的8701组合的D_2代各株系,其酶活性明显增强,并主要表现在A_1和B区。 实验结果表明:外源DNA片段直接导入受体植物卵细胞、合子或早期胚细胞,部分片段可以被受体细胞DNA整合和表达。还表明:利用花粉管通道途径来实现外源DNA直接导入大豆,进行大豆种质创新和品质改良也是可能的。     

Growth of High-Yielding Soybeans and its Relation to Air Temperature in Xinjiang,China

Abstract

The growth and seed yields of 2 Japanese and 3 Chinese cultivars of soybeans cultivated in 2002-2005 using a drip irrigation system in the arid area of Xinjiang, China, were analyzed with respect to growth parameters and air temperature. Seed yield was very high in 2002, 2003 and 2004, but relatively low in 2005. The variation among years in seed yield clearly depended on pod number. The mean leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) in 2005 was lower than those in the other 3 years. CGR showed significant positive correlations with mean LAI at the early growing stages, and with net assimilation rate (NAR) at the later growing stages. The increasing rate of pod number (IRP) was positively correlated with the mean LAI and CGR at the pod setting period, suggesting that an adequate supply of photosynthates would be required for pod setting. It was concluded that excellent growth in the years with high yields was supported by the large LAI before the pod setting periods and by high NAR and vigorous pod growth at the latter half of the growing season.     

黄淮海地区夏大豆农艺性状的遗传变异、相关及主成分分析

以黄淮海地区87个大豆常规栽培品种为材料,对12个产量相关的农艺性状进行了遗传变异、相关及主成分分析。结果表明:在所有供试品种中,变异系数最大的是有效分枝数,最小的是生育期;亚有限型夏大豆底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重的变异系数(18.38%～27.56%)较大;有限型夏大豆株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重的变异系数(21.02%～28.04%)较大。在亚有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重呈极显著正相关,与有效分枝数呈极显著负相关,与生育期呈显著负相关。在有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与茎粗呈极显著正相关,与底荚高度呈显著正相关,与其它农艺性状相关性不显著。亚有限和有限结荚习性的大豆性状主成分分析中,前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率分别为79.92%和79.50%。对以亚有限和有限型为主的黄淮海地区夏大豆在进行单株选择时,应根据其不同的结荚习性而有所侧重。对于亚有限型品种,应选择株高和生育期适中,有效分枝数较少,而每荚粒数、百粒重均较大的品种。对于有限型品种,应选择茎基部较粗,株高和底荚高度较高,主茎节数较多,单株荚数、单株粒数较多的品种。     

喷施黄腐酸对花生生长发育的影响

花生叶面喷施稀释１０００倍的黄腐酸（ＦＡ）溶液可以增加花生的单株有效花果和单株根瘤数，使叶片叶绿素含量提高，果针提早入土，加快果针膨大，提高花生饱果率，增加荚果产是。喷施试验结果表明，以苗期，始花期、下针期３次喷施黄腐酸效果最佳，其次为始花期和下针期２次喷施黄腐酸的处理，而只于苗期１次喷施黄腐酸的处理效果不明显。