娟姗牛与荷斯坦青年母牛超排效果比较

本试验对56头娟姗牛与179头荷斯坦青年母牛进行超排处理,分别获得可用胚胎227枚和1242枚;可用胚率分别为57.80%和70.65%,娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛超排黄体数无明显差异(P>0.05),但采胚数明显低于荷斯坦牛,娟姗牛的超排结果明显低于荷斯坦牛的结果(P<0.05),移植受体牛270头,怀孕157头。移植妊娠率分别达到52.54%和50.20%,同期娟姗牛胚胎与荷斯坦牛胚胎移植结果比较,无显著差异(P>0.05)。娟姗牛超排使用FSH剂量为9mg更为经济。青年荷斯坦牛和娟姗牛可用于胚胎生产,但青年娟姗牛的可用胚胎数低于荷斯坦牛。     

应用X精子冷冻精液生产体内性控胚胎的试验

采用CIDR FSH PG法对206头优秀荷斯坦供体母牛进行超数排卵,其中实验组73头超排后用X性控冷冻精液输精(每头3支),获可用胚310枚,头均可用胚4.25枚;对照组133头,采用常规冷冻精液输精(每头3支),获得可用胚787枚,头均可用胚5.92枚,差异不显著。结果表明,用已分离的X精子冷冻精液对超排母牛进行人工授精生产体内性控胚胎是可行的。     

奶牛性控冻精及改进型输精枪人工授精对比试验

试验通过比较荷斯坦奶牛常规精液和性控精液人工授精效果、性控精液对青年牛和经产牛人工授精的效果以及改进型输精枪与通用输精枪输精效果,分析了第一情期受胎率。结果表明：采用性控精液受胎率62．2％,采用常规精液人工授精受胎率80％,性控精液和常规精液差异显著（P〈0．05）;同用性控精液人工授精,青年牛（受胎率75％）与经产牛（受胎率57．6％）差异显著（P〈0．05）;用改进型输精枪第一情期受胎率70％,通用输精枪第一情期受胎率55％,差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

娟姗牛与荷斯坦牛超排效果比较

本试验对56头青年娟姗牛和179头荷斯坦青年牛进行超排处理,平均获得可用胚胎数4.05±4.20枚/头次和7.06±3.72枚/头次;可用胚率分别为57.80%和70.65%,娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛超排黄体数无明显差异(P>0.05),但采胚数娟姗牛明显低于荷斯坦牛。共移植受体牛310头,怀孕157头(50.65%)。娟姗牛胚胎与荷斯坦牛胚胎的移植妊娠率分别为52.54%(31/59)和50.20%(126/251),无明显差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,青年荷斯坦牛和青年娟姗牛可用于胚胎生产,但娟姗牛的可用胚胎数低于荷斯坦牛。     

利用分离的奶牛X精子冷冻精液生产体内性控胚胎试验

采用常规精液和分离的X精子冷冻精液对115头超数排卵的青年和经产荷斯坦母牛人工输精生产体内性控胚胎。结果表明,利用2支和3支性控精液给超排青年母牛输精,头均分别获得6.8枚±4.8枚和6.3枚±3.2枚可用胚胎,与常规精液的超排效果(7.2枚±5.2枚)无明显差异;利用2支和3支性控精液给超排经产母牛输精,头均可用胚胎分别为7.5枚±4.5枚和8.6枚±5.6枚,与常规精液的超排效果(6.1枚±3.2枚)相比,分别增加23%(P>0.05)和41%(P>0.05),无显著差异,但解冻后性控精子会明显影响经产母牛的受精率;对用性控精液输精生产的12枚抽样胚胎采用LAMP法进行性别鉴定并移植,结果获得了91.7%的雌性率和36.4%的受胎率。结果提示,X精子的分离过程会在一定程度上影响受精率,用分离的X精子冷冻精液对超排母牛进行人工授精生产体内性控胚胎是可行的。     

