长期定位施肥对土壤养分和玉米产量的影响

通过对辽宁凤城棕壤长期定位监测点其中8年试验结果的统计分析,明确了长期不同施肥处理对土壤养分和玉米产量的影响。结果显示：较不施肥对照相比,长期不同施肥均提高了土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量。总的来说,土壤培肥效果以有机肥配施化肥好于相应的单施化肥或有机肥,化肥组合以氮磷钾或氮磷配施效果更好,单施氮肥相对较差。不同施肥处理对玉米产量的影响与上述养分的变化规律相似,且相关分析表明玉米产量与土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量密切相关。综上说明,在施用有机肥的基础上,合理配施氮磷钾肥,是该地区提高土壤肥力和实现玉米增产的最佳方案。     

土壤有机质含量和pH值对湖南省春玉米施肥效果的影响

研究不同有机质等级和不同pH值背景的玉米田土壤的施肥效果,结果表明,不同有机质等级土壤肥效为4级1级2级3级,不同酸碱性土壤肥效为碱性强酸性酸性中性;产量达到最高时氮、磷、钾的平均施用量分别为225、101和103 kg/hm~2,肥料施用过量后,肥料危害程度为磷肥钾肥氮肥。     

中国玉米主产区土壤养分的空间变异及影响因素分析

【目的】分析中国玉米主产区耕层土壤养分含量现状、区域空间变异规律及其影响因素,以期为各地玉米田土壤养分调控和合理施肥提供指导。【方法】以全国玉米主产区为研究区,于2017年玉米收获季开展大规模土壤采集和农户调研工作。结合地统计学和地理信息系统（GIS）,探究土壤养分的区域变异特征和分布格局;根据相关分级标准,评价玉米主产区当前土壤肥力现状;并通过相关性分析和方差分析,对引起土壤养分变异的主要影响因素（土壤质地、气候和肥料施用）进行探讨。【结果】中国玉米主产区耕层土壤pH中值为 6.9,养分含量的中值分别为有机质21.0 g·kg^-1、全氮1.5 g·kg^-1、有效磷22.4 mg·kg^-1和速效钾164.5 mg·kg^-1,上述指标的变异系数分别为12.7%、48.5%、50.0%、83.6%和52.0%,均表现为中等程度变异。土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量主要集中在中等至极高肥力水平,共占主产区总面积的93.5%。土壤养分存在明显的区域变异性,土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量在东北春玉米区最高,分别为32.0 g·kg^-1、2.2 g·kg^-1、32.3 mg·kg^-1,在西北春玉米区最低,分别为17.2 g·kg^-1、1.2 g·kg^-1、16.2 mg·kg^-1;速效钾含量在西南玉米区最低,其他3个区域无显著差异。在国家尺度上,土壤pH值具有强烈的空间自相关性（块基比<25%）,其变异主要受自然因素（土壤质地和降水）影响;有效磷具有较弱的空间自相关性（块基比>75%）,其变异主要受人为因素（肥料施用）影响;有机质、全氮和速效钾具有中等的空间自相关性（块基比25%—75%）,其变异受自然和人为因素共同影响。【结论】东北区土壤肥力高,玉米生产应适量减少施肥量,以节约肥料成本;华北区土壤养分含量适中,应严格控制氮、磷化肥投入,以增加肥料利用率并减少环境污染;西北区土壤养分含量较低,可以适当增加肥料用量进一步实现玉米增产;西南区内土壤肥力变异较大,各亚区应采用适宜的施肥方式,以提高土壤的保肥能力和玉米产量。     

芥菜氮磷钾肥效及其施肥指标研究

通过田间试验研究芥菜氮磷钾肥效及其施肥指标.试验结果表明,土壤对芥菜产量的平均贡献率只有26.3％,施用氮、磷、钾肥平均分别增产55.5％、14.1％和15.3％,平均产投比分别为36.9、21.3和12.2,表明芥菜施用氮磷钾肥料具有显著的增产增收效果.芥菜种植地土壤Olsen-P高产丰缺指标为42 mg· kg-1...     

