麻雀(Passer montanus)消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

为了探讨麻雀(Passer montanus)消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度、位置及形态,试验采用Grimelius银染法。结果表明:在麻雀消化道中除了食管、肌胃以外的其他部位均发现嗜银细胞,其分布密度在腺胃最多,空肠次之,十二指肠最少,嗜银细胞分布于腺泡上皮细胞之间、上皮细胞基部。麻雀消化道嗜银细胞形态不一,以锥体形为主,还有圆形和梭形,根据细胞形态认为麻雀消化道嗜银细胞兼有内分泌和外分泌功能。     

城市化对麻雀数量与分布的影响——以北京为例

随着中国各地城市化进程的加快,城市中麻雀(Passer montanus)的生存可能受到食物和栖息地缺乏的影响.我们以北京为例研究了城市化对麻雀数量和分布的影响.结果表明:麻雀的丰富度与城市化分数呈显著负相关,高层居民区、商业中心以及主干道两侧的麻雀丰富度显著较低,而公园、校园、低层居民区以及城郊区的麻雀丰富度显著较高;50 m尺度内针叶树的数量和硬化地面积以及200 m尺度内高层建筑和植被面积是影响冬季麻雀分布的主要环境因子;50 m尺度内的低层建筑面积、针叶树数量、硬化地面积以及400 m尺度的高层建筑和植被面积是影响繁殖期麻雀分布的主要环境因子.以上结果表明尽管麻雀是一种适应人类环境的鸟类,然而高度城市化的区域不适合麻雀的栖息.我们建议将城市鸟类的栖息纳入未来的生态城市规划中.     

约氏疟原虫约氏亚种在斯氏按蚊体内发育及三种按蚊敏感性的观察

约氏疟原虫约氏亚种(Plasmodium yoelii yoelii Landau & Killick-Kendrick,1966,以下称约氏疟原虫)首次由 Laudau 和 Chabaud(1965)在中非共和国(CAR)丛林鼠(Thammanys rutilans)分离出的一种鼠类疟原虫。该种疟原虫为国内外常用的实验动物疟原虫。但是,迄今对其在蚊媒宿主体内发育过程,尚未见系统研究的报道。     

Effects of Organic Selenium on Growth Performance of Pigs:a Meta-analysis

本文旨在研究补充有机硒及无机硒对猪生长性能的影响.检索1980年1月至2010年12月期间发表的有机硒或无机硒对猪生长性能影响的随机对照研究,用荟萃分析(Meta分析)方法计算合并标准均数差(SMD)及95％可信区间(95％ CI).共有15篇研究纳入Meta分析,包括362个研究对象.Meta分析结果显示:料重比SMD为-0.96,95％ CI为(-1.69,-0.23)(P＜0.05);平均日采食量SMD为0.55,95％ CI为(0.16,0.93) (P ＜0.05);平均日增重SMD为0.39,95％ CI为(0.09,0.70)(P＜0.05).由此可见,补充有机硒比补充同等剂量的无机硒更能降低养殖猪的料重比,增大平均日采食量及平均日增重,从而提高养殖猪的生长性能.     

我国对噬菌蛭弧菌的研究和应用

1962年Stolp等首次在德国土壤中的植物假单胞菌上发现了一种细菌寄生菌,1963年又在美国加利福尼亚州的土壤、污水中分离得到这类细菌,并命名为Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus(噬菌蛭弧菌,以下简称蛭弧菌).蛭弧菌寄生和裂解宿主菌的生物特性引起了人们的极大兴趣,近半个世纪来,许多国家都在对这类菌进行研究,至今已发表论文800余篇.     

品种和日龄对生长猪基线免疫性状、皮质醇及生产性能的影响

在一些研究中我们猜测:不同品种的猪在基线免疫和生产性能测定方面将存在差异,并且这种差异将受到猪只日龄的影响.本试验分别测定4、8、12周龄巴克夏(n=36)、杜洛克(n=18)、梅山(n=54)、长白×大白杂交猪(n=36)及大白猪(n=36)的基线免疫性状、血浆皮质醇浓度和生产性能.所有仔猪均在17～21日龄断奶并转入相同的哺育环境.分别估算白细胞总数(WBC)、白细胞分类计数、血浆皮质醇浓度、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)浓度、自然杀伤细胞毒性、嗜中性粒细胞吞噬作用(PHAGO)及趋化性(CHTX).在各个不同日龄的猪中,梅山猪的血浆皮质醇浓度最高,而大白猪最低(P＜0.05).除梅山猪血浆IgG浓度会随日龄的增加而下降外,其它品种的猪均升高(日龄:P＜0.01;品种×日龄:P＜0.005).自然杀伤细胞毒性在梅山猪中最大(P＜0.05).对于嗜中性粒细胞的吞噬作用以及趋化性存在品种与日龄的互作效应,P值均小于0.001.总之,大白猪嗜中性粒细胞的吞噬作用最高(P＜0.05),趋化性最低(P＜0.05).长自×大白杂交猪的趋化性最高(P＜0.05).巴克夏猪具有最高数目的嗜中性粒细胞(P＜0.001).12周龄时,梅山猪的体增重最小(P＜0.001),杜洛克猪增重与采食量之比最大(P＜0.001).性别对于免疫性状、生产性能及皮质醇测定差异不显著,P值情况分别为:P≥0.15,P≥0.20和P=0.70.品种和日龄会影响生长猪基线免疫性状及血浆皮质醇浓度,表明品种和日龄是影响各种应激原或应激素反应的重要因子.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征诊断技术研究进展

