微量元素锌及不同锌源在畜禽营养上的研究进展

锌是迄今为止发现的畜禽机体内最重要的微量元素之一,对于促进动物生长、增强免疫功能、维持皮肤健康等方面具有重要功能。作者主要综述了微量元素锌的生物学功能、影响畜禽机体对锌吸收的因素及近年来不同锌源（无机锌和有机锌）在动物营养上的研究进展,为锌在畜禽饲料中的高效合理利用提供参考。     

抗生素类生长促进剂对畜禽肠道屏障功能的调节研究进展

抗生素类生长促进剂(AGP)因其良好的促生长效果成为现代畜禽养殖中生长促进剂的"黄金标准",但因其引发的细菌耐药性问题使其使用受限。本文就AGP对肠道屏障功能的调节及其与动物生产性能的关系等研究进展进行综述,以期为AGP替代品研发提供理论借鉴。     

沙棘及产品在饲料中的应用

由于抗生素作为饲料添加剂使用受到限制,寻求取代抗生素的产品成为动物营养领域的研究热点.沙棘枝叶或沙棘果含有多种生物学活性物质,能改善动物生长性能,提高机体免疫功能及抗氧化能力,改善畜禽产品品质,因此是一种良好的抗生素替代品.     

新型多功能饲料添加剂--二氢吡啶研究进展

二氢吡啶的作用广泛，不但是一种抗搓氧化剂，而且是一种生长促进剂，可以促进畜禽生长发育，降低饲料消耗，提高畜禽生长性能；还可改善动物繁殖性能，提高雄性动物的精液品质和射精量，提高雌性动物的受胎率、受精率和孵化率；二氢吡啶可提高机体免疫能力。     

菊粉在养猪生产中应用的研究进展

菊粉通常是从植物中提取的一种特殊的天然果聚糖类碳水化合物,具有益生作用,可选择性地促进肠道中有益菌增殖,抑制有害菌生长,提高动物生长性能和免疫功能。作者主要从菊粉作为一种新型饲料添加剂,对猪肠道菌群、生长性能、免疫功能、矿物质吸收利用和肉品质影响等方面进行综述。     

奥普明与螯合微量元素对养猪生产的影响

主要微量元素的功用 微量元素如何调节动物的机体代谢,在许多方面尚不清楚,以下是我们已经了解到的部分内容,但什么是生长或繁殖的 最佳需要量,哪种化学结合最易被动物吸收利用,至今只有有限的研究资料,这为我们的生产带来许多不确定因素。特别 是重金属铜超量不仅能引发动物自身的毒害作用,同时还会造成严重的环境污染,甚至是肉品自身的污染。有限的研究资 料显示,微量元素的利用对动物健康作用显著,选择正确与否将对动物的繁殖性能及生长性能有显著的影响。     

奶牛微量元素铜的营养

铜是人和动物的必需微量元素之一,具有广泛的生物学效应,与畜禽的生长性能,繁殖能力以及免疫能力有着密切的联系。铜的缺乏会对动物的神经系统、造血功能、被毛生长、骨骼生长以及结缔组织造成各种影响。本文概述了近年来铜对奶牛的生物学功能、生物学效应以及奶牛的铜缺乏症等方面的研究进展。 十九世纪初,人们就发现铜对维持动物的健康有     

畜禽归芪益母汤应用研究进展

畜禽归芪益母汤为中兽药传统方剂,由黄芪、当归和益母草组成。归芪益母汤中的黄芪和当归具有养血安神、补气生血的作用,可提高动物的生长性能。益母草则具有促进血液循环和增强免疫力的作用。这些因素共同作用,提高了动物的生长性能、生产性能、免疫性能,以及调节奶牛的瘤胃环境。畜禽归芪益母汤因其优良的效果被广泛应用。该文就畜禽归芪益母汤提高动物生长性能、生产性能、免疫及抗病性能,以及调节瘤胃环境情况进行综述。     

糖萜素饲料添加剂的研究进展

糖萜素是由植物中提取的三萜和糖类等天然活性成分组成的物质,具有增强动物免疫功能、提高畜禽生产性能和改善畜产品品质的作用。就糖萜素的理化特性及其对动物生长性能、肉质影响、免疫功能、糖萜素的安全性评价以及产品使用方法和推广应用进行了说明,并阐述了糖萜素的研究进展及其应用前景。     

家禽铜营养研究进展

铜是家禽的必需微量元素之一，在动物体内发挥重要的作用。Braude（1945）首次发现日粮中添加高铜，可明显提高猪的生产性能，后来许多研究者证明在饲料中添加铜后可增加养猪效益，随后广泛应用在猪生产上。其后在生长鸡和蛋鸡上也观察到铜的促生长作用，不但可以降低鸡蛋和肉品中脂质、增加禽产品质量，而且可以提高鸡的免疫力。铜在维持生产性能、增强机体抵抗力、机体造血等方面有不可替代的作用。本文从铜的生物学功能、缺乏和过量、补加形式、补加剂量四个方面进行综述。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …