马铃薯免耕稻草覆盖栽培技术研究

[目的]探讨马铃薯免耕稻草覆盖栽培技术的可行性。[方法]从马铃薯生育期、经济性状、产量、品质及经济效益等方面对马铃薯免耕稻草覆盖栽培技术进行分析。[结果]与常规地膜覆盖相比,免耕稻草覆盖的马铃薯产量约高2．9％,但纯收入约低16％。[结论]该马铃薯免耕稻草覆盖栽培技术需经技术改良,降低成本后再进行推广和应用。     

A research agenda to explore the role of conservation agriculture in African smallholder farming systems

Controversy surrounds the promotion of conservation agriculture (CA) in smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction of CA is a profound change in farm management. Benefits in reduced erosion and stabilized crop production may be obtained, but technical performance at field level is but one of the determinants of adoption. For various reasons, all of the CA principles are not always fully implemented by farmers and results not as favourable as expected. As with other approaches to increasing agricultural productivity, the production constraints, farmers’ objectives, and the expected benefits and costs of implementing CA are important aspects that influence adoption. At farm and village levels, trade-offs in the allocation of resources become important in determining how CA may fit into a given farming system. At a regional level, factors such as the market conditions, interactions among stakeholders and other institutional and political dimensions become important. At each level, opportunities or difficulties emerge that enhance or impede development, adaptation and adoption of CA. The ex-ante identification of situations for where CA (and which form of CA) is appropriate demands research from a multi-stakeholder, multi-level, and interdisciplinary perspective. Recommendations are made where research is required to address key knowledge gaps.     

Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: The heretics’ view

Conservation agriculture is claimed to be a panacea for the problems of poor agricultural productivity and soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is actively promoted by international research and development organisations, with such strong advocacy that critical debate is stifled. Claims for the potential of CA in Africa are based on widespread adoption in the Americas, where the effects of tillage were replaced by heavy dependence on herbicides and fertilizers. CA is said to increase yields, to reduce labour requirements, improve soil fertility and reduce erosion. Yet empirical evidence is not clear and consistent on many of these points nor is it always clear which of the principles of CA contribute to the desired effects. Although cases can be found where such claims are supported there are equally convincing scientific reports that contradict these claims. Concerns include decreased yields often observed with CA, increased labour requirements when herbicides are not used, an important gender shift of the labour burden to women and a lack of mulch due to poor productivity and due to the priority given to feeding of livestock with crop residues. Despite the publicity claiming widespread adoption of CA, the available evidence suggests virtually no uptake of CA in most SSA countries, with only small groups of adopters in South Africa, Ghana and Zambia. We conclude that there is an urgent need for critical assessment under which ecological and socio-economic conditions CA is best suited for smallholder farming in SSA. Critical constraints to adoption appear to be competing uses for crop residues, increased labour demand for weeding, and lack of access to, and use of external inputs.     

不同植被土壤水分入渗特征初探

为提高水资源特别是自然降水利用率,研究了长沙市区3种不同类型植被土壤水分入渗特征。结果表明,乔灌草与灌草、人工草坪两种植被土壤水分入渗率均随时间延长而减小,但裸地土壤水分入渗率随时间变化出现较大波动;3种不同类型植被土壤水分入渗能力差异较大,以人工草坪植被土壤水分入渗速率最大,前70 min的平均入渗率为0.64 cm/min,乔灌草与灌草植被土壤的为最小,前70 min的平均入渗率为0.21 cm/min。     

深层渗灌对冬小麦蒸散动态及水分利用效率的影响

为了解渗灌方式下冬小麦的水分蒸散动态及水分利用情况,设置春不灌水(T1)、地上灌拔节水(T2)、地下灌拔节水(T3)、地下灌拔节水+开花水(T4)、地上灌溉拔节水+开花水(T5)5个水分处理,利用称重式蒸渗仪研究了5种水分管理模式下冬小麦的蒸散特征、水分动态及水分利用效率。结果表明,从全生育期来看,冬小麦的耗水速率呈双峰曲线变化,渗灌(T3和T4)的蒸散速率高峰出现在灌拔节水后第五天,常规灌溉(T2和T5)的高峰值出现在灌拔节水后第三天;从每天蒸散动态来看,渗灌和常规灌溉耗水速率均呈\"单峰曲线\"变化,渗灌拔节水前期呈现\"反奢侈耗水\"现象,将更多的水用在拔节后期-灌浆期,而渗灌开花水明显抑制了冬小麦耗水,全生育期耗水总量比常规灌溉低1.99%~4.77%;渗灌主要增加了60~100cm土层含水量,常规灌溉增加了0~40cm土层含水量;渗灌增加了穗粒数、千粒重、水分利用效率和收获指数,降低了生物量、籽粒的氮素积累量。综合来看,渗灌通过影响不同土层含水量改变植物的耗水模式,即抑制土壤蒸发并将节余水用于生长后期;提高了水分利用效率和收获指数,降低了籽粒蛋白质含量。     