1991年,荷兰中央兽医研究所Wensvoort博士用原代猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)首次分离到猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV),并命名为Lelystad病毒(PRRSV欧洲型代表株).次年,美国科学家Collins和Benfield等用CL2621细胞也分离到一株PRRSV并命名为VR-2332(PRRSV美洲型代表株).PRRSV属于尼多病毒目(Nidovimles)、动脉炎病毒科(Arteriviridae)、动脉炎病毒属(Arterivirus)成员.     

饲用甜高粱对绵羊体重和养分消化率的影响

本文采用单因素随机试验设计的方法,选择8月龄左右的道赛特母羊51只,随机分为3组,试验期为35d,研究饲用甜高梁对绵羊体重和能量、蛋白质及脂肪消化率的影响.各组精料相同,粗料中分别含有100%饲用甜高粱(A)、50%饲用甜高粱+50%青干草(B)和100%青干草(对照组).结果表明:试验A、B组绵羊的平均日增重和能量的消化率与对照组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),而日粮中粗蛋白质的消化率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).试验A组绵羊对日粮中粗脂肪的消化率显著高于对照组(P＜O.05).说明绵羊对饲用甜高粱粗蛋白质的利用率较低,实践中应限量饲用.     

不同能量、蛋白水平日粮对育雏期塞北乌骨鸡生长发育规律、生化指标和肠道消化酶的影响

900只1日龄塞北乌骨鸡采用5(能量)×2(蛋白)两因素配方设计,试验期6周.结果:6周龄母鸡日粮代谢能(ME)为12.65 MJ/kg,体增重最高;公鸡日粮ME为12.00 MJ/kg,体增重最高.不同能量、蛋白水平日粮对21和42日龄塞北乌骨鸡血液生化指标存在不同程度的影响,高能量日粮可显著提高血清中血糖、总胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量(P＜0.05).在ME为12.65MJ/kg、蛋白为20％的日粮,3周龄母鸡的净体质量和肝质量极显著大于公鸡(P＜0.01),消化道质量公鸡极显著大于母鸡(P＜0.01).在ME为12.65 MJ/kg、蛋白为18％的日粮母鸡的净体质量板显著小于公鸡(P＜0.01);心质量显著小于公鸡(P＜0.05);消化道质量公鸡极显著大于母鸡(P＜0.01).0～6周龄消化道发育公鸡显著快于母鸡,但消化道总长变化不明显(P＞0.05).消化道总长与消化道各段长度的回归方程的决定系数(R2)均超过了0.807,总体效果公鸡略优于母鸡.21日龄时随着日粮能量水平的提高肠道胰蛋白酶活性除ME为10.85 MJ/kg与12.00MJ/kg组差异显著外(P＜0.05),公鸡其他各组间差异均不显著;母鸡在ME为12.65MJ/kg时最高.淀粉酶扣胰脂肪酶不同能量间差异均不显著(P＞0.05).42日龄公鸡脂肪酶活性和胰蛋白酶活性都不显著(P＞0.05);母鸡从总体来看,肠道消化酶活性随着日粮能量水平的提高而增加,日粮ME为12.65 MJ/kg达到最高.     

粗纤维水平对断奶新西兰兔营养物质消化率的影响

为了探讨断乳兔日粮适宜的粗纤维水平,选择36只30日龄体重差异不显著的断奶新西兰幼免,设3个水平,分别饲喂粗纤维含量为8%、10%、12%的日粮.每个水平3个重复,每个重复4只.结果表明:粗纤维含量为10%的试验兔日增重(28.59 g)最高,而12%组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).随粗纤维含量的增加,采食量呈上升趋势,3个组的日平均采食量分别为85.01、85.72、89.86 g/d.12%组中料肉比显著高于8%、10%组(P＜0.05).不同粗纤维饲粮的粗蛋白质、能量、总磷消化率差异均不显著(P＞0.05);10%水平组,粗纤维、粗脂肪消化率极显著高于12%(P＜0.01).而钙消化率显著高于12%(P＜0.05);粗脂肪、无氮浸出物显著高于8%(P＜0.05).本试验条件下.断乳免日粮适宜的粗纤维水平为10%.     

