不同钾肥对烤烟叶片钾和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的影响研究

采用盆栽试验研究了不同种类钾肥对烤后烟叶的钾和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的影响,以及钾含量与中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的关系。结果表明,施用钾肥提高了烤后烟叶的钾含量和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸总量,降低了亚麻酸、亚油酸和柠檬酸的含量。钾含量和中性致香物质总量以K2SO4增施生物钾肥处理最高,非挥发性有机酸总量以单施KNO3处理最高,钾含量和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量均以单施生物钾肥处理最低。烤后烟叶钾含量与中性香气成分含量呈显著正相关,与非挥发性有机酸含量呈极显著正相关,说明提高烤后烟叶钾含量能够提高烟叶的中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量。     

施用磷肥对烤烟烟叶氮磷钾养分以及酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,以秦烟96为材料,通过设置5个供磷水平,研究了增施磷肥对烤烟烟叶营养(氮、磷、钾)和多酚含量及烟叶酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响,目的在于揭示磷肥影响烟叶生长发育的营养基础以及色泽形成的生理机制,为优质烤烟生产进行合理施磷提供理论依据和实践指导。结果表明,施磷量在P2O50~5.84 g/盆范围内,随施磷量增加,烟叶氮、磷、钾含量和多酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性逐渐增加,均呈显著正相关,磷肥过多时,抑制作用显著;酸性磷酸酶活性逐渐降低,呈显著负相关。说明适宜的施磷量可改善烟叶营养,提高多酚含量及其氧化水平,有利于烟叶色泽形成;烟叶酸性磷酸酶活性可作为评估土壤供磷能力的有效生理指标。     

Effect of Chloride in Irrigation Water on Oriental (Sun-Cured) Tobacco

ABSTRACT

Responses of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to chloride vary according to tobacco types, cultivars, and methods of fertilization, cultivation, and harvesting used. Until now, research has focused on types other than Oriental. In this work, the effect of chloride concentration (10 to 80 mg L^?1) in irrigation water on growth and agronomic and chemical characteristics of Oriental tobacco was evaluated with a three-year (1999–2001) outdoor pot experiment. Whether Oriental tobacco cultivars, aromatic and neutral, respond differently to chloride was also investigated. The results showed that the influence of chloride on growth-development and total cured leaves yield on Oriental tobacco was inconsistent and substantial only in neutral cultivars. The increased cured leaves yield in neutral cultivars with 50 mg Cl L^?1 was attributed mainly to the increased size of leaves. Leaf chloride concentration increased linearly with the increase of chloride level in irrigation water, but the leaf chloride concentration and the rate of linear increase were highest in the upper leaves of the plant, and decreased gradually from the upper to the lower leaves. Generally, the optimum chloride level in irrigation water was found to be below 20 mg L^?1, whereas the 40 mg L^?1 level was the critical upper threshold to avoid adverse effects on Oriental tobacco. The six cultivars showed different accumulation rates of chloride in leaves, and these rates were affected differently by the increased chloride in water. The changes in chemical characteristics examined concerning cured-leaf product quality were minor. The results indicate that one may choose among cultivars, either aromatic or neutral, in order to limit the adverse effects of irrigation with water containing increased chloride concentration.     

Free and conjugated phytosterols in cured tobacco leaves: influence of genotype, growing region, and stalk position

Although phytosterols in tobacco leaves have specific effects on tobacco quality, there is little research on the distribution of free and conjugated phytosterols in various tobacco leaves. In this paper, we explored the content and composition of phytosterols in representative cured tobacco leaves by gas chromatography of TMS-ether derivatives. We found that phytosterol contents in tobacco leaves ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 mg/g of dried leaf tissue, depending on different types of tobacco leaves. The majority of phytosterols (75-85%) were conjugated as ester and glycosides, with only about 15-25% existing in the free form. Furthermore, the genetic variability gives rise to the significant differences among different tobacco types with phytosterol levels: the contents of phytosterols in tobacco leaves decreased in the order of flue-cured tobacco, Oriental tobacco, Burley tobacco, cigar tobacco, and Maryland tobacco. At the same time, the tobacco curing process leads to a difference in phytosterol existing-form distribution in some variation laws.     

