不同基因型油菜耐铝性及其根系形态对铝胁迫的响应

本研究旨在为酸性土壤地区筛选耐铝毒的甘蓝型油菜,探讨不同基因型油菜苗期生长发育指标和生理指标的耐铝特性,分析铝胁迫对根系形态的影响。以81个油菜品种为材料,通过水培试验,设置铝浓度（AlCl3）0、100 μmol·L-1两个处理,对根系形态、株型、生物量、生理特性等13指标的耐铝系数进行相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,采用隶属函数法综合评价不同基因型油菜的耐铝相关指标,并分析不同耐铝类型的品种根系形态差异。结果表明,铝胁迫对不同基因型油菜苗期各单项指标有不同程度的影响,综合应用主成分分析、聚类分析和隶属函数法筛选出耐铝性较强的品种6个,耐铝性中等的品种65个,耐铝性弱的品种10个。不同直径范围根系对铝胁迫的响应不同,铝胁迫下,D1类根系（直径0.0～0.5 mm）的长度、表面积、体积、根尖数降幅最大,D3类根系（直径>2.0mm）各指标降幅最小,且铝敏感型品种不同类别的根系指标受铝胁迫的抑制程度大于耐铝型品种,其D1、D2（直径0.5～2.0 mm）、D3类根系的长度、表面积、体积、根尖数均少于耐铝型品种。因此,以综合指标对油菜耐铝性进行筛选与评价更为客观;耐铝型品种不同直径范围的根系受铝毒害的影响较轻,通过改变根系形态适应铝胁迫的能力更强,其根系拥有更多细根可能是耐性品种抗铝毒的一种作用机制。     

玉米耐铝毒的基因型筛选

通过玉米发芽和溶液培养试验来研究筛选玉米耐铝酸的直接指标和测定方法.研究表明,不同的玉米基因型之间在耐铝性上存在着很大的差异.在铝胁迫下,玉米幼苗主根明显缩短,并且侧根生长受到抑制.由于根系生长发育不良,导致地上部分茎、叶的生长受阻,造成整个植株的生物量下降,但耐铝玉米基因型下降的幅度比铝敏感基因型小,可以根据这些指标进行基因型的筛选。     

磷、铝胁迫对玉米幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

选取5个基因型玉米品种,采用营养液培养,研究低磷和铝毒条件下不同基因型玉米苗期生长状况及对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的吸收。结果表明,耐低磷基因型玉米品种适应低磷的能力较强,具有较长的根系和较大的根干重,株高受低磷的影响明显小于敏感基因型玉米品种。低磷胁迫增大了植株的根冠比,改变了植株对营养元素的吸收及其地上部和根系的分配。铝胁迫下,铝敏感基因型玉米品种根伸长受到铝的抑制作用大于耐铝基因型玉米品种,各种营养元素的吸收累积明显受抑制,耐铝基因型玉米品种地上部和根系相对干重下降较少,而敏感基因型玉米品种相对干重显著下降。     

铝胁迫对花生吸收氮、磷、钙的影响

以６个不同耐铝性花生品种进行溶液培养试验,研究Ａｌ胁迫对花生苗期植株营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫条件下,植株对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｃａ的吸收与铝胁迫浓度呈极显著负相关,植株Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｃａ的吸收量为高耐型品种〉中耐型品种〉敏感型品种。与之相反,随Ａｌ 度的增加植株对Ａｌ的吸收量明显的增加,植株Ａｌ吸收量为敏感型品种〉中耐型品种〉高耐型品种。     

铝胁迫对花生根系的影响

花生发芽期、苗期和成熟期的根系性状研究表明,铝胁迫对花生根系的生长发育有较大的影响,Ａｌ＾３＋含量与胚根和胚轴的伸长呈显著负相关,不同基因型根系受铝毒危害有明显差异,耐铝基因型可能在根际形成ｐＨ障碍。早期直接测定花生根系性状指标,有助于评价和筛选耐铝毒材料。     

土壤高铝低磷胁迫对玉米苗期生长的影响

以酸性红壤为基质,研究酸性土壤中铝毒和低磷胁迫对不同基因型玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,高铝低磷胁迫下,玉米总根长变短,根直径、根表面积减小,根系活力、叶绿素含量、光合速率均降低。铝敏感基因型受铝毒的影响较大,而耐铝性强的基因型受影响较小。     