和牛母牛超数排卵及胚胎移植试验研究效果初报

[目的]研究和牛母牛超数排卵及胚胎移植效果。[方法]利用纯种和牛母牛作为供体,荷斯坦母牛及西杂母牛作为受体,通过供体牛的超数排卵、人工授精、采胚、胚胎冷冻及受体牛的同期发情和鲜胚移植,快速获得纯种和牛及和牛胚胎。[结果]对4头青年纯种和牛母牛进行超排,重复冲卵13头次,共采卵数122枚,其中75枚可用胚胎,可用胚率为61.5%,平均5.76枚/头次。对75头荷斯坦牛及西杂母牛同期发情,结果获得89.2%的同期发情率。67头受体牛移植了鲜胚,2个月后妊娠检查有35头怀孕,移植妊娠率为52.23%。[结论]可以利用超数排卵及胚胎移植增加和牛母牛利用效率。     

应用性控冷冻精液生产性控胚胎试验

在供体奶牛超排时,应用X性控冷冻精液进行输精,生产体内性控胚胎.超排处理72头供体母牛(每头输4支精液),获可用胚335枚,平均每头供体牛获可用胚4.65枚.对照组共处理供体牛68头,采用常规冷冻精液输精(每头牛输精2支),获可用胚415枚,头均获可用胚6.1枚.     

影响牛胚胎移植的主要因素

1987年～1990年,我们用德国和丹麦进口优秀荷斯坦奶牛作为供体,超数排卵,同期发情后,用优秀荷斯坦奶牛精液人工授精,第七天采用非手术法采集胚胎。将这些采集到的可用胚胎移植到当地土种母牛或尕利巴母牛体内,共移植102头,产活优良荷斯坦犊牛44头,现根据移植经验,将影响牛胚胎移植的因素总结如下:     

荷斯坦种公牛X-性控精液对体内胚胎生产效率的影响

本实验旨在系统、整体地评价同一品种不同种公牛个体性控精液质量的差异，研究荷斯坦种公牛X-性控精液对体内胚胎生产效率的影响。通过将精液品质分析与体内胚胎生产技术相结合，检测3头荷斯坦种公牛X-性控精液质量，人工授精后统计体内性控胚胎的发育情况和胚胎移植效果。结果表明：不同种公牛精液质量存在较大差异，♂2的精子活力低于♂1和♂3(P<0.05)，精子畸形率和细菌菌落数均高于♂1和♂3(P>0.05);3头荷斯坦种公牛X-性控精液人工授精后头均回收胚胎数、头均可用胚胎数和未受精率差异不显著，但♂2的可用胚胎率最低，退化率最高（P<0.05）；♂2 A级胚胎占比低于♂1和♂3(P<0.05)；移植后发现♂2妊娠率依旧低于♂1和♂3。本研究结果对促进体内胚胎生产效率具有一定指导意义，为荷斯坦种公牛X-性控精液生产优质体内胚胎提供一定参考依据。     

大通县应用奶牛性控冻精人工授精对比试验

本试验对荷斯坦奶牛性控精液和常规精液人工授精效果以及性控精液对青年牛和经产牛配种的效果进行了比较分析。结果表明,采用性控精液(200万个/0.25mL)人工授精的受胎率为63.9%,第一情期受胎率58.2%;采用常规精液(1000万个/0.25mL)人工授精的受胎率为81.5%,第一情期受胎率67.1%,性控精液和常规精液差异不显著(P0.05),用性控精液人工授精,青年牛受胎率74.4%,经产牛受胎率55.6%,差异不显著(P0.05)。     

A retrospective study of artificial insemination of 251 mares using chilled and fixed time frozen-thawed semen