应用PGPR菌肥减少烤烟生产化肥的施用量

利用从烤烟根际筛选的抗生菌、固氮菌、解磷菌和解钾菌菌株制成PGPR菌肥,进行田间完全区组随机试验,研究其在减施化肥的条件下对烤烟产量质量的影响。试验地土壤类型为黄棕壤,种植烤烟品种为云烟89,菌肥施用量30 kg hm-2,于烤烟移栽时溶于生根水中一起施入。共设4个处理,分别是(1)常规施肥同时施用PGPR菌肥;(2)NPK肥为常规施肥的80%同时施用PGPR菌肥;(3)常规施肥;(4)NPK肥为常规施肥的80%。结果表明,施用菌肥的二处理与未施用菌肥的二处理相比,施用菌肥不同生长期烤烟根际放线菌的数量显著降低17%～27%(p<0.05),根际微生物生物量碳含量提高3%～16%,现蕾期根际解磷菌的数量显著提高24%(p<0.05),并可提高烤烟的抗病性,烤后烟外观质量好。处理(2)与处理(4)比较,现蕾期烤烟根际氮、钾、铜、锌、硼和铁6种元素的有效性提高4.46%～28.87%,而磷、钙、镁和锰4种矿质元素的有效性降低2.63%～30.19%,烤烟产量和净产值分别提高7.53%和30.05%。处理(2)与处理(3)比较,烤烟产量和净产值分别提高4.52%和24.68%。使用PGPR菌肥可适当减少化肥用量,为可持续生产优质、无公害烟叶的有效途径之一。     

烤烟矿质营养分布的因子分析

为了研究烤烟的B营养及B K交互作用 ,进行了烤烟生长期间不同施K、施B肥的盆栽试验。在两个生育期测定根、叶不同部位 1 0种矿质营养元素含量 ,并对试验结果作了因子分析和方差分析。分析结果表明 ,一个四因子模型解释了试验数据总方差的 92.1% ,10种矿质元素划分为有确切意义的公因子微量元素营养因子、常量元素营养因子、磷因子和硼因子。矿质营养分布方式主要受植株部位、施K量及两者交互效应的显著影响。根部有较高的微量元素浓度分布 ,叶部有较高的常量元素浓度分布。多施K肥可适当提高烟叶含K量 ,也可抑制叶片中的Ca、Mg、S含量 ,减小P营养。K充足时 ,多施B肥有可能增加根部微量元素营养。高B、高K会影响植株对P、B的吸收。     

烤烟专用有机肥的优选及肥效验证

选择重庆市山地烟区就地取材的有机物料进行堆肥试验,优选出有机物料最佳配比的烤烟专用有机肥产品,明确不同配比有机肥产品对烤烟的产、质效应。结果表明:各种参试有机肥与对照相比均显著提高了烤烟上中等烟的比例、产量和产值,C/N比较高的有机肥(M3、M4和M5)与饼肥和常规有机肥相比,显著提高烟叶上中等烟比例,3种高C/N比有机肥对烤烟生长、烟叶品质和烟叶协调性的作用都优于饼肥或常规有机肥。这可能是高C/N比有机肥对土壤微生物数量和土壤肥力改善的综合作用结果。因此,在重庆市烟叶生产中,根据产区实际情况,推荐施用高C/N比的有机肥代替现行的饼肥和常规有机堆肥,应用有机物料与烟杆一起发酵生产的有机肥是一种肥效较好、环境友好的有机肥。     

多雨烟区烤烟氮肥优化施用的减氮效应及对烤烟产质量的影响

采用大田试验研究基肥不同施肥方式和基追肥比例对烤烟产质量及减氮效应的影响。结果表明,在多雨条件下,采用挖大穴、施用穴肥(60%基肥条施+40%基肥穴施)的方式能够促进烟株前期吸收更多养分,促进烟株早生快发,提高中部叶质量。当施氮量为127.5 kg·hm~(-2),追肥比例由50%提高到65%时,烤烟上部叶开片度、叶面积、单叶重均有所提高,上部烟叶营养得到改善。在总施氮量比CK(150 kg·hm~(-2))减少15%条件下,通过调整基肥施肥方式和基追肥比例,烟叶产值和烟叶质量均得到提升,既节约了成本,又提高了烟农效益。     