黑龙江省黑土区不同施肥制度对土壤肥力影响分析

以1980～2006年黑龙江省农科院长期定位试验为平台,比较了不同施肥制度对黑土区土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,有机肥配施化肥可以全面提高黑土区土壤肥力,其中以有机肥+氮钾化肥效果最佳;速效磷受施肥制度影响最大。有机肥+磷化肥提高有机质含量效果最佳;有机肥+氮化肥提高碱解氮含量效果最佳;有机肥+磷钾化肥提高速效磷含量效果最佳;有机肥+氮钾化肥提高速效钾含量效果最佳。在有机肥+氮磷钾化肥处理下,有机质和碱解氮在1980～2006年年纪波动显著;磷钾化肥处理下,速效磷在1980～2006年年纪变化显著;在磷化肥处理下,速效钾在1980～2006年年纪变化显著。     

Mapping management zones in a sandy pasture soil using an objective model and multivariate techniques

Soils occupied by dryland pastures usually have low fertility but can exhibit a high spatial variability. Consequently, logical application of fertilisers should be based on an appropriate knowledge of spatial variability of the main soil properties that can affect pasture yield and quality. Delineation of zones with similar soil fertility is necessary to implement site-specific management, reinforcing the interest of methods to identify these homogeneous zones. Thus, the formulation of the objective Rasch model constitutes a new approach in pasture fields. A case study was performed in a pasture field located in a montado (agrosilvopastoral) ecosystem. Measurements of some soil properties (texture, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cation exchange capacity and soil apparent electrical conductivity) at 24 sampling locations were integrated in the Rasch model. A classification of all sampling locations according to pasture soil fertility was established. Moreover, the influence of each soil property on the soil fertility was highlighted, with the clay content the most influential property in this sandy soil. Then, a clustering process was undertaken to delimit the homogeneous zones, considering soil pasture fertility, elevation and slope as the input layers. Three zones were delineated and vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, and normalized difference water index, NDWI) and pasture yield data at sampling locations were employed to check their differences. Results showed that vegetation indices were not suitable to detect the spatial variability between zones. However, differences in pasture yield and quality were evident, besides some key soil properties, such as clay content and organic matter.

     

长期施肥对土壤有机质氧化稳定性动态变化及其与肥力关系的影响

通过连续８年定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式下土壤有机质氧化稳定性的动态变化及其作物产量和肥力水平的关系。结果表明,长期不施肥七施用常量Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ化肥,使土壤易氧化有机质含量明显下降,进而引起土壤有机质总量减少,氧化稳定系数（Ｋｏｓ）升高,土壤供肥能力降低;连续施用增量Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ化肥,可使土壤有机质及Ｋｏｓ值保持稳定,但投入成本较高;长期施用有机肥（物）料配施常量Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ化肥,可明显提高土壤易氧化有机质含量和有机质总量,降低其Ｋｏｓ值,土壤对养分的供、贮能力增强,肥力提高,同时其作物产量显著高于增量Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ化肥处理,不同施肥方式主要影响土壤易氧化有机质含量,对难氧化有机质的影响较小。     

Spatial Analysis of Maize Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Central New York

An increasing number of farmers are considering the use of site-specific nitrogen (N) applications to maize (Zea mays L.) as a way of maximizing yield potential while minimizing fertilizer cost. The objectives of this 3-years experiment were to evaluate the spatial structure of yield response to N fertilizer and investigate the potential for site-specific N management under maize production in New York. Four experimental N rates (50, 110, 160, or 220 kg ha¹), two tillage systems (chisel till and zone-till) and two crop rotations (maizemaize and maizesoybean (Glycine max L.)) were superimposed over a 12 ha field in central New York State with a complex of Honeoye-Lima, Kendaia, and Lima soils ranging from moderately well to poorly drained soils. Pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests (PSNT) showed significant spatial structure but did not conform to that for crop N response, indicating that N fertilizer recommendations based on PSNT results cannot be simply applied in a site-specific management approach. Optimal N rate varied from 110 kg ha ¹ for the dry years 1999 and 2000 to 220 kg ha¹ for 1998, with a warm wet spring. Tillage treatments were generally comparable in N response. Spatial yield response analysis showed limited field-scale regionalization of both yield and profit response to N, suggesting that site-specific application of nitrogen is impractical. The greatest source of variability in N requirements was observed with the annual effects of weather, and presents a greater potential for precise N application than site-specific application. Annual variations in optimum N rate were not related to annual yield differences and yield potential itself does not appear to be a good predictor of N needs.     

