利用TSPY基因鉴定奶牛早期胚胎性别的研究

TSPY（testis—specific protein）是Y染色体上特异的基因。公牛Y染色体上的TSPY基因的拷贝数达200个。本研究主要探讨利用TPSY基因鉴定胚胎性别的可能性。利用TSPY特异引物,通过PCR技术扩增牛血样DNA的结果为公牛血样均为阳性,母牛为阴性。结果表明,TSPY基因是一个很好的雄性特异标记。PCR扩增TSPY特异序列鉴定牛性别的灵敏度试验表明,DNA的最低需要量为20pg/μL,提示,TSPY特异基因具有鉴定牛早期胚胎性别的可能。     

利用牛Y染色体重复序列进行早期胚胎性别鉴定的研究

本试验利用Y染色体重复序列作为雄性特异性引物,以肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）为内标引物建立多重PCR体系,进行牛早期胚胎性别鉴定。共设计四对引物—Y染色体重复序列外引物和内引物,其大小分别为534bp和480bp;肿瘤坏死因子外引物和内引物大小分别为357bp和272bp。试验结果表明,优化后的多重PCR体系的灵敏度分别达到3个胚胎细胞,准确率100%,可以满足早期胚胎性别鉴定的需要。     

利用TSPY基因鉴定奶牛早期胚胎性别的研究

TSPY(testis-specific protein)是Y染色体上特异的基因。公牛Y染色体上的TSPY基因的拷贝数达200个。本研究主要探讨利用TPSY基因鉴定胚胎性别的可能性。利用TSPY特异引物,通过PCR技术扩增牛血样DNA的结果为公牛血样均为阳性,母牛为阴性。结果表明,TSPY基因是一个很好的雄性特异标记。PCR扩增TSPY特异序列鉴定牛性别的灵敏度试验表明,DNA的最低需要量为20 pg/μL,提示,TSPY特异基因具有鉴定牛早期胚胎性别的可能。     

牙釉质基因巢式扩增鉴定牛早期胚胎性别的研究

根据牙釉质基因在牛X染色体和Y染色体上存在的差异设计巢式引物,对牛静脉血基因组DNA样本以及10枚牛早期胚胎DNA样本进行巢式扩增和电泳分析,以鉴定性别。结果表明:利用此方法能够对牛10 pg量血液基因组DNA进行扩增鉴定性别,雌性产生1条片段长度为311 bp的源于X染色体的条带,雄性产生1条源于X染色体的条带(311 bp)和1条片段长度为251 bp的源于Y染色体的条带,对10枚胚胎进行鉴定,6枚为雄性,4枚为雌性。说明牙釉质基因巢式PCR扩增鉴定牛早期胚胎性别方法可靠,准确性和敏感性较高。     

常规PCR和巢式PCR法鉴定牛早期胚胎性别体系的建立和优化

试验利用牛Y染色体重复序列作为雄性特异性引物,_以肿蔼坏死因子(TNFα)为内标引物建立多重PCR和多重巢式PCR体系,进行牛早期胚胎性别鉴定.共设计4对引物-Y染色体重复序列外引物和内引物,其扩增片段大小分别为534 bp和480bp,肿瘤坏死因子外引物和内引物,扩增片段大小分别为357 bp和272 bp.结果表明,4对引物均有很高的特异性和稳定性;多重PCR体系灵敏度为50 pg(约8个细胞),多重巢式PCR体系灵敏度为10 pg(约2个细胞),故多重巢式PCR体系更适合于牛胚胎性别鉴定.     

超微量DNA模板扩增鉴定绵羊早期胚胎性别体系优化

本实验旨在运用超微量胚胎DNA模板扩增SRY基因鉴定绵羊早期胚胎性别PCR体系和方法优化.根据绵羊Y染色体性别决定SRY基因的723 bp的保守序列设计引物,析因法建立巢式PCR体系,联合扩增SRY和GAPDH基因,经绵羊静脉血液和胚胎超微量DNA样本调整测试灵敏度后,切割40枚绵羊桑椹胚的少量胚细胞进行性别鉴定,并对...     