大麦单倍体细胞水平与植株水平耐低氮性的关系

为了确定大麦籽粒产量和苗期耐低氮能力与小孢子培养阶段的氮胁迫下愈伤组织产量之间是否存在一致性,以2份大麦基因型为供试材料,进行了以下3项研究：（1）培养基中水解干酪素和谷氨酰胺使用量对小孢子培养愈伤组织产量的影响;（2）营养液中NH₄NO₃不同添加量对大麦苗期生长量的影响;（3）盆栽时正常施氮与不施氮处理对大麦单株产量的影响。结果表明,培养基中氮含量的下降明显降低小孢子培养愈伤组织产量,2份基因型的降幅存在明显的差异;营养液中氮使用量的下降明显降低植株高度、主根长度和植株及根干重,2份基因型之间的降幅也存在明显的差异;盆栽时不施氮处理的大麦有效穗和单株产量低于正常施氮的对照,2份基因型间有差异。氮素胁迫下,2份基因型小孢子培养愈伤组织产量的相对值与苗期植株高度、茎叶干重、主根长度和根干重的相对值以及单株产量的相对值存在一致性,说明供试基因型小孢子水平与植株水平的耐低氮性存在相关性。     

铝胁迫对花生不同基因型生长发育的影响

盆栽花生铝胁迫试验表明,铝对花生形态发育和产量性状均有较大的影响,花生不同基因型耐铝毒害具显著差异。根系性状是评价花生受害程度和耐铝毒潜能的重要指标。高产和低产材料中都存在耐铝毒基因型。     

渍涝对不同耐性花生品种根系形态特征及解剖结构的影响

为解析渍涝对花生根系形态特征的影响，以耐性品种湘花2008与敏感品种中花4号根系为研究材料，在自制根架系统内进行盆栽培养，于幼苗期分别进行0、3、6、9、12 d渍涝胁迫处理，通过根系的鲜（干）重以及显微和超微结构研究不同耐性花生品种根系形态特征的差异。结果表明，渍涝胁迫下中花4号根系受影响较大，随着淹水天数延长，根系颜色加深，臭味加重，而湘花2008仅根系中、上部根色变黄，臭味较轻，湘花2008根系鲜重耐渍系数高于中花4号。湘花2008出现了通气组织，且随着淹水时间增加，通气组织数量增加、横截面积加大；主根中段木质部基本保持正常，导管大体呈射线状分布。而中花4号未形成明显的通气组织，木质部和导管呈不规则分布。湘花2008主根细胞内的细胞核、线粒体虽受到影响，但仍能维持细胞活动，保持根系生长状态。中花4号细胞器受渍涝胁迫较敏感，加速衰老死亡。综上认为，渍涝胁迫下湘花2008根色和根味受影响较小，主根出现了通气组织，主根中段木质部与细胞中的细胞核、线粒体基本正常。而中花4号根色和根味受影响较重，未形成明显的通气组织，主根中段木质部和导管呈不规则分布，主根中段细胞中的细胞质溶解，线粒体异常。本研究可为解析花生耐渍涝机理提供依据。     

基于UPLC-MS/MS技术的代谢组学方法研究铝胁迫下花生的根系代谢

为有效降低铝毒害，探讨铝胁迫下花生幼苗根系代谢变化，以花育23（H，铝敏感型）和粤油7号（Y，耐铝型）两个花生品种为材料，基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）的广泛靶向代谢组学，研究铝胁迫对花生根系的影响。结果发现，从两个花生品种的幼苗根系中检测出416种代谢产物，与对照（HC）相比，花育23（HA）共筛选出155个差异代谢物（即HC vs HA），其中上调代谢物为27种，下调为128种；粤油7号（即YC vs YA）共筛选出109个差异代谢物，其中上调代谢物为28种，下调为81种。铝胁迫下两个花生品种幼苗根系之间（即HA与YA之间）筛选出145个差异代谢物，其中上调代谢物为76种，下调为69种。代谢物主要集中在酚酸类、黄酮、有机酸、木脂素和香豆素、氨基酸及其衍生物和核苷酸及其衍生物等。KEGG代谢通路富集分析显示，这些差异代谢物主要富集在异黄酮生物合成代谢通路上。铝胁迫下，花生幼苗根系代谢物发生的明显改变，可为花生生产有效降低铝毒害提供依据。     