Optimising durum wheat cultivation in North Italy: understanding the effects of site-specific fertilization on yield and protein content

Variable rate fertilization and precision harvesting could increase the potential for meeting durum wheat quality standards. Field spatial distribution of yield and protein content, and their interactions with soil properties and N fertilization were evaluated in an experiment on durum wheat in North Italy in 2011 and 2012. Variable rate fertilization was adopted in three management zones (MZs) with increasing soil fertility, and a foliar N was applied at flowering to investigate differences in protein quantity and quality. During the crop cycle, changes in crop biomass and N status were monitored through NDVI measurement, and grain was sampled in each MZ and gluten proteins extracted at harvest. Spatial variability of yield and protein content was mainly driven by soil texture and base fertilization in both the years, while foliar fertilization was not efficient in enhancing grain protein content. Variable rate fertilization partially mitigated the weather impact; however, unpredictable weather conditions resulted in low N use efficiency. High N rates were confirmed to provide high protein levels and enhance gluten proteins technological quality, but with a risk for the environment. The marked spatial variability in grain quality in terms of total protein and gluten protein content, and the ratio between glutenin/gliadin and high and low-molecular weight glutenin sub-units, suggested the implementation of zone harvesting as a strategy to exploit the positive interaction between grain quality and soil fertility.     

龙山县不同海拔高度植烟土壤肥力特征研究

对龙山县不同海拔植烟土壤的主要肥力特征进行了研究.结果表明:该产区的土壤养分总体适宜优质烟叶生产,不同海拔植烟土壤肥力特征有较大的差异,高海拔植烟土壤有机质、有效氮、速效钾含量明显高于低海拔,中海拔各养分含量适中,低海拔有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量较低;各海拔pH值在弱酸性至中性范围之内.因此,龙山县植烟土壤在施肥管理上应因地制宜,大力推进平衡施肥技术以平衡不同海拔区域植烟土壤的肥力水平.     

中山市不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力特性的剖面分布特征

了解不同利用方式下土壤肥力状况,揭示影响土壤肥力的障碍因子,对区域土壤资源管理及合理施肥具有重要意义.调查了中山市不同土地利用类型(水田、菜地、林地)土壤,测定了不同发生层次土壤的颗粒组成、pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾、阳离子交换量等特性,分析了土壤肥力特性的剖面特征,评价了耕层(表层)土壤肥力状况.结果表明:供试的水田、菜地土壤黏粒、粉粒含量高,林地土壤以砂粒、黏粒为主,土壤颗粒组成与成土母质类别密切相关.菜地、水田土壤耕层呈现酸化特征,具有含硫层的土壤酸性极强.林地土壤CEC最低,水田和菜地土壤CEC较高,人为管理和成土母质类型影响土壤CEC.土壤有机质、氮、磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,菜地耕层土壤有效磷极为丰富,林地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量最低.土地利用方式深刻影响耕层(表层)土壤有机质、氮、磷的积累,钾含量主要受成土母质的影响.针对中山市土壤肥力特性,提出了合理管理土壤的建议.     

Effects of Inorganic-organic Incorporation on Productivity and Soil Fertility of Rice Cropping System in Red Soil Area of China

Results from ten-year (1990- 1999) field experiments indicated that the productivity and the soil fertility of rice cropping system were significantly influenced by the fertilization system adopted in red soil area of China. Contrasting with no-fertilizer treatment (CK), yield-increase rate of organic matter cycling,chemical NPK and inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation treatments were 56.5%, 62.5% and 80.7%, respectively. In the case of optimum fertilization system, the largest contribution of inorganic fertilizer to the yield was 38.5% while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation was 44.7 %. The content of soil organic matter changed in tendency from decrease to equilibrium with heightened the extent of N, P and K incorporation while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation could be enhanced further. After N, P and K entered into the rice cropping system and maintained organic matter cycling in the system, the pools of total N, P and K could be strengthened.     

张家川县耕地土壤肥力评价及空间分布特征

通过对张家川县耕地土壤肥力指标的测定,采用主成分分析法评价土壤肥力质量、结合GIS分析各肥力指标及土壤综合肥力的空间变异性。结果表明：研究区耕地呈碱性,恭门镇南部地区碱性较强;有机质含量中等,闫家乡有机质含量最丰富为1279.79 mg/kg;全氮含量较丰富而速效氮缺乏,均呈现从西到东逐渐升高的空间分布;速效钾、有效磷的含量丰富,呈现东高西低、南低北高的分布趋势。主成分分析结果表明张家川镇、恭门镇土壤速效养分供应能力强、但保肥能力较差;闫家乡土壤养分蓄积能力强。土壤综合肥力质量从高到低依次为闫家乡、张家川镇、恭门镇,呈现出东高西低的趋势。综上,研究区内土壤养分及综合肥力分布不均,需协调氮、磷、钾肥施用比例,做到“因地、因苗、因水、因时”分期精准施肥,促进肥效发挥。     