PCR扩增牙釉基因X和Y染色体不同序列鉴定牛早期胚胎性别

本实验利用牛牙釉基因特异性引物扩增牛血液、成纤维细胞和胚胎DNA,旨在优化牛早期胚胎性别鉴定的方法。结果表明:实验利用两温度PCR扩增母牛DNA样品获得1条来自X染色体458 bp产物,PCR扩增公牛DNA样品获得2条产物,其中395 bp扩增产物来自Y染色体,458 bp扩增产物来自X染色体,60头已知性别牛样品鉴定的准确率为100%。实验优化了一种两温度PCR快速鉴别奶牛及其早期胚胎性别的方法。     

应用AML基因进行牛性别鉴定的研究

本文以染色体牙釉蛋白基因(AML)对牛肌肉基因组进行性别鉴定，为应用此基因进行胚胎鉴定提供理论依据。本研究应用奶牛染色体牙釉蛋白基因的DNA序列，设计了牛染色体特异性引物P1和P2，并通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增牛肌肉组织中的X和Y染色体上的牙釉蛋白基因内第五内含子。最后依据其分子量的差异对电泳后的性染色体所呈现的不同区带进行区分，从而达到性别鉴定的目的，具有很高的应用价值。     

PCR扩增妊娠奶牛牙釉蛋白基因进行胚胎性别鉴定的研究

牙釉蛋白（amelogenin,简写为AML）基因是牙齿发育过程中丰富表达的多拷贝基因,AML基因的同源基因分别定位在XY染色体上。本试验利用x—Y同源的牙釉蛋白基因序列设计一对特异性引物（牛AML基因序列的扩增片段长度：雌性为只有467bp的特异性扩增片段：雄性为同时具有341bp和467bp的两条特异性扩增片段）,应用PCR技术同时扩增X和Y染色体上的特异性片段,扩增产物用PAGE电泳分离技术,经硝酸银溶液染色及扫描分析进行妊娠奶牛早期胚胎的性别鉴定。结果显示,从X染色体上扩增出467bp的片段．从Y染色体上扩增出341bp的特异性片段。由此可知,PCR扩增妊娠奶牛牙釉蛋白基因可以进行胚胎的性别鉴定。     

鉴别牛早期胚胎性别PCR方法引物的设计与筛选

根据牛Y-染色体特异重复序列、睾丸特异蛋白基因以及性别决定基因序列设计合成5对公牛Y-染色体特异引物，依据牛骨胳肌α肌动蛋白前体基因和微卫星DNA序列设计合成4对牛DNA特异引物(内标引物)。单重PcR扩增牛基因组DNA，筛选出4对牛Y-染色体特异引物和1对牛DNA特异内标引物。将不同的Y-染色体特异引物与内标引物组合，多重PCR扩增牛基因组DNA、已知性别的牛成纤维细胞和克隆胚胎，筛选出2个可用于牛早期胚胎性别鉴别的PCR引物组合：B34／A12和B78／A12。     

A single blastomere sexing of caprine embryos by simultaneous amplification of sex chromosome-specific sequence of SRY and amelogenin genes

The primary objective of this study was to develop a simplified, rapid and authenticated protocol for sexing of caprine embryos. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool in preimplantation sex diagnosis, using embryo biopsy at the early developmental stage. Based on the amelogenin gene located on the conserved region of the sex chromosome, a primer pair was used and PCR was established to amplify a 262-bp fragment from the Xchromosome in female goat embryos and 262-bp fragments from the X chromosome and 202-bp fragments from the Y chromosome in male embryos. To validate the reliability of PCR, using the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene located on the conserved region of Y chromosome, a primer pair was used and PCR was established to amplify a 122-bp fragment specific to the Y chromosome in male embryos. The in vitro-produced goat in vitro fertilisation (IVF)-embryos were made zona free by treating with pronase. The cell number in each embryo was counted before sexing. A single blastomere taken from these embryos was directly used as a template in PCR containing SRY and amelogenin gene-specific primers separately. Of 75 pronase-treated and 60 micromanipulated goat IVF embryos, 33 (44%) and 26 (43.33%) were confirmed as male and 42 (56%) and 34 (56.66%) as female, respectively. The sex-diagnosed embryos were kept in research vitro cleavage (RVCL) medium, and developed into 42.66% and 61.66% morulae and 13.33% and 23.33% blastocysts among pronase-treated and micromanipulated embryos, respectively. The AMELX gene-specific primer served as the internal control and did not interfere with amplification of the Y-specific sequence. In conclusion, a single blastomere sexing protocol based on the SRY and the amelogenin gene is simple, rapid, sensitive and efficient for sex determination in caprine early stage embryos.     

A suitable duplex PCR for ovine embryo sex and genotype of PrnP gene determination for MOET-based selection programmes

The objective of this study was to test the suitability of a duplex PCR assay for sex and scrapie resistance genotype determination in fresh embryos. Duplex PCR amplified a repetitive and specific fragment of Y chromosome, used for sex diagnosis, and a PrnP fragment. PrnP codons 134 and 156, and codon 171 were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphisms and allele-specific PCR, respectively, after re-amplification of PrnP fragment. The specificity of the method was first assessed by testing 359 blood samples from Rasa Aragonesa sheep breed (161 males and 198 females). No amplification failures and total agreement between genotypic and phenotypic sex were found. In the same way, PrnP genotype determination by duplex PCR assay was in agreement with the PrnP animal's genotype established by sequencing. Finally, 73 samples of 1-10 cells from compact morulae were aspirated through the zona pellucida and genotyped for sex and PrnP. The efficiency was 96% when three or more cells were sampled. These results confirm that the duplex PCR assay reported in this work can be used for rapid sex determination in ovine embryos, with a high efficiency and accuracy (96%) when three or more cells are sampled, allowing sexed fresh embryos of known PrnP genotype to be transferred in multiple ovulation and embryo transfer programmes.     

家畜早期胚胎性别鉴定的研究进展

家畜早期胚胎的性别鉴定是家畜胚胎移植的重要内容,对实现动物性别的人为控制具有重要意义。近年来随着性别鉴定技术的不断发展,出现了许多鉴定方法。本文对性别决定基因、动物性别决定机理、早期胚胎性别鉴定的方法等作一简要综述。     

家畜胚胎性别鉴定的研究进展

家畜早期胚胎的性别鉴定是家畜胚胎移植的重要内容 ,对实现动物性别的人为控制具有重要意义。近年来随着性别鉴定技术的不断发展 ,出现了许多鉴定方法。本文对性别决定基因、动物性别决定机理和早期胚胎性别鉴定的方法作一简要综述 ,特别是对PCR方法在胚胎性别鉴定中的应用及其基本过程作一简述     

Development of Y‐chromosome‐Specific SCAR Markers Conserved in Taurine,Zebu and Bubaline Cattle

Sex pre‐selection of bovine offsprings has commercial relevance for cattle breeders and several methods have been used for embryo sex determination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proven to be a reliable procedure for accomplishing embryo sexing. To date, most of the PCR‐specific primers are derived from the few single‐copy Y‐chromosome‐specific gene sequences already identified in bovines. Their detection demands higher amounts of embryonic genomic material or a nested amplification reaction. In order to circumvent this, limitation we searched for new male‐specific sequences potentially useful in embryo sexing using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay reproducibility problems can be overcome by its conversion into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. In this work, we describe the identification of two bovine male‐specific markers (OPC16₃₂₃ and OPF10₁₁₆₈) by means of RAPD. These markers were successfully converted into SCARs (OPC16₇₂₆ and OPF10₉₈₄) using two pairs of specific primers.Furthermore, inverse PCR (iPCR) methodology was successfully applied to elongate OPC16₃₂₃ marker in 159% (from 323 to 837 bp). Both markers are shown to be highly conserved (similarity ≥95%) among bovine zebu and taurine cattle; OPC16₃₂₃ is also highly similar to a bubaline Y‐chromosome‐specific sequence. The primers derived from the two Y‐chromosome‐specific conserved sequences described in this article showed 100% accuracy when used for identifying male and female bovine genomic DNA, thereby proving their potential usefulness for bovine embryo sexing.     

A PCR-based sex determination method for possible application in caprine gender selection by simultaneous amplification of the Sry and Aml-X genes

Sex determination of livestock is performed to achieve the objectives of livestock breeding programmes. Techniques for sex determination have evolved from karyotyping to detecting Y-specific antigens and recently to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which appears to be the most sensitive, accurate, rapid and reliable method to date. In this study, a PCR-based sex determination method for potential application in goat breeding programmes was developed. Primers were designed to amplify a portion of the X amelogenin gene (Aml-X) on the X chromosome to give a 300 bp product and Sry gene on the Y chromosome to give a 116 bp product. PCR optimization was performed using DNA template extracted from a whole blood sample of Jermasia goats (German Fawn x Katjang) of both sexes. It was possible to identify the sex chromosomes by amplifying both male- and female-specific genes simultaneously in a duplex reaction with males yielding two bands and females yielding one band. The Aml-X primer set, which served as an internal control primer, did not interfere with amplification of the Y-specific sequence even when a low amount of DNA (1 ng) was used. The duplex reaction subjected to a blind test showed 100% (14/14) concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability. The primer sets used were found to be highly specific and were suitable for gender selection of goats.