大豆种质资源对食叶性害虫抗性的鉴定

在南京经过６年鉴定，从６７２４份国内外大豆资源中，发掘出对本地大豆食叶性害虫表现抗性的资源２０份，包括对豆卷叶螟、斜纹夜蛾、大造桥虫等具有综合抗性的６份；主要抗豆卷叶螟的８份；主要抗斜纹夜蛾、大造桥虫的６份；主要抗豆卷叶螟的８份；主要抗斜纹夜蛾、大造桥虫的６份。其中大多数材料的抗性水平高于目前国际上常用的３个食叶性害虫抗源ＰＩ１７１４５１、ＰＩ２２７６８７、ＰＩ２２９３５８。一些抗性资源综合农艺性     

大豆对食叶性害虫田间抗性的相对稳定性

在已有的7年工作基础上,以叶面积损失百分率为指标,继续于2000年和2001年对51份大豆材料开展了对食叶性害虫综合虫种抗性的鉴定工作.综合分析1993-2001年历年各次田间抗性鉴定结果,发现虽然每年抗性鉴定的结果并不完全一致,但各品种的抗性水平还是保持了一定的相对稳定性.通过对各年抗性鉴定分级结果的综合分析,结合9年综合抗性分级结果,确立了10个较为稳定、并具一定代表性的抗感材料,作为大豆对食叶性害虫田间综合虫种抗性鉴定的标准品种.分别是,抗性材料:吴江青豆3、PI227687、沔阳白毛豆、通山薄皮黄豆甲、赶泰-2-2;感性材料:山东大豆、大青瓤黑豆、矮杆黄、商丘7602和皖82-178.     

双价抗虫转基因大豆抗苜蓿夜蛾分析

苜蓿夜蛾是影响我国大豆生产的重要食叶性害虫之一.在实验室和网室人工接虫条件下,对已获得的遗传稳定的双价抗虫转基因大豆抗苜蓿夜蛾能力进行了分析.结果表明,与对照非转基因大豆相比,抗虫转基因大豆株系T5-150和T5-195的叶片损害程度明显减轻;同时,苜蓿夜蛾幼虫食叶量显著下降、存活天数缩短,发育变慢,蛹化数也显著降低.表明抗虫转基因大豆抗苜蓿夜蛾能力显著提高.     

大豆对叶食性害虫抗性的自然鉴定

利用62个基因型比较了冬闲地块和冬季耕作地块的大豆叶片受害虫危害的程度，以及不同调查时期大豆抗虫鉴定结果的一致性。研究结果表明，在冬季耕作地块，若不设立诱虫植物或诱虫品种，食叶害虫危害程度很轻，难以体现品种间的抗性差异。下部3～6节位叶片损失率早期调查结果与全株叶片损失率几乎一致，而相同节位的晚期调查结果与全株叶片损失率一致性较差。因此，在冬闲地块或设立诱虫品种的前提下，可依据相同节位叶片损失率早期调查结果确定品种间的抗／感虫差异。     

大豆对豆卷叶螟的抗性鉴定

1999-2002年,在田间自然虫源条件下,分别以卷包密度和虫口密度为指标,鉴定大豆种质对豆卷叶螟的抗虫性.结果表明,大豆品种之间的抗虫性有显著的差异,以卷包密度为评价指标的抗虫性和以虫口密度为评价指标的抗虫性相关显著.在人工接虫条件下,研究豆卷叶螟在不同抗性大豆品种上的产卵选择性,结果显示豆卷叶螟在感虫品种上的产卵量显著多于在抗虫品种上的产卵量.经过多年鉴定,筛选出东兴青皮豆、牛黄豆、PI227687等高抗品种,皖82-178、金龙黑豆、Mosoy等高感品种.     

大豆资源对斜纹夜蛾的抗性鉴定

利用网室采集的57份大豆资源的叶片,室内喂养刚孵化的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,以幼虫重为指标,鉴定大豆资源对斜纹夜蛾的抗性.综合2001年和2002年的鉴定结果,品种间、年份间、品种与年份互作差异均达极显著水平.根据标准品种分级法对抗性鉴定结果进行划分,从供试的大豆资源中筛选出4个高抗和3个高感的标准品种,可以用于抗性的分级及抗虫新基因的发掘.     