Agroforestry for Sustainability of Lower-Input Land-Use Systems

Abstract

Agriculture and forestry are too often treated separately, yet these two sectors are often interwoven on the landscape and share many common goals. The age-old practice of growing crops and trees together was ignored or bypassed in the single-commodity paradigm of agricultural and forestry development. Thanks to 25 years of efforts, agroforestry the integration of multipurpose trees into farming systems-has now become a robust, science-based, integrated discipline. Agroforestry offers a unique set of opportunities for alleviating poverty and arresting land degradation, and providing ecosystem services in both low-income and industrialized nations. Improvement and exploitation of the large number of fruit trees and medicinal plants is but one of several promising opportunities for enhancing the food and nutritional security without causing the environmental hazards that are characteristic of input-intensive land-use systems. These agroforestry practices are particularly suitable for resource-limited conditions and lower-input situations, which cover an estimated 1.9 billion hectares of land and 800 million people in developing countries.     

Determination of the magnitudes and values for groundwater recharge from Taiwan's paddy field

Flooded paddy fields have many functions, including not only rice production, and ecological and environmental conservation. This work estimates the extent of paddy field infiltration in Taiwan by adopting a one-dimensional Darcy-based soil/water balance model SAWAH (Simulation Algorithm for Water Flow in Aquatic Habitats). A 10 cm thick plow sole layer with a hydraulic conductivity of 0.03 cm/day, coupled with the soil texture and irrigation data obtained from 15 irrigation associations, is used to estimate the volumetric amount of annual infiltration in Taiwan. Simulation results from SAWAH indicate that the plow sole layer controls the movement of infiltrated water, with a rate about 1.8 billion cubic meters annually. The estimated infiltration rate of 1.8 billion m³/yr comprises more than 40% of the annual infiltration recharge to ground water in Taiwan. Additionally, the amount of infiltration recharge to groundwater is equivalent to 20 billion Taiwan dollars NT$ (or 0.65 billion US$) while the yearly rice crop production is 35 billion NT$ (or 1.13 billion US$). It is evident that the infiltration from rice paddy is of great importance to the economy, environment, and water resources conservation in Taiwan.     

Soil Salinity in South India: Problems and Solutions

SUMMARY

Soil salinity is assuming menacing proportions for production of agricultural and horticultural crops in South India. South India comprises of Andhra Pradesh (AP), Tamil Nadu (TN), Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, and Islands in Bay of Bengal (Andaman and Nicobar) and Arabian Sea (Lakshadweep). It comprises central uplands, Deccan plateau (Karnataka plateau and Telangana plateau of AP), Nilgiri hills of TN, South Sahiailri, Eastern hills (Eastern Ghats, TN, upland) and Coastal Plains. The rainfall ranges from 400 to 500 mm in AP, 450 to 1300 mm in Karnataka, 500 to 1215 mm in TN, 100 to 450 mm in Kerala. Climate is mainly semi-arid in nature. Red soils (Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols) make up about 60–65% and are well drained, blacksoils (Vertisols and Inceptisols) comprise about 20–25% and the rest are coastal sands. Soil salinity problems are encountered in almost all the districts in Karnataka and AP. The area extends to about 0.176 million ha in AP, 0.2 million ha in Karnataka, 0.0427 million ha in TN and about 0.03 million ha in Kerala. Introduction of canal irrigation water and use of underground saline waters accelerated the appearance of salt affected soils. Soil salinity observed in South India ranges from hydrometphic saline soils in Kerala to highly saline (EC 20–30 dS m^?1) in Karnataka and AP. Saline soils were classified in to Natrargids or Solarthrids at subgroup level depending on the occurance of nitric or salic horizon within few centimetres of the surface. Soil salinity has reduced crop yields upto 50% and consequently cropping has been abandoned in many areas. Excess soluble salts can be removed through scrapping the surface salt crust or flushing and leaching or through subsurface drainage depending on the problem. Crops also vary in their ability to tolerate salinity at different stages of growth. In most crops subjected to irrigations with saline waters, germination and early seedling stages are generally the most sensitive and their tolerance increases with age. Salt tolerant varieties and nutrient management of crops in saline soils are important solutions for crop production under saline soils.     

印度稻米生产与标准研究

印度稻米等级标准源于1937年颁布的农产品分级和商标法。印度的大米标准分成常规稻米标准和巴斯马蒂米标准两大类。常规稻米分等标准相对简单,主要以含碎米率为分级指标,适用于国内贸易。巴斯马蒂米等级标准比较完善,以粒长、长宽比、不完善粒以及膨胀率等指标分等,专门用于出口贸易。总体来说,印度稻米标准起点不高,对碾磨程度、缺陷粒的要求较松,国际贸易中一般采用国际食品法典Codex的农残标准。     

印度花生栽培技术考察报告

从花生种植面积、单位面积产量、产区分布及主要栽培技术等方面阐述了印度花生生产现状;提出了存在品种老化、连作严重、土壤未改良和管理粗放等方面的问题;目前正在探索地膜覆盖、节水灌溉、品种更新等新的花生栽培技术。     

印度稻米生产与标准研究

印度稻米等级标准源于1937年颁布的农产品分级和商标法。印度的大米标准分成常规稻米标准和巴斯马蒂米标准两大类。常规稻米分等标准相对简单,主要以含碎米率为分级指标,适用于国内贸易。巴斯马蒂米等级标准比较完善,以粒长、长宽比、不完善粒以及膨胀率等指标分等,专门用于出口贸易。总体来说,印度稻米标准起点不高,对碾磨程度、缺陷粒的要求较松,国际贸易中一般采用国际食品法典Codex的农残标准。     

Increasing Water Productivity in Rice-Based Systems in Asia – Past Trends,Current Problems,and Future Prospects

Abstract

Bioethanol is gathering attention as a countermeasure to global warming and as an alternative energy for gasoline. Meanwhile, due to the synchronous increase in bioethanol production and grain prices, the food-fuel competition has become a public issue. It is necessary to see the issue objectively and to recognize that the real background is the change in allocation of limited resources such as farmland and water. In this review, we discuss which, where and how energy crops shouldbe grown to establish a sustainable bioethanol production system. Several combinations of crops, areas and cultivation methods are recommended as a result of a survey of the bioethanol production system with various energy crops. In tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane can be grown in agricultural and/or unused favorable lands. In other regions, cellulosic energy crops can be grown in abandoned and marginal lands, including lands contaminated with inorganic pollutant like heavy metals and some detrimental minerals. There also is the possibility that, for Japan and other Asian countries, rice can be grown as an energy crop in unused lowland paddy field. Regarding cultivation way, energy saving is beneficial for bioethanol production systems irrespective of energy efficiency. On the other hand, effective energy input should be consideredfor the systems with higher energy efficiency when available land area is limited. Exploring and developing new energy crops and varieties, which show higher biomass productivity and stress tolerances under marginal conditions, are necessary for sustainable bioethanol production because energy crop production would be restricted mostly to marginal areas in future.     

Surface and subsurface losses of N and P from salt-affected rice paddy fields of Saemangeum reclaimed land in South Korea

The present study was carried out to evaluate nutrient losses that occur during the course of agricultural activity from rice paddy fields of reclaimed tidal flat. For this study, we chose a salt-affected rice paddy field located in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal area, which is located on the western South Korean coasts. The plot size was 1,000 m² (40 m × 25 m) with three replicates. The soil belonged to the Gwanghwal series, i.e., it was of the coarse silty, mixed, mesic type of Typic Haplaquents (saline alluvial soil). The input quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus (as chemical fertilizer) into the experimental rice paddy field were 200 kg N ha⁻¹ and 51 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ per annum, and the respective input quantities of each due to precipitation were 9.3–12.9 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.4–0.7 kg P ha⁻¹ per annum. In terms of irrigation water, these input quantities were 4.5–8.2 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.3–0.9 kg P ha⁻¹ per annum, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to surface runoff were 22.5–38.1 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.7–2.2 kg P ha⁻¹ for the year 2003, and 26.8–29.6 kg N ha⁻¹ and 1.6–1.9 kg P ha⁻¹ for the year 2004, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to subsurface infiltration during the irrigation period were 0.44–0.67 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.03–0.04 kg P ha⁻¹ for the year 2003, and 0.15–0.16 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.05–0.06 kg P ha⁻¹ for 2004. When losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were compared to the amount of nutrients supplied by chemical fertilizers, it was found that 11.3–19.1% of nitrogen and 0.5–1.7% of phosphorus were lost via surface runoff, whereas subsurface losses accounted to 0.2–0.8% for nitrogen and only 0.02–0.04% for phosphorus during the 2-year study period.     

Estimation of supplementary water to paddy fields in the lower Mekong River basin during the dry season

Efficient management of water resources in paddy fields requires an understanding of the volume of supplementary water used. However, quantifying the volume is laborious due to the large amount of data that must be collected and analyzed. The purpose of our study was to estimate the volume of supplementary water used in paddy fields, based on several years of available statistical data, and to provide information on how much water can be supplied to paddy fields in each target area. In this study, the lower Mekong River basin of northeast Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia was selected as the study area. In the first step, we used agricultural statistics for each country, rainfall data acquired from the Mekong River Commission Secretariat (MRCS), and the value of virtual water required per unit of rice production. Because several years of data were used for dry season harvested areas and rice production in each country, the supplementary water to paddy fields in each province was calculated using virtual water and rainfall. This method made it possible to estimate changes in supplementary water in each province. Through this study, the supplementary water to paddy fields during the dry season in three countries was approximated from the minimum number of data sets. Moreover, for cases in which it is not possible to procure agricultural water use data for a hydrological model simulation, an alternative solution is proposed.     