西昌青山机场周边春季鸟类调查及鸟撞防治对策

2013年4月-2013年5月,通过对西昌青山机场附近6种生境9个样方进行了19次实地调查,共记录到春季鸟类6目21科37种,通过对体重威胁等级、集群状况、密度、重要系数、分布系数进行量化考核,得出最具威胁和威胁较大的鸟类有10种,如家燕、树麻雀、山麻雀、家鸽等,并提出了一些鸟撞防治对策。     

Study on the species-specificity of Isospora michaelbakeri by experimental infection

Isospora michaelbakeri is one of the Isospora species most commonly found in the wild field, which can cause severe infection and mortality in young sparrows. In this study, we selected I. michaelbakeri (Chung Hsing strain) as a pathogen to orally inoculate russet sparrows (Passer rutilans), spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata), canary (Serinus canaria), Java sparrows (Padda oryzivora), chicken (Gallus domesticus), ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and BALB/c mice. The results indicated that I. michaelbakeri infected only russet sparrows. Infected sparrows displayed lethargy, muscular weakness and fluffy feathers, followed by rapid death. Liver and spleen enlargement was seen in the infected birds. Schizonts were identified in thin smears from the venous blood, enlarged livers and spleens. Histopathological examination revealed schizonts and merozoites from the liver and spleen of infected russet sparrows, but not from other species experimentally inoculated with I. michaelbakeri in the present study.     

麻雀的消化道在繁殖期间的形态变化及适应意义

麻雀的消化道在繁殖期总重量、鲜重及干重均高于繁殖前期，分别增加了６１．２１％、３９．４２％和３２．１２％。其中小肠的长度、重量、鲜重及干重也明显增加了４．９２％、１３２．９５％、１７３．７４％和１２８．３３％，而胃内含物重量的增加更为显著。表明了鸟类在繁殖期间通过改变消化道的形态以增加对能量的需求，是鸟类保证繁殖成功的生存对策之一．     

淡水鱼类线虫病的病原及其扫描电镜观察

从浙江省的窖湖、灵湖、凤湖等水库捕捞的大银鱼、花Hua、鸟鳢鱼、黄颡鱼、鲶鱼、沙塘鳢等6种鱼类体内获得大量的红色线虫，对其进行光镜和扫描电镜察，根据其形态特征和流行病学资料，鉴定为膨结科胃瘤线虫未定种(Eustrongylides sp．)。此线虫在大银鱼、花Hua、沙塘鳢体内寄生国内尚属首次报道。     

Antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolates in cattle and house sparrows on two Czech dairy farms

Rectal smears of calves, cows and young bulls, as well as cloacal smears of house sparrows (Passer domesticus), from farms at the villages of Sumice and Troskotovice, Czech Republic, were examined for E. coli resistant to 12 antimicrobials. The resistant isolates were tested for antimicrobial-resistance genes and integrons. Totals of 40% (n=183), 3% (n=95), 0% (n=33), and 9% (n=54) of Escherichia coli isolates from calves, cows, young bulls and house sparrows, respectively, were antimicrobial resistant. The following genes were identified in cattle E. coli isolates: tetA, tetB (isolates resistant to tetracycline), bla(TEM) (beta-lactams), strA, aadA (streptomycin), sul1, sul2 (sulphonamides), and cat, floR (chloramphenicol). Seven of 16 antimicrobial-resistant calf isolates from the Sumice farm possessed class 1 integrons with the aadA1 gene cassette integrated, 1 kb in size. On the Troskotovice farm, eight of 57 antimicrobial-resistant calf isolates possessed class 1 integrons. Integrons of 1.5kb with the dhfr1- aadA1 gene cassette were found in four isolates, followed by a 1kb integron with the aadA1 gene found in three isolates, and a 1.7kb integron with the dhfr17-aadA5 gene cassette and the phenotype ASSuTSxtNaCipCCfG. The prevalence of resistant E. coli in calves compared to adult cattle was much higher and probably was influenced by oral antimicrobial usage in calves, feeding with milk and colostrum from treated cows, as well as mechanisms unrelated to antimicrobial drug selection. Although house sparrows lived together with the cattle and came into contact with cattle waste on the farm, they were not infected by resistant E. coli isolates with the same characteristics as those found in cattle.     

Caligus sclerotinosus (Copepoda: Caligidae), a serious pest of cultured red seabream Pagrus major (Sparidae) in Korea

Caligid copepods (Crustacea) known as sea lice are pests of cultured fish, causing serious diseases and economic losses in fish aquaculture worldwide. One species, Caligus sclerotinosus Roubal, Armitage & Rohde, 1983 (Caligidae), is considered a serious pest of the highly prized red seabream Pagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel, 1843) (Sparidae) cultured in Japan. Recently, in neighboring Korea, red seabream culture has intensified and almost replaced yellow tail culture. However, until now, there have been no reports on infection of this sea louse from red seabream in Korea. We surveyed 120 (20 fish per month) P. major from a sea ranched Tongyeong Marine Research Center aquaculture facility, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea for six months in 2011 (June to November). We recorded severe infection by the sea louse C. sclerotinosus on the skin of P. major. Prevalence was 100%, mean intensity 7.06, maximum intensity 49, and minimum intensity 2. Adult females (624), males (219) and few chalimi (5) were observed and identified by their morphology. As an average of all our collections, less than 0.6% of individuals were chalimi. We suggest, therefore, that adults of C. sclerotinosus undergo ontogenetic host switching after their final moult. No infection of C. sclerotinosus was found on wild P. major collected from Tongyeong and Yeosu fish markets on the southern coast of Korea. Severe infection by this sea louse may cause secondary infections of the host. This copepod is already reported from Australia and Japan and hence, this is the first report from Korea. We expect this pest to have an impact on Korean red seabream fisheries equally serious to that being experienced in Japan.     

苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼消化生理指标的影响

选取来源一致、体质健康、尾均重为248.70±1.31 g的黄河鲤鱼750尾,采用单因子完全随机设计,设5个处理,3个重复,分别在基础饲粮中添加0%(对照组)、5%(试验Ⅰ组)、10%(试验Ⅱ组)、15%(试验Ⅲ组)和20%(试验Ⅳ组)紫花苜蓿草粉,研究其对黄河鲤鱼消化生理指标的影响。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉的添加对黄河鲤鱼消化道指数无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)肝胰脏和前、中、后各肠段的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均随着苜蓿草粉的添加比例的增加呈现先升后降的趋势。其中,5%和10%的苜蓿草粉添加组在肝胰脏和后肠中的蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);5%和10%添加组在肝胰脏和各个肠段的淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);3)适宜水平的苜蓿草粉(5%、10%)能够提高黄河鲤鱼肠绒毛高度,在前肠,10%添加组的肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);而高含量的苜蓿草粉(15%、20%)则降低了肠绒毛高度。综合表明,在黄河鲤鱼饲粮中添加10%苜蓿草粉能显著提高其消化酶活性及肠绒毛高度。     

骆岗机场鸟类多样性及鸟击风险分析

2007年10月～2008年9月,采用样线调查法对骆岗机场及周边地区不同生境的鸟类进行了调查,根据鸟类相对数量、遇见频率、生境利用率和飞行高度,对机场鸟类鸟击风险进行评价。调查共记录到鸟类84种,其中留鸟26种,夏候鸟26种（留鸟和夏候鸟有3种重叠）,冬候鸟20种,旅鸟15种。繁殖鸟中东洋型27种,古北型20种,广布种2种。在机场外围,农田-鱼塘生境鸟类密度最高。机场围栏附近各生境鸟类密度均高于内部草坪。全年中,机场鸟类密度在秋季达到最高。春季优势种为白头鹎,夏季优势种包括麻雀、八哥、灰椋鸟和家燕,秋季优势种为麻雀和云雀,冬季优势种为黑水鸡。鸟击风险评价结果表明,白头鹎、麻雀、小白鹭、云雀、家燕等11种鸟类鸟击风险最高。建议采取生态环境治理与人工干扰相结合的方法防范鸟击。     

The prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Ontario mammals.

The prevalence of seropositive reactions to Toxoplasma gondii was studied in farm animals, companion animals, wild rodents and birds. Of the animals tested, 17% of cattle, 65% of sheep, 45% of pigs, 9% of horses, 33% of dogs and 20% of cats were seropositive by the Sabin-Feldman dye test. In addition 11% of mice (Mus musculus), 5% of deer mice (Peromyscus), 3% of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and less than 2% of sparrows (Passer domestcus) were seropositive. All samples from short-tailed field mice (Microtus pennsylvanicus), squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were seronegative. The significance of these findings in relation to the epizootiology of toxoplasmosis in Ontario is discussed.