重庆市烟区土壤-烤烟氯素含量及其变化研究

采用调查研究、田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,对重庆市烟区土壤、烟叶含氯量进行了研究;根据调查结果,于2002～2003年进行了不同施氯量的田间试验,研究了氯在土壤中的残留及动态变化。结果表明:重庆植烟土壤含氯量低,平均为13.4mg/kg,变幅大(为痕量～99.7mg/kg),有90%的土壤含氯量在烟草种植区划规定的最适宜植烟的土壤含氯量(≤30mg/kg)范围内,土壤含氯量>45mg/kg不适宜烟草种植的土壤样本仅占3.7%,土壤含氯量≤2mg/kg的缺氯土壤样本占19.2%。重庆植烟土壤类型主要是黄壤,占植烟土壤的75.6%。重庆市烟叶含氯量很低,平均为0.70g/kg,变幅0.11～9.19g/kg,有99%的烟叶含氯量低于优质烟叶要求的含氯下限(3.0g/kg),烟叶含氯量低已成为影响烟叶质量的限制因素。2003年的调查结果与1988年相比,15年后烟区土壤含氯量降低了5mg/kg,烟叶含氯量下降60.0%。在一定的施氯量范围内,氯在土壤中的残留量及其动态变化主要受降雨量和降雨强度的影响。     

氯和钾营养对烤烟产量和品质的影响

在四川中性紫色土上研究烤烟的氯钾营养及其与产量品质的关系。结果表明,施氯量80-240mgCl/kg土,可提高烟叶的光合强度,增强POD、PPO、SOD、NR等抗逆酶的活性,增大叶面积。烟叶含氯量随施氯量的增加而增加,烤烟烟叶产量比对照提高5.5-21.5％。以烟叶含氯1％,K2O/Cl比4为标准确定的该地区烤烟耐氯临界值为139-165mgCl/kg土(土壤水溶性氯),可使烟叶中糖和烟碱含量和比例协调。从烤烟营养和品质看,植烟土壤含氯(水溶性氯)以不超过160mg/kg土为宜。试验还表明施氯促进了烤烟对氯、钾的吸收,提高烟叶水溶性总糖含量,但不利于烟株对磷的吸收。因此合理配置烤烟氮、磷、钾、氯的比例对烤烟品质至关重要。本试验结果初步表明在中性紫色土植烟区,以部分氯化钾代替硫酸钾是可能的。     

Aroma characteristics of stored tobacco cut leaves analyzed by a high vacuum distillation and canister system

An extraction method using a high vacuum distillation extraction apparatus coupled to a canister was newly developed for the analysis and sensory test of tobacco leaf volatiles. We extended the application of the canister that is used in environmental analysis, to the extraction of the aroma components in tobacco leaves. The volatile components with vapor pressures higher than 0.1 mmHg were easily evaporated under decompression and then trapped into the vacuumed canister. After the collection of volatiles, the canister was pressurized by a slow stream of inert gas in order to emit the whole aroma under a controlled flow. Applying a preconcentrator--gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and sensory test to the headspace gas components, the aroma alteration between 0 and 2 weeks of storage was simultaneously or individually evaluated. As a result, after the storage, alcohols such as 1-hexanol, linalool, and benzyl alcohol decreased significantly. The amount of carotenoid derivatives that have the characteristic tobacco leaf aroma had not changed. Sensory evaluation of the same headspace gas with that used for GC/MS demonstrated the alternation of the aroma quality before and after storage. The main changes were the decrease of greenness and smoothness in aroma and the decrease of ethylbenzene, 2-pentylfuran, 1-hexanol, benzaldehyde, and linalool concentrations.     

曲靖烟区土壤磷锌互作对烟叶磷锌含量和品质的影响

利用田间调查采样及室内测定分析方法,分析了云南省曲靖市中海拔红壤烟区648个代表性烟田的土壤有效磷、有效锌含量及其互作对烟叶磷、锌含量和其品质的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤有效磷含量介于0.96~101.28 mg/kg,平均为31.34 mg/kg,35.80%的土样有效磷处于烤烟生长适宜范围(20~40 mg/kg);土壤有效锌含量丰富,介于0.20~23.68 mg/kg,平均为3.01 mg/kg,74.69%的土样有效锌含量处于烤烟生长适宜范围(1~4 mg/kg);(2)烟叶磷含量处于中等偏低水平,平均为1.9 g/kg,95.22%的烟样符合烟叶磷含量一般范围(1.5~6.0 g/kg);烟叶锌含量较高,平均为46.12 mg/kg,94.29%的烟样处于烟叶锌含量一般范围(20~80 mg/kg);(3)烟叶锌含量随土壤有效锌含量的升高而显著增加,随土壤有效磷含量的升高而降低;而烟叶磷含量与土壤有效磷和有效锌含量之间的关系不明显;(4)土壤有效磷和有效锌含量的交互作用对烟叶磷含量无显著影响,但对烟叶锌含量存在极显著影响,高含量的土壤有效磷会拮抗烟株对土壤有效锌的吸收;(5)土壤有效磷对烟叶品质影响较小,而土壤有效锌含量与烟叶化学成分及香气物质含量的相关性较密切。在土壤有效锌含量处于中低(2.0 mg/kg)水平,而土壤磷含量处于中等适宜(20~40 mg/kg)水平时,烟叶品质表现最好。     