More Rice,Less Water—Integrated Approaches for Increasing Water Productivity in Irrigated Rice-Based Systems in Asia

Abstract

The water crisis is threatening the sustainability of the irrigated rice system and food security in Asia. Our challenge is to develop novel technologies and production systems that allow rice production to be maintained or increased in the face of declining water availability. This paper introduces principles that govern technologies and systems for reducing water inputs and increasing water productivity, and assesses the opportunities of such technologies and systems at spatial scale levels from plant to field, to irrigation system, and to agro-ecological zones. We concluded that, while increasing the productivity of irrigated rice with transpired water may require breakthroughs in breeding, many technologies can reduce water inputs at the field level and increase field-level water productivity with respect to irrigation and total water inputs. Most of them, however, come at the cost of decreased yield. More rice with less water can only be achieved when water management is integrated with (i) germplasm selection and other crop and resource management practices to increase yield, and (ii) system-level management such that the water saved at the field level is used more effectively to irrigate previously un-irrigated or low-productivity lands. The amount of water that can be saved at the system level could be far less than assumed from computations of field-level water savings because there is already a high degree of recycling and conjunctive use of water in many rice areas. The impact of reducing water inputs for rice production on weeds, nutrients, sustainability, and environmental services of rice ecosystems warrants further investigation.     

Differences among potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars in northern India in performance of diffuse light stored seed potatoes

Summary Diffuse light storage (DLS) of potato seed tubers was evaluated in the Punjab, India. Seed tubers of seven cultivars were stored in a nylon mesh covered thatch-roofed DLS and their behaviour in store and subsequent performance in the field was compared with that of tubers stored traditionally in a refrigerated cold store (RCS). DLS of seed from March to October resulted in 34–82% loss by weight due to high temperature and low humidity compared to 6–8% in RCS. When the DLS seeds were planted in replicated field trials, they showed reduced germination, germination rate index, plant height and final yield (up to 37%) compared to seeds from RCS. However, in cvs. Kufri Lalima and Phulwa yields were not significantly reduced following DLS.     

21份印度小麦高分子谷蛋白亚基、醇溶蛋白及品质分析

为挖掘优良的小麦种质资源,以引进的21份印度小麦种质为材料,利用SDS-PAGE和A-PAGE技术,分析了其高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白组成。结果表明,在21份印度小麦材料中出现了12种HWM-GS亚基类型和14种亚基组合,其中有3种亚基类型(Null、1、2*)在Glu-A1位点,4种亚基类型(7+8,17+18,7,7+9,13+16)在Glu-B1位点,4种亚基类型(5+10,2+12,4+12,5+12)在Glu-D1位点。1、2+12优质亚基的比例相对较高,均为47.6%。小麦HWM-GS亚基组合1/7+9/2+12在所有亚基组合类型中出现频率高达19.0%。大多数材料的品质得分为7、8分,平均7.52分。共分离出32种迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,2和3号带出现频率最高,分别为95.24%和90.48%。DA 7200近红外分析仪初步分析结果表明,这21份印度小麦种质资源品质指标相对偏低。     

部分印度小麦种质资源的农艺性状及抗病性评价

为给我国小麦育种提供新的优良种质资源,对引进的21份印度小麦种质材料的农艺性状与成株期条锈病抗性进行了调查,并对农艺性状进行了主成分分析与聚类分析。结果表明,供试材料大多数为春性中熟不耐冻材料,籽粒大多为硬质且较饱满。株高小于80cm的材料有1份(DBW-14),单株穗数为15~30个的材料有18份,穗长在11~12.5cm间的材料有3份(LOK-I、RAJ-L1037和QW-273),小穗数大于30个的材料有10份,穗粒数大于45粒的材料有5份,千粒重高于40g的材料有14份。成株期对混合条锈菌种表现免疫的材料有3份(HUW234、DBW-16和HD2932),表现高抗的材料有5份。通过聚类分析将包括两个对照品种小偃22和西农979在内的23份供试材料按农艺性状综合评价值分为4类。第一类材料株高、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重偏高,单株穗数和穗长中等;第二类材料株高、单株穗数和穗粒数较高,穗子较长,千粒重中等,小穗数偏低;第三类材料穗粒数和千粒重偏高,株高、单株穗数、穗长和小穗数偏低;第四类材料千粒重较高,株高、小穗数和穗粒数中等,单株穗数与穗长偏低。