大豆抗食叶性害虫遗传的初步研究

在田间自然虫源条件下,大豆对食叶性害虫综合抗性的遗传表现为一对主基因＋多基因的遗传模式,抗性表现为显性。Ｆ２群体与Ｆ２：３家系抗虫性分离相当明显,根据Ｆ２·３家系估计的主基因遗传率比根据Ｆ２群体估计的主基因遗传率要高,分别是６５．３８％和４８．１９％。对Ｆ２个体和Ｆ２·３家系的主要基因基因型分类作了估计。     

基于三种抗性机制评价大豆对抗斜纹夜蛾的抗性

通过室内养虫鉴定,农艺性状考查和收获后单株考种,对194份栽培大豆进行了抗斜纹夜蛾的鉴定和评价.结果表明:在抗生性和抗选性上对斜纹夜蛾表现为高抗或抗的材料分别有77份和107份.194份品种在株高、主茎分枝数、单株粒数和单株粒重性状上表现出不同程度的耐害和补偿能力.大豆对斜纹夜蛾的抗生性与抗选性的相关性表现相对一致,而...     

大豆抗食叶性害虫相关QTL与基因网络研究进展

大豆是重要的粮油作物,但其产量和品质受到食叶性害虫的严重影响。总结归纳了近10年来大豆抗虫分子遗传研究的成果,包括抗虫QTL定位、优异等位基因及载体材料发掘、优异杂交组合预测、抗虫相关基因鉴定及大豆与食叶性害虫交互调控基因网络分析等,并讨论了大豆抗虫研究面临的挑战和发展。     

大豆品种抗大豆食心虫(Leguminivora glycinivorella(Mats.Obraztsov)研究初报

三年来对主要大豆推广品种和品种资源进行抗大豆食心虫鉴定。共鉴定42份推广品种和3000份品种资源材料,初步明确推广品种高抗食心虫的有吉林16号,其次为吉林1号、吉林3号、黑河3号等。高感的有吉林8号、吉林9号、九农9号,其次是九农6号、黑农23等20个品种。品种资源抗食心虫的有早生、国育100—4、铁荚豆、铁荚青、国育98—4等;感虫的有浙江455、大黑脐、黄宝珠等。兼抗大豆食心虫和大豆蚜的有早生、国育100—4、安东福寿。兼抗大豆花叶病毒和食心虫的有雷电、文丰5号、小白眉(1461)。抗虫原因初步分析,与成虫产卵选择性、荚毛有无、为害期与成熟期早、晚有关系,而以中熟有荚毛的品种为鉴定重点。调查幼虫入荚死亡率,并把虫食率分五级,鉴定不同品种的抗虫性,为培育抗虫品种提供抗源材料。     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper(Laodelphax striatellus)and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper(SBPH)resistance to SBPH were detected,accounting for 18.1%of the total accessions,which included 2 highly resistant,9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties.Compared with indica rice,japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH.Antixenosis test,antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism.The resistant check Rathu Heenati(RHT),highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath,and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH,indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties.Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis.Dular,ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis,indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties.The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis,whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH,suggesting tolerance in these three varieties.Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311.Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A.Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance.The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper (SBPH) (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) by the modified seedbox screening test. Twenty-five rice accessions with different levels of resistance to SBPH were detected, accounting for 18.1% of the total accessions, which included 2 highly resistant, 9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties. Compared with indica rice, japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH. Antixenosis test, antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The resistant check Rathu Heenati (RHT), highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath, and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH, indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties. Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis. Dular, ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis, indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties. The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis, whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH, suggesting tolerance in these three varieties. Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311. Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A. Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance. The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

水稻种质资源抗灰飞虱评价及抗性机制分析

通过改进的苗期集团筛选法,对138份水稻种质进行了抗灰飞虱鉴定与评价。筛选出对灰飞虱具有不同程度抗性的材料25份,占总鉴定材料的181%,其中高抗种质2份,抗性种质9份,中抗材料14份,粳稻品种明显比籼稻感虫。对部分材料进行的排驱性、抗生性试验及相关分析表明,Rathu Heenati(RHT)、Mudgo、Kasalath和IR36对灰飞虱具有强的排驱性和抗生性,其抗性水平与这两种抗虫机制密切相关;道人桥、羊毛谷的抗生性强,但排驱性弱,其主要抗虫机制表现为抗生性;Dular、ASD7和密阳23对灰飞虱具有较强的排驱性和抗生性,表明排驱性和抗生性是这3个品种的重要抗性类型;DV85具有较强的排驱性,但抗生性较弱,窄叶青8号和鬼衣谷具有中等水平的抗生性和排驱性,推测这3个材料具有较好的耐害特性。中抗材料9311的抗性水平由中等排驱性和抗生性控制,V20A的抗性主要表现为排驱性,明恢63和扬粳9538的排驱性和抗生性均较弱,暗示其抗性机制主要是耐害性。上述具有强抗生性或排驱性的材料是理想的抗灰飞虱资源。     