Rooting traits of peanut genotypes with different yield responses to pre-flowering drought stress

Water stress during the vegetative development normally is not detrimental and sometimes actually increases yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Root growth might play an important role in response to early season drought in peanut and might result in an increase in yield. Information on the response of root characters of diverse peanut genotypes to these conditions will provide useful information for explaining mechanisms and improving peanut genotypes for exploiting positive interaction for pod yield under pre-flowering drought. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the root dry weight and root length density of peanut genotypes with different yield responses to pre-flowering drought stress and their relationships with pod yield. Field experiments were conducted at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand during February to July 2007 and during February to July 2009. A split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design was used. Two water management treatments were assigned as the main plots, i.e. field capacity and pre-flowering stress, and six peanut genotypes as the sub-plots. Total crop dry matter, root dry weight and root length density were recorded at 25 DAE, R5 and R7. Top dry weight and pod yield were measured at harvest and pod harvest index (PHI) was computed using the data on pod yield and biomass. Peanut genotypes were categorized into three groups based on their responses to drought for pod yield, e.g. increasing, decreasing and non-responsive groups. The genotypes of each group showed a differential response for root quantity and distribution. The increasing pod yield group had more root dry weight and root length density in the deeper soil layers during pre-flowering stress compared to the non-stress treatment. The non-responsive group showed no root response under pre-flowering drought conditions compared to the non-stress treatment. A larger root system alone without considering distribution may not contribute much to pod yield but a higher RLD at deeper layers may allow plants to mine more available water in the sub-soil. However, as yield is a complex trait, several mechanisms may be involved. The increasing pod yield group also had the ability to maintain a high PHI.     

木霉对滨海盐渍土花生生长发育调控效应的研究

滨海盐渍土的良法栽培对作物打破盐碱地立苗难的瓶颈至关重要,利用木霉制剂处理盐碱地的研究为其改善盐渍土、提高作物耐盐碱性提供理论依据和技术支持。木霉制剂处理土壤后,出苗齐壮,出苗率、成苗率高,植株长势好,株高和有效分枝数增加;开花期延迟,开花下针期集中、时间缩短,双果数、总果数提高;一级、二级、三级侧根数增加,根瘤菌着生早,根瘤数量增加,体积增大,有效根瘤增加;籽仁蛋白质和人体必需八种氨基酸含量提高,百果重、百仁重提高,产量大幅提高。木霉制剂处理盐碱土可降低盐碱对花生生长的危害,促进生长发育,提高产量和品质,促进农业可持续发展。     

Root growth response of serradella species to aluminium in solution culture and soil

Serradella (Ornithopus) species are high‐quality pasture legumes that originate from the Mediterranean basin and have been increasingly used in southern Australian temperate grazing systems. They are generally regarded as tolerant of soils with low pH and, by inference, elemental toxicities such as aluminium (Al). No studies have examined the effect of high Al concentrations on the growth of French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) or newly developed cultivars of yellow serradella (O. compressus L.). Several cultivars/accessions of each species were grown in low ionic‐strength nutrient solutions at pH_Ca 4.5 containing a range of Al concentrations. Their susceptibility to root growth inhibition by Al was benchmarked against reference species ranging from Al‐sensitive to Al‐tolerant. Most serradella cultivars had moderate‐to‐high Al tolerance in solution culture but one yellow and two French serradella cultivars ranked alongside the Al‐sensitive reference species. A subset of cultivars and reference species were then grown in an Al‐toxic soil to test the validity of the solution culture results; these cultivars spanned the apparent range in Al sensitivity/tolerance indicated by the solution culture experiment. Variation in the relative root length achieved in Al‐toxic solution culture explained ~59% of the variation in the relative root length achieved in the acidic Al‐toxic soil. This result supports the conclusion that Al tolerance varies among serradella and that some cultivars may not thrive in soils with pH_Ca < 4.5 and elevated extractable Al concentrations.     