不同施肥措施对黄泥田土壤养分及水稻产量的影响

为农业有机废弃物的合理科学利用提供参考,在湖北省孝昌县单季稻区利用田间试验研究6种施肥措施对黄泥田土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:不同施肥措施对黄泥田土壤有效磷与速效钾含量的影响显著,对有机质、全氮及碱解氮含量的影响不明显。在6种施肥措施中,以化肥+畜禽粪肥配施黄泥田土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量最高,分别为23.06 g/kg、1.34 g/kg、111.66mg/kg、30.77mg/kg和148.33mg/kg,且有效磷和速效钾含量显著高于其他施肥措施(P0.05);稻谷和稻草产量也最高,分别为9 638.38kg/hm~2和11 118.39kg/hm~2,也显著高于其他施肥措施(P0.05);水稻的综合农艺性状好。因此,在黄泥田水稻生产过程中,采用化肥和畜禽粪肥配施可有效培肥其土壤,提高水稻产量。     

高产蔗区合理施肥初探

<正> 仙游是我省著名的甘蔗高产区,由于多年来忽视合理施肥,偏施重施氮肥,少施或不施有机肥及磷、钾肥,加上甘蔗产量的不断提高,每年从土壤中带走大量养分,导致土壤中养分含量渐趋贫乏,土壤养分比例严重失调,土壤肥力逐步下降,直接影响了甘蔗等作物高产稳产及产品质量的提高。如何恢复与提高土壤肥力,改善土壤养分状况,促进农业生产的发展,国内外都开始认识到有机农业的重要性,同时也注意根据土壤养分状况,施用不同矿质营养元素来补充土壤养分的亏损。我们针对仙游蔗区施肥不合理而引起土壤养分比例失调的现象,从1980年开始就在仙游进行了田间与室内施肥试验,主要探讨施用氮肥配合绿肥压青与氮肥配合施用磷、钾肥及     

伊犁地区红富士苹果园土壤和叶片养分状况调查分析

调查了伊犁河谷上游巩留县壤土和沙土地盛果期苹果园土壤肥力与叶片营养状况,分别测定了土壤有机质、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B等元素,研究了2种土壤质地果园的土壤和叶片营养的差异。结果表明,该地区壤土盛果期果园中的土壤肥力水平适宜苹果的生长,有机质含量偏低,有效磷含量适中,土壤中N、K处于较丰状态。叶片营养均处于适宜值范围内,壤土果园应增施有机肥;沙土果园中土壤肥力总体偏低,有机质、速效氮、速效钾等元素处于缺乏范围,经过叶片营养分析诊断发现,除镁含量偏低、硼含量偏高外,其他元素的含量均处于适宜值范围。因此沙土地土壤肥力偏低可能与土壤质地有关,应该根据果树营养需求规律,在果树生长的关键时期进行针对性施肥。     

长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤水稻土肥力和生产力持续性的影响

 【目的】研究长期施用氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）化肥和稻草（RS）对中国亚热带地区红壤水稻土肥力变化的趋势和水稻生产力可持续性的影响。【方法】利用1981年建立在湖南省望城县黄金乡第四纪红土红壤发育的水稻土（分类为普通简育水耕人为土）上的定位试验田,对氮、磷和钾化肥及其与稻草长期配合施用的5个处理的土壤肥力和生产力可持续性进行了评价。【结果】氮、磷和钾化肥与稻草长期配合施用能维持和提高红壤水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、可矿化氮量均增加,速效磷和速效氮比试前土壤增加。长期施用氮、磷肥而不施钾肥的NP处理水稻产量、土壤氮、钾逐年降低,稻田系统生产力的可持续性和土壤肥力难以维持。稻草还田对水稻具有显著的增产作用,27年54季的稻草还田配合化肥处理的平均水稻产量比仅施化肥的NP和NPK处理分别增产12.2%和6.7%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年提高。【结论】稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功能,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。     

毛鸡骨草GAP基地土壤肥力综合评价与供肥能力研究

[目的]了解毛鸡骨草GAP基地土壤肥力现状,以及土壤中氮、磷、钾3要素的自然供给能力。[方法]运用改进的内梅罗(Nemoro)综合指数法对基地土壤肥力进行综合评价,并通过施肥试验研究了基地土壤中氮、磷、钾3要素的自然供给能力。[结果]土壤综合肥力系数为1.21,毛鸡骨草产量对土壤的依存率为40.90%。[结论]基地土壤综合肥力属"一般"等级,土壤供应氮、磷、钾的能力分别处于"低"、"高"、"中"等级,较低的土壤含氮量是该基地的主要养分限制因子。