Leaf effects of wild species ofSolanum and interspecific hybrids on growth and behaviour of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella Zeller

Summary Four introductions ofSolanum berthaultii wild species and sevenS. tuberosumxS. berthaultii hybrids were evaluated by antibiosis and antixenosis laboratory tests with potato tuber moth. Some morphological and chemical traits related to the trichomes were analysed. Two clones of the wild speciesS. sparsipilum and five ofS. pinnatisectum, characterised by high tuber resistance, were tested for leaf resistance, both by antibiosis and antixenosis assays. The genotypes with high density of trichomes A and with high exudate PPO activity, showed a moderate negative effect on pupal weight and fecundity in the antibiosis tests. Trichomes B exudate showed a strong repulsive effect on oviposition of adult in the antixenosis tests. TheS. pinnatisectum clones revealed a good leaf resistance level, whereas theS. sparsipilum clones showed lower levels of antibiosis and antixenosis.     

Evidence of genetic transmission of antibiosis and antixenosis resistance of sorghum to the spotted stemborer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Spotted stemborer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is the most important pest of sorghum in Asia and south and eastern Africa. Host plant resistance is an important control tactic for controlling this pest. Two breeding lines 27B × PB 15881-3 and 463B × PB 15881-3 with their parents, resistant and susceptible genotypes were evaluated in the field, glasshouse and laboratory for different resistance parameters. Breeding lines and genotypes varied significantly in foliar damage ratings, percentage of stem length tunneled, percentage of plants with deadhearts, larval survival, larval and pupal weights, larval and pupal duration, and percentage pupation and adult emergence in diets amended with leaf powder of different sorghum genotypes. The breeding lines 27B × PB 15881-3 and 463B × PB 15881-3 showed antixenosis and antibiosis to C. partellus in terms of reduced eggs per plant, larval survival and development. The levels of antixenosis and antibiosis of both breeding lines were similar to their resistant parents. Results indicate that transmission of characteristics responsible for resistance to the progeny from the resistant parent occurred.     

两个广谱抗虫基因源抗性背景DNA的多样性分析

利用８对抗－感大豆叶食性害虫近似等位基因系，１００个随机引物进行ＰＣＲ扩增，在４０６个稳定重现的片段中，有２个在近等基因系间表现多态性；不同抗性来源的两组材料间的多态性ＤＮＡ片段的有／无呈相反趋势，相同抗性来源的材料间的多态性ＤＮＡ片段的有／无也存在差异。由此可以认为，抗性供体ＰＩ１７１４５１，ＰＩ２２９３５８的抗性背景ＤＮＡ的多样性比较丰富，遗传背景相差较大，说明它们的抗性基因来源不同。在进行广     

抗大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种育种骨干亲本抗性差异分析

研究对抗大豆孢囊线虫病育种中常用的40份骨干亲本进行4号生理小种抗性鉴定，其中感病品种30份，黄粒抗病品系2份，黑粒抗病品系2份，黑粒抗源6份。结果表明：品种间的抗性有极显著差异；抗性的主要差异首先出现在抗性和非抗性品种之间，其次出现在非抗性品种内；抗源材料的抗性非常稳定；亲本对大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种的抗性呈连续性变化，符合正态分布规律。抗性愈强的品种抗性愈稳定，抗性愈弱的品种抗性愈易受环境的影响。大豆抗大豆孢囊线虫的广义遗传力约为53．9％。     

大豆抗锈病组织病理学研究

以抗感品种ＰＩ４５９０２５（Ｒ）和猴子毛（Ｓ）为试材．人工接种大豆锈菌（ＰｈａｋｏｐｏｒａｐａｃｈｙｒｈｉｚｉＳＹｄ．）后第１天起每２天取样１次（共７次），石蜡切片及电镜扫描。大豆锈菌在抗感品种上均是从表皮角质层直接侵入，侵入时均产生木质化，但抗病品种木质化速度快且数量大。抗病品种锈菌侵入后能产生乳状突起结构，且完成一次侵染至少需１４－１５天，而感病品种猴子毛则只需８－９天。接种后１３天产生的夏孢子堆感病品种是抗病品种的２１．３倍。抗感品种间表皮叶毛形态及排列亦存在差异．