Effects of Toxic Levels of Aluminium on Seedling Parameters of Rice under Hydroponic Culture

The presence of Al in the rhizosphere of rice in acid soil restricts root growth and significantly reduces crop productivity.In this study,the effects of Al(30,60 and 90μg/mL)on seedling root growth,number of primary roots per seedling,seedling shoot length,number of leaves per seedling,seedling fresh weight,and seedling dry weight were studied.Rice genotypes were classified into three different classes,namely,tolerant,moderately tolerant,and susceptible,based on root tolerance index.The method of hydroponic culture was modified,and elaborated in the text.Toxic levels of Al in nutrient solution significantly decreased seedling root growth,number of primary roots,seedling shoot length,number of leaves per seedling,seedling fresh weight,and seedling dry weight.Few genotypes showed longer root length at 30μg/mL Al in nutrient solutions compared with the control.High levels of Al in nutrient solutions were highly toxic for rice seedlings.Based on root tolerance index,Radhunipagal,Gobindobhog,Badshabhog,Kalobhog,UBKVR-11,UBKVR-16,UBKVR-18,Khasha and IVT4007-B were classified as tolerant genotypes,and these genotypes may be used as donors for breeding of Altoxicity tolerance.     

不同生育时期干旱对花生根系生理特性及产量的影响

采用旱棚土柱栽培法,研究了不同生育时期干旱对花生根系生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,花生根系变长,直径变小,表面积增大,根尖数增多,根系活力下降,根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积增大,根干物质量、根冠比增大。不同生育时期相比,花针期和结荚期干旱对根系生长发育和根系活力的影响明显大于苗期和饱果期干旱,而根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积增幅显著低于苗期和饱果期,表明花针期和结荚期对干旱反应敏感;不同时期干旱明显降低了花生荚果产量,结荚期减产最大,其次为花针期和饱果期,苗期减产最小。     

不同耐铝性大麦品种对铝锰胁迫的生理响应

为进一步明确大麦品种对铝锰胁迫的生理效应,研究了不同胁迫处理对大麦生长、叶片功能和氧化胁迫指标的影响。结果表明,铝毒害导致大麦根长和根系干物质量降低,锰毒害显著降低植株株高和地上部干物质量,铝锰共存时锰加重了大麦铝毒害。铝锰胁迫降低了功能叶叶绿素含量和光合能力,铝锰复合处理下叶片功能指标下降幅度高于单独铝或锰处理。胁迫处理下叶片功能指标的下降幅度以叶绿素a含量和叶片蒸腾速率最明显。胁迫处理对铝敏感品种的生长和叶片功能毒害强于耐铝品种。铝锰胁迫引起大麦功能叶丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,铝敏感品种增幅更大,复合处理时两品种叶片MDA积累量及铝敏感品种POD和SOD活性增幅显著高于单独铝或锰处理。     

不同耐铝大麦品种对铝锰互作胁迫的生理响应研究

铝（Al）和锰（Mn）是限制酸性土壤作物生长的两大主要因素。以耐铝性差异较大的两个大麦品种为材料,研究了不同处理对大麦生长、叶片功能和氧化胁迫指标的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,铝毒害导致大麦根长下降,根系干物质量降低,锰毒害显著降低植株株高和地上部干物质量,铝锰共存时锰加重大麦铝毒害。铝锰胁迫降低功能叶叶绿素含量和光合能力,复合处理下叶片功能指标下降幅度高于单独铝或锰处理。胁迫处理下叶片功能指标的下降幅度以叶绿素a含量和叶片蒸腾速率最明显。胁迫处理对铝敏感品种的生长和叶片功能毒害强于耐铝品种。铝锰胁迫引起大麦功能叶丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,过氧化物酶（POD）和 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,铝敏感品种增幅更大,复合处理时两品种叶片 MDA 积累量及铝敏感品种 POD 和 SOD 活性增幅显著高于单独铝或锰处理。     

不同生育期干旱对花生衰老特性及产量的影响

在防雨棚池栽和盆栽条件下,通过人工控水研究了不同生育期干旱对花生衰老特性和产量的影响。研究表明,不同生育期干旱均导致花生叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、SOD、POD、CAT活性和花生根系活力的降低,致叶片MDA含量提高,其中花针期和结荚期干旱对花生衰老特性影响最大。干旱处理均导致荚果产量、生物产量降低,花针期和结荚期干旱对花生产量形成影响最大。