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Historically, artificial insemination (AI) using frozen semen has been perceived to have poorer success rates and be more labour intensive than using chilled semen. A retrospective study was therefore conducted to compare the conception rate achieved by AI between chilled and frozen semen, using fixed time insemination protocols over 2 breeding seasons. HYPOTHESIS: Artificial insemination using chilled semen produces a higher conception rate than that achieved with frozen semen. METHOD: Mares (n = 251) were inseminated with either chilled (n = 112) or frozen (n = 139) semen in the 2006 and 2007 northern hemisphere breeding season. Per rectum ultrasonography of the mare's reproductive tract determined the timing of insemination, and deslorelin acetate was used to induce ovulation. Chilled semen insemination was performed using a single preovulatory dose delivered into the uterine body. Frozen semen was administered as 2 doses (pre- and post ovulation) using a deep uterine insemination technique. Pregnancy was detected ultrasonographically at 15 days post insemination. Conception rates were compared using a Chi-squared test. RESULTS: Insemination with frozen semen produced a significantly (P = 0.022) higher seasonal conception rate (82.0%) than that achieved with chilled semen (69.6%). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Insemination with frozen semen can achieve conception rates equal to those with chilled semen, enabling the mare owner a greater selection of stallions.     

Effect of breed and other animal-related factors on conception rate to artificial insemination with frozen semen in mares in Ethiopia

Equine reproduction is unique by having long behavioral estrus and differences in time of breeding between breeds and individuals of mares. An experimental study was conducted at the Balderas Sport Horses and Recreational Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from January to June, 2018, to evaluate conception rate to frozen semen in local and exotic crossbreed mares. Mares were teased to characterize estrus behavior and examined by ultrasound in determining imminent ovulation. Inseminations were done post ovulation within an average of 6–9 h using frozen-thawed semen. The overall conception rate to frozen semen was 15/21 (71.43%) with 8/11 (72.73%) in crossbreed and 7/10 (70%) in local breed mares. Age and body condition score (BCS) of animals had no significant effect on conception rate to AI with frozen semen. A slightly higher conception rate was obtained when ovulation was from the right ovary than when ovulated from the left ovary. A higher conception rate was obtained when the diameter of the preovulatory follicle was ≤ 45 mm than above diameter. The conception rate increased significantly with increased number of services/conception with an overall mean ± (SEM) of 2.2 ± 0.2 services/conception. A more number of services/conception were required for local breed (2.7 ± 0.2) than crossbreed mares (1.8 ± 0.3) and again for lower body condition scores than higher condition scores of mares. In conclusion, the increased number of services improved the conception rate with significant difference between breed of mares, whereas good management of mares for improved body conditions could be required to decrease the number of services per conception.

     

不同父本冻精杂交甘南牦牛母本围产期疾病发生率分析

[目的]为提高甘南农牧交错区牦牛生产性能筛选最佳杂交父本。[方法]分别选取荷斯坦奶牛、西门塔尔、安格斯、娟姗牛优质冻精杂交甘南牦牛,比较妊娠牦牛的流产率、难产率,产后胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎症的发生率,产后当年与第二年发情的比率。[结果]荷斯坦奶牛、西门塔尔冻精人工授精甘南牦牛时,母本妊娠期的流产率和难产率显著高于安格斯、娟姗牛(P<0.05),荷斯坦奶牛、西门塔尔、安格斯作为父本杂交,母本的产后胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎症发病率显著高于娟姗牛(P<0.05)。娟姗牛冻精人工授精甘南牦牛,母本产后当年与第二年发情的比率分别为39.22±1.65%和35.29±1.84%,显著高于其他种公牛冻精杂交后母本的发情率,且只有娟姗牛试验组当年发情率高于第二年发情率。[结论]娟姗牛为父本时,围产期疾病发生率最低,繁育潜能利用率最高,可作为改良甘南牦牛最佳父本。     