石灰和聚丙烯酰胺处理的酸性土壤对烤烟生长及生理特性的影响

以K326烤烟品种为材料,在土培条件下研究了石灰和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）处理的酸性土壤对烤烟生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:石灰和PAM处理的酸性土壤,在PAM含量低时（0.1%）,烤烟生物量显著提高,光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）增高,根系活力增大,相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量下降,但随PAM用量的增大,烤烟生长减缓。在酸性土壤中,烤烟叶片和根系的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性最低;在加入石灰的土壤中,烤烟叶片和根系的三种酶活性升高,同时加入石灰和PAM的土壤,在PAM含量低时,三种酶活性下降,但随着PAM含量增高（0.2%）,酶活性又开始上升。石灰和PAM处理的酸性土壤,土壤交换性H、交换性Al含量的改变是由石灰引起的,PAM的影响不显著;相反,石灰对土壤含水量、水势、比重、孔隙度的影响不显著,而PAM影响显著,低PAM含量时（0.1%）,土壤含水量增加,但随PAM用量加大,土壤比重、孔隙度进一步增大,土壤含水量则逐渐降低,土壤水势显著下降。因此推测,石灰显著降低了酸性土壤交换性H、交换性Al含量,适量PAM提高了土壤孔隙度,增加土壤含水量,从而促进烤烟生长;但是当PAM过量,会导致土壤水势下降,烤烟吸水困难,其生长减缓。     

施氮量对皖南砂壤土烤烟碳氮代谢动态变化的影响

选取皖南典型植烟土壤,对不同施氮(N)量烤烟生长发育过程中硝酸还原酶、转化酶活性和碳氮代谢产物含量的变化动态进行了测定分析。结果表明,随施N量的增加,硝酸还原酶活性提高,活性高峰下部叶出现在移栽后40天;中、上部叶出现在移栽后55天,高峰值处理N8(N8kg/667m2)N7(N7kg/667m2)N6(N6kg/667m2)N5(N5kg/667m2)。在烟叶生长发育过程中转化酶活性达到最大值后明显下降。烟株地上部总N累积量、烟碱含量和烟碱累积量不断增加,施N量愈高增加幅度愈大。总糖含量随施N量的增加而减少,上部叶总糖含量的积累水平低于中部叶和下部叶,上部叶中N8处理总糖含量最低。     

基于烟叶品质指数的氮磷钾施肥模型

该研究以提供优质烟叶生产的量化施肥模型、防止化肥的过量使用造成的环境污染及烟叶品质下降为目的。通过盆栽及大田回归组合试验,对烟草栽培中的氮、磷、钾肥因子与烟草品质的关系进行研究。采用层次分析法（AHP）确定了各品质指标的权重,通过隶属函数对各处理烤后烟叶的内在品质进行模糊综合评价,以模糊综合评价的总得分为品质指数,建立了氮、磷、钾施肥量与品质指数的回归方程,并对回归方程进行优化。 结果表明,盆栽试验的适宜肥料施用量为N 4.51～6.14 g/pot,P2O5 6.48 ～10.48 g/pot,K2O 20.31～28.60 g/pot。在回归方程优化的基础上以盆栽试验结果建立了包含土壤基础肥力贡献率和烟草品种需肥量等参数的烟草氮、磷、钾施肥模型,并以大田试验的结果对模型进行了验证。结果表明,施肥模型计算的氮、磷、钾肥最佳推荐量为N 54.22 kg/hm2,P2O5 95.85 kg/hm2,K2O 347.26 kg/hm2,与大田试验的优化施肥量大致相同。     