凉州区肉牛繁殖技术试验示范与推广研究

[目的]为筛选出适合凉州区肉牛繁殖的新模式。[方法]选择夏洛莱（XL）、利木辛（LM）、安格斯（AG）成年种公牛生产冻精,在西门塔尔和本地黄牛杂交一代（西本F1）成年母牛上实施人工授精,对杂交犊牛分月龄进行外貌体尺测定。[结果]XL冻精与西本F1代的后代体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围等生长指标均高于LM和AG后代指标。试验2方法是选择XL、LM、AG成年母牛生产冻胚,在成年母牛上实施胚胎移植,犊牛出生后进行外貌体尺测定。结果是：夏洛莱胚胎移植后代牛初生重、6月龄、12月龄体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围均高于利木辛与安格斯牛杂交后代（P〈0.01）。试验3方法是选择西杂F1和F2代母牛,用引进的XM（西门塔尔）牛X性控冻精实施人工授精,犊牛出生后统计相关数据。结果是：三组共授配母牛138头,情期妊娠75头,情期平均受胎率为54.1%,平均母犊率为90.3%。[结论]夏洛莱品种改良西杂一代牛后代生长发育比其余品种好;实施胚胎移植后,夏洛莱品种胚胎移植后代牛比其余品种在凉州区生长适应性强,适宜在该环境条件下生长;西门塔尔牛性控冻精的配种试验是成功的,是生产母犊的较好方法。     

复合添加剂对解冻后奶牛性控冻精质量及受胎率的影响

【目的】试验旨在研究以褪黑素和地诺前列腺素组成的复合添加剂对奶牛性控冻精解冻后精子质量及奶牛人工授精后受胎率的影响。【方法】30份奶牛性控冻精样均分为2组：试验组和对照组,试验组添加由24 ng/mL褪黑素、1.5 mg/mL地诺前列腺素及精液稀释液组成的250 μL复合添加剂,对照组添加250 μL精液稀释液,试验组和对照组均与解冻后的奶牛性控冻精按照1∶1（V/V）进行混合,室温孵育0、2及4 h,通过免疫荧光染色分析精子活率、顶体完整率、高能线粒体活性精子比率;对216头青年奶牛和82头头胎奶牛输精后通过28 d早孕检测来确定受胎率情况。【结果】与对照组相比,经复合添加剂处理0 h的性控冻精活率、顶体完整率及高能线粒体活性精子比率均无显著变化（P＞0.05）;经复合添加剂处理2 h的性控冻精活率、顶体完整率、高能线粒体活性精子比率均显著升高（P＜0.05）;经复合添加剂处理4 h的性控冻精活率和顶体完整率均无显著变化（P＞0.05）,高能线粒体活性精子比率显著升高（P＜0.05）。在输精试验中,试验组青年奶牛和头胎奶牛中的受胎率分别为65.22%和48.21%,均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。【结论】以褪黑素和地诺前列腺素组成的复合添加剂可以促进解冻后奶牛性控冻精精液品质以及青年奶牛和头胎奶牛输精后的受胎率。     

Variation in selected blood plasma constituents during the post-partum and breeding periods in dairy cows

Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, albumin, beta hydroxybutyrate, glucose and urea were measured in 12 plasma samples collected over 9 weeks from mid-August from each of 40 cows in four seasonal herds which calved from mid-July. These herds comprised Jersey or Holstein-Friesian animals, with each breed grazed at two stocking rates. Daily dry matter intakes (kg dry matter/cow/day), which were estimated from pasture assessments before and after grazing, ranged from 4% (low stocked Jersey herd) to 38% (high stocked Friesian herd) below recommended intakes for each breed of cow in peak lactation. Stocking rate was associated with a 4% reduction in liveweight for cows in the high stocked herds and a 20% reduction in daily milk production (as a proportion of the low stocked herds' liveweight and milk production). Eight cows produced at least one blood sample with a beta hydroxybutyrate concentration of more than 1.0 mmol/l. There were 42% of samples with glucose concentrations greater than 4.1 mmol/l. These two concentrations were the maximum values classified as normal for these two metabolites by the Ruakura Animal Health Laboratory. No concentrations of the other metabolites were outside their respective normal ranges. Breed, age and individual animals usually had greater effects on the average metabolite concentrations than did stocking rate. The greatest effect was associated with sample day, especially for insulin-like growth factor-I and urea. A significant breed x stocking rate x sample day interaction in urea concentrations indicated that changes in the feeding value of the grazed pastures available to each herd were sufficient to produce separate fluctuating patterns in the daily average concentrations. These results showed that frequent sampling on a herd basis would be necessary to identify the significance of factors which may be contributing to sample day variation in the concentration of metabolites in the plasma of pasture-fed cows.     

不同因素对高产荷斯坦奶牛体内性控胚胎生产效率和质量的影响

[目的]试验旨在探讨不同种类的促卵泡素(FSH)超数排卵处理、不同精液类型人工输精处理以及不同季节等前处理方式对高产荷斯坦奶牛体内性控胚胎生产效率的影响,为高产胚胎牛后代的繁育做出贡献。[方法]试验选取208头优质供体牛使用加拿大(Folltropin-v)和比利时进口的促卵泡素(FSH)进行超排,性控冻精和性控鲜精进行人工输精,春(3—5月)、夏(6—8月)、秋(9—11月)、冬(12—2月)四季进行胚胎生产。[结果]结果表明,使用产地为加拿大(Folltropin-v)促卵泡素进行超数排卵头均可用胚胎数和I级胚胎数(包括桑葚胚I级、囊胚I级)均显著高于比利时(P<0.05);通过使用性控冻精和性控鲜精对供体牛进行人工输精头均可用胚胎数分别为和I级胚胎数差异均不显著(P>0.05);春、夏、秋、冬四季进行胚胎生产头均可用胚胎数和I级胚胎数夏季均显著低于其他三季(P<0.05)。[结论]因此,使用加拿大促卵泡素(Folltropin-v)超数排卵、性控冻精进行人工输精避免在夏季进行胚胎生产可获得质量较高的高产荷斯坦奶牛体内性控胚胎。     

The effects of genotype and selected environmental factors on colostrum production and intake in cattle

The aim of this study was to determine effects of genotype and selected environmental factors on colostrum production, intake, and efficiency in the cattle. The investigations were conducted on 67 dam-calf pairs. All cows were of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed, the Black-and-White variety (PHF-HO), whereas calves were sired by bulls of the following breeds: PHF-HO, Polish Holstein-Friesian of the Red-and-White variety (PHF-RW), Jersey (JE), Montbéliarde (MB) and Limousine (LI). The colostrum was collected from cows and offered to calves "from bucket" thrice a day. The amount of produced colostrum considerably exceeded the ability of its consumption by calves. Low share of HF genes in the cow, older cow's age and calving in the period from January to April appeared to be favorable factors for colostrum production. Calves born to cows with low HF gene share drank more colostrum than calves originating from cows with higher gene share of this breed. Crosses with JE drank the highest amount of the colostrum in relation to body weight, while MB-sired calves drank the highest amount in absolute terms. Colostrum intake was positively correlated with the dam's age. Furthermore, it was shown that in case of the first colostrum intake the most favorable period was from May to September, while in cases of total intake in the first day of life and mean intake in the first 5 days of life it was the period from January to April. Crosses with JE were characterized by extremely high use of colostrum per unit of body weight gain.     

Variation in selected blood plasma constituents during the post-partum and breeding periods in dairy cows

Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, albumin, beta hydroxybutyrate, glucose and urea were measured in 12 plasma samples collected over 9 weeks from mid-August from each of 40 cows in four seasonal herds which calved from mid-July. These herds comprised Jersey or Holstein-Friesian animals, with each breed grazed at two stocking rates. Daily dry matter intakes (kg dry matter/cow/day), which were estimated from pasture assessments before and after grazing, ranged from 4% (low stocked Jersey herd) to 38% (high stocked Friesian herd) below recommended intakes for each breed of cow in peak lactatipn. Stocking rate was associated with a 4% reduction in liveweight for cows in the high stocked herds and a 20% reduction in daily milk production (as a proportion of the low stocked herds' liveweight and milk production).

Eight cows produced at least one blood sample with a beta hydroxybutyrate concentration of more than 1.0 mmol/l. There were 42% of samples with glucose concentrations greater than 4.1 mmol/l. These two concentrations were the maximum values classified as normal for these two metabolites by the Ruakura Animal Health Laboratory. No concentrations of the other metabolites were outside their respective normal ranges. Breed, age and individual animals usually had greater effects on the average metabolite concentrations than did stocking rate.

The greatest effect was associated with sample day, especially for insulin-like growth factor-I and urea. A significant breed x stocking rate x sample day interaction in urea concentrations indicated that changes in the feeding value of the grazed pastures available to each herd were sufficient to produce separate fluctuating patterns in the daily average concentrations.

These results showed that frequent sampling on a herd basis would be necessary to identify the significance of factors which may be contributing to sample day variation in the concentration of metabolites in the plasma of pasture-fed cows.     

Effects of crossbreed pregnancies on the abortion risk of Neospora caninum-infected dairy cows

Previous studies have shown that the use of beef bull semen significantly reduces the rate of abortions due to Neospora caninum in artificially inseminated (AI) seropositive dairy cows. In addition, certain beef breeds could be more resistant to N. caninum infection and abortion than others. The aim of the present study was to determine whether different crossbreed pregnancies, those derived from Limousin, Charolais, Piedmontese or Belgian Blue semen, carry different risks of abortion in Neospora-infected dairy cows. The effects of possible interactions between maternal levels of N. caninum antibodies and the different breed crosses were also evaluated. The study was performed on five commercial Holstein–Friesian dairy herds in Northeast Spain with previously confirmed diagnoses of N. caninum infection in aborted foetuses. The study population was comprised of 1115 pregnancies: 633 pregnancies recorded after AI using Holstein–Friesian semen from 18 bulls and 482 after AI using beef semen from 27 bulls (304 inseminations using semen from Limousin bulls, 191 from Belgian Blue bulls, 89 from Piedmontese bulls and 49 from Charolais bulls). Abortion rates were 32.2% (155/482) and 15.2% (96/633) for seropositive cows inseminated with Holstein–Friesian and beef breed semen, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed the herd and the interaction between maternal N. caninum antibody titre and the different crossbreeds as significant factors affecting the abortion rate. Lowest abortion rates, similar to that shown by seronegative animals in the analysed herds (3.2%, 239/7432), were observed in dams AI using Limousin semen that had low (<30 relative index (RI) units) N. caninum antibody titres (2.1% abortion, 3/145) and these cows were used as reference. Compared to the cows used as reference, cows with low N. caninum antibody titres (<30 RI units) showed a similar risk of abortion when inseminated with Piedmontese or Charolais bull semen, but higher risk of abortion when inseminated with Holstein (17.9 times) or Belgian Blue (7.2 times) bull semen. All cows with high N. caninum antibody titres (≥30 RI units) had a higher risk of abortion, ranging from 8.9 times (cows inseminated with Limousine semen) to 37.8 times (cows inseminated with Piedmontese semen), compared to the cows used as reference. In conclusion, different crossbreed pregnancies carried different abortion risks in Neospora-infected dairy cows. The use of beef bull semen dramatically reduced the risk of abortion in dairy cows, especially if Limousin breed semen was used. Moreover, this reduction was found to be dependent on the N. caninum antibody titre such that the lowest incidence of abortions was recorded in Limousin semen inseminated cows with low antibody titres. Insemination of Neospora-seropositive cows with beef bull semen could both reduce the risk of abortion and avoid breeding replacements for infected cattle.