钾用量与灌溉方式互作对土壤-烤烟系统钾素及烟叶品质的影响

旨在探究钾用量与灌溉方式互作对土壤-烤烟系统钾素变化及烟叶质量的影响问题。采用大田裂区设计,研究了不同灌溉方式与钾用量互作对土壤-烤烟系统钾素及烟叶内在化学成分的影响。同一灌溉方式下,增施钾肥显著提高土壤钾素含量,土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量随钾肥用量的增加而增加;与不施钾相比,施钾显著提高烟叶钾含量,但常规施钾与高量施钾处理间烟叶钾含量差异不显著。相同施钾量下,3种灌溉方式相比,以交替对1/2区域灌水处理土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量最低,烟叶钾含量以固定对1/2区域灌水处理最高,但与交替对1/2区域灌溉处理差异不显著。烟叶采收结束时,9个处理的土壤速效钾含量均随土层深度的增加,呈先降低再增加的趋势,至60~100 cm土层趋于稳定。灌水方式和钾用量互作对烟叶化学成分有一定影响,以常规施钾与固定1/2区域灌水处理组合的烟叶化学成分协调性最佳。在常规施钾量下,固定1/2区域灌水处理不仅改变了钾素在不同土层的分布,而且提高了烟叶钾含量,且减少了灌溉用水,建议可在黄淮烟区进行示范应用。     

狗蔷薇RaWUS基因组成型表达对烟草叶片形态的影响

为验证从狗蔷薇类原球茎克隆的RaWUS基因的功能,构建了组成型表达载体,并用根瘤农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法对烟草进行了遗传转化。通过除草剂草丁膦筛选,获得了转基因植株并对其进行了表型观察和RT．PCR分析。结果显示转基因烟草叶片形态和叶脉表现出形态变化,包括叶片浅裂、叶片边缘波浪状、叶脉紊乱,甚至叶片的主脉上有不定芽的产生等。RT-PCR分析表明,RaWUS基因仅仅在经过草丁膦筛选的抗性转基因烟草中强烈表达,在野生型烟草中没有表达。表明RaWUS基因已经被成功转入烟草中,并可能通过改变激素的水平和调控维管束的发育来影响叶片形状。     

氮、钾营养对烤烟品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究氮素和钾素对烤烟的品质化学成分的影响,结果表明:(1)总糖含量与烟叶成熟期土壤有效钾(K)含量呈显著的二次曲线相关性,成熟期土壤速效钾含量分界点为113.33mg/kg。(2)总烟碱含量与施氮量、烟叶含氮量(中期或成熟期)呈显著的相关性。(3)蛋白质含量与施氮量、烟叶含氮量(中期或成熟期)、烟叶含钾量(中期或成熟期)有一定的相关性。(4)施木克值与成熟期土壤速效钾含量呈显著的二次曲线相关性,成熟期土壤速效钾分界点为133.33mg/kg。(5)糖/碱比与烤烟生育前期施氮量和土壤碱解氮,与中后期土壤供钾和烟叶含钾量有一定的相关性。     

钾素对烤烟成熟生理变化及成熟度影响的研究

采用盆栽试验方法研究了不同钾营养水平下,烤烟烟叶成熟过程中的生理生化变化,并探讨了在不同成熟期的干物质积累状况。结果表明,钾营养水平对烟叶的成熟过程影响特别显著。表现为增施钾肥能促进烟叶成熟,延迟衰老;提高干物质含量,促进烟叶内有机物的转化;糖／ 烟碱比值适中;降低下部叶片假熟比例,促进上部叶片的充分成熟,从而提高了采收叶片的质量。     

Characterization of cigarette tobacco by direct electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) analysis of the aqueous extract--a novel and simple approach

In support of the efforts to combat smuggling, as well as illegal sale and distribution of cigarettes, an analytical approach for the characterization of tobacco has been proposed and evaluated. It involves aqueous extraction of the filler tobaccos followed by direct analysis of the extracts by electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) in the negative mode. Typically, the deprotonated ions, [M - H](-), of organic acids (malic, citric, caffeic, quinic acid) and polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, rutin, scopoletin) were detected. MS/MS spectra of the ion at m/z 191, which is the [M - H](-) of quinic acid, citric acid, and scopoletin, and a fragment ion of chlorogenic acid were acquired. Significant differences in the MS and MS/MS spectra were observed between counterfeit samples and the corresponding authentic brand name cigarettes. Analysis of 25 commercial cigarettes showed that straight Virginia blends were readily distinguished from the blended products containing different tobacco types (Virginia, burley, and Oriental). The former exhibited consistently higher relative abundances of m/z 353 (chlorogenic acid) to m/z 133 (malic acid) in the MS spectra (0.9-1.2 vs 0.4-0.6) and higher intensity ratios of m/z 176 (scopoletin) to m/z 173 (0.4-0.8 vs 0.1-0.3) and of m/z 127 (quinic acid) to m/z 173 (0.7-1.0 vs 0.3-0.5) in the MS/MS spectra. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the spectral differences were related not only to the tobacco type (Virginia, burley and Oriental) but also to the tobacco part (stem, lamina) used in the manufacture of the cigarettes.