普通小麦与野生大麦的属间杂交

通过活体/离体幼胚培养获得了智利大麦(Hordeum chilense,2n=2x=14)、海大麦(H.marinum,2n=2x=14)及平展大麦(H.depressum,2n=4x=28)与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum,2n=6x=42)之间的属间杂种。智利大麦×小麦及海大麦×小麦杂种在形态上偏向父本小麦,而平展大麦×小麦杂种除穗部性状外,其形态明显偏向母本。所有杂种均自交不孕     

The use of visual marker genes as cell-specific reporters of Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA delivery to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes to cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is demonstrated following the inoculation of immature embryos and immature embryo-derived callus. Agrobacterium T-DNA vectors containing the C1/Lc anthocyanin-biosynthesis regulatory genes, the gusA gene or a synthetic green fluorescent protein gene (sgfp-S65T) were constructed from original binary vectors. The visual T-DNA markers were used as cell-autonomous reporters of early Agrobacterium-mediated transformation events in the wheat and barley cells. This localization of the transformed cells revealed a non-random distribution throughout each embryo and callus piece.     

Wide hybridization between wheat (Triticum L.) and lymegrass (Leymus Hochst.)

A total of 240 F₁ hybrids was made beween wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. (2n = 6x = 42) and T. carthlicum Nevski (2n = 4x = 28)) and perennial lymegrass (North European Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (2n = 8x = 56) and North American L. mollis (Trin.) Pilger (2n = 4x = 28)). The wide crosses yielded embryos in 20% of caryopses and 96% of the embryos developed into normal hybrid plants. The hybrids were vegetatively vigorous, with evidence of the Leymus rhizomatous habit. Those deriving from L. arenarius survived overwintering in Iceland, but the hybrids L. mollis did not, whereas in a milder environment, both showed perenniality. Cytogenetic analysis of root tip cells before the plants were treated with colchicine showed that 21 out of 28 hybrids investigated had chromosome mosaics, with a population of both amphihaploid and amphidiploid cells. This spontaneous doubling of somatic chromosomes occurred in all cross combinations, with the highest average frequency of diploid cells (28%) in T. carthlicum × L. arenarius crosses. A few selfed seeds have been obtained from a T. aestivum × L. arenarius hybrid. All the hybrids were treated twice with colchicine, but the treatment appeared to have little or no effect on the frequency of chromosome doubling in the hybrids deriving from T. aestivum. The frequency of diploid cells, however, increased significantly (e.g. to 80%) in the hybrids deriving from the T. carthlicum parent. Genomic in situ hybridization confirmed the hybridity of the plants and showed that the hybrids were amphiploids containing genomes of both wheat and lymegrass. In situ hybridization using ribosomal DNA probe differentiated chromosomes of L. mollis, L. arenarius from those of wheat. The hybrids are being backcrossed with lymegrass pollen, aiming to domesticate the wild, perennial species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

来自中间偃麦草基因组的类反转录转座子片段的克隆及其特征分析

中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium, (Host) Barkworth and Dewey)是普通小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.) 遗传改良的重要基因源,已有许多重要基因导入普通小麦。本研究从中间偃麦草基因组克隆到一个类反转录转座子片段,命名为pTi28。该序列高丰度存在于中间偃麦草基因组,低丰度（寡拷贝）存在于普通小麦及其近缘种属硬粒小     

栽培大麦×普通小麦杂种及其再生植株

本文论述1979～1982年大麦与普通小麦杂交的研究结果。在以大麦为母本的23个杂交组合中得到了种子,平均杂交结实率为2.8%。其中以早熟3号、PF51811、PF5801大麦为母本,中国春和京722小麦为父本的组合,杂交结实率较高。带有提莫菲维细胞质的小麦品种与大麦也具有一定的杂交亲和性。接种在培养基上的杂种胚50～70%可以萌发长成     

普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂交的研究——几个主要性状的遗传

作者对普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂交后代的几个主要性状的遗传进行了研究,其结果如下:(1)杂交当代结实率较高;杂种后代育性较好。(2)偃麦草所具有的抗病、大穗多花等优良性状通过八倍体小偃麦可以传递给杂种后代。(3)F₁的抽穗期具有明显的倾早性;F₂具有明显的超矮亲遗传现象。(4)杂种后代变异类型十分丰     

大赖草6-SFT基因的克隆及其转基因烟草抗旱和抗寒性分析

果聚糖合成酶(6-SFT)在植物抵御逆境胁迫中起重要作用。利用RACE结合RT-PCR技术从大赖草(Leymus racemosus中克隆到6-SFT基因,其完整开放阅读框为1863 bp,被命名为Lr-6-SFT (GenBank登录号KT387273),编码620个氨基酸,其推导氨基酸序列含有保守的果糖基转移酶结构域。氨基酸序列比对及进化树分析表明,大赖草6-SFT与华山新麦草、普通小麦、西尔斯山羊草和大麦6-SFT具有高度相似性。采用基因重组技术构建p1300-35SN-Lr-6-SFT表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法将该载体转入烟草品种W38中。对经过抗性筛选、PCR和RT-PCR验证的转基因植株进行抗旱和抗寒性鉴定,发现转基因植株与对照相比,抗旱和抗寒性明显增强;在逆境胁迫条件下,转基因植株的果聚糖、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量都显著高于对照,而丙二醛的含量显著低于对照。本研究表明,Lr-6-SFT基因是典型的GH32家族成员,, 2n= 4x = 28, NsNsXmXm)其表达能够提高烟草对干旱和寒冷胁迫的抗性。     

麦田杂草节节麦染色体核型分析研究

对麦田杂草二倍体节节麦（Triticum tauschii L．）的植株形态特征及根尖细胞染色体核型作了分析，并和六倍体普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）中国春核型作比较。结果表明，节节麦的核型公式为2n=2X=14=10M＋4SM（2SAT），在第4号染色体上有一对随体。节节麦染色体组和普通小麦中国春D组全套染色体类型相同，表明这两组染色体具有较强的同源性；但二者在染色体相对长度和臂比值上表现出一定的差异，表明该地区节节麦未参与普通小麦的起源。     

西藏昌果古青稞、古小麦、古粟的研究

报道了作者在西藏贡嘎县昌果乡昌果沟遗址发现的古青稞(Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum)、 古小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、 古粟(Setaria italica L. Beauv)等新石器时代晚期的农作物遗存， 以此对西藏高原的栽培植物起源演化进行了相应 的研究与讨论。 提出西藏高原是栽培植物的次生起源中心。     

小麦铝胁迫相关基因的研究进展

铝胁迫是世界范围内酸性土壤中抑制作物生长的主要因素。铝胁迫能够抑制细胞伸长和细胞分裂,导致根部发育迟缓并伴随着水分和营养吸收的降低。目前,铝胁迫对谷物尤其是小麦、黑麦等的影响进行了一系列遗传分析研究。在铝胁迫处理的Warigal小麦（Al敏感品种）中发现了7个wali基因,分别为wali1,wali2,wali3,wali4,wali5,wali6和wali7。wali1编码植物类金属硫蛋白,与拟南芥、大豆、豌豆、野生猴面花、玉米和大麦等植物金属硫蛋白同源;wali2编码的蛋白与数据库中的其他序列没有明显的同源性;wali3,wali5和wali6编码的蛋白是丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Bowman-Birk家族的成员,具有该家族的保守结构域;wali4编码的蛋白与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）同源;wali7与玉米、水稻的茎部特异性基因具有较高同源性,编码的蛋白是Gn_AT_II家族的一个成员。随后,在Victory小麦（Al敏感品种）分离出β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和fimbrin-like细胞骨架蛋白基因;在Atlas 66小麦（Al敏感品种）筛选出4个铝调控基因war4.2、war5.2、war7.2和war13.2,序列比对显示四个基因分别与过氧化物酶、半胱氨酸酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和草酸氧化酶同源。铝胁迫影响了植物生命活动的方方面面,植物也进化出了许多措施来对抗铝胁迫。此文主要就小麦铝胁迫相关蛋白的基本结构特征、生物学功能、表达调控以及最新研究进展进行综述。     

Structure of the isozymes of the AAT-2 and AAT-3 systems of asparate aminotransferase in wheat,rye and triticale

Summary The electrophoretic isozyme phenotypes for the AAT-2 and AAT-3 regions of leaves of Triticum turgidum, T. aestivum, Secale cereale, x Triticosecale (hexaploid) and T. aestivum/ S. cereale 6R addition line are described. The phenotypes varied in distribution and relative intensity of the isozyme bands, which were densitometrically measured. The results are consistent with a hypothesis of the dimeric structure for the AAT-2 and AAT-3 systems.     

空心莲子草化感效应的初步研究

测定空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb)地上部和地下部水浸提液对小麦和油菜种子萌发、幼苗生长和一些生理过程的影响,研究空心莲子草的化感作用及其机理。结果显示,空心莲子草水浸提液对小麦种子萌发过程的影响主要表现在延迟发芽,而对最终萌发率影响不大;在油菜种子的萌发过程中,高浓度的水浸提液延迟了种子发芽,同时影响最终萌发率;在低浓度空心莲子草水浸提液的影响下,小麦幼苗植株生长增加,高浓度地下部分水浸提液则抑制了小麦幼苗根和苗的生长;在油菜幼苗的生长过程中,空心莲子草水浸提液均抑制了油菜幼苗的生长;另外,空心莲子草水浸提液处理过程中,小麦和油菜体内的超氧化物歧酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均有显著变化。     

Genetic resources of salt tolerance in wild Hordeum species

Salt tolerance was evaluated in 340 accessions of Hordeum, consisting of 41 brittle-rachis forms of Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (H. agriocrithon) accessions, 154 H. vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (H. spontaneum) accessions, and 145 accessions of ten other species or subspecies of wild Hordeum. Germination was carried out at concentrations of 171, 257, and 342 mM NaCl. The levels of salt tolerance for seed germination in wild Hordeum species were generally lower than those found by Mano et al. (1996) in cultivated barley; the NaCl tolerance level of the different species were as follows: H. agriocrithon > H. spontaneum > other wild Hordeum species. In addition, leaf injury index was used to assess tolerance at the seedling stage after treatment with 500 mM NaCl solution for four weeks. The levels of salt tolerance at the seedling stage in wild Hordeum species were generally higher than those found by Mano & Takeda (1995) in cultivated barley. Most wild Hordeum species showed high NaCl tolerance at the seedling stage and are considered good sources of germplasm for salt tolerance breeding. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

球茎大麦在大麦育种上的应用研究

本文介绍栽培大麦(2x)与球茎大麦(4x)种间杂种的产生及其细胞学鉴定结果。二者杂交成胚率平均可达48.43%,胚培成苗率平均可达25.64%。杂种F1染色体数为21,通过C-带鉴定表明,7条为母本栽培大麦染色体、14条为父本球茎大麦染色体。F1花粉母细胞中染色体构型:单价体4-7个、三价体1-3个,其余为二价体。杂种植株形态为父本球茎     

蓝剑(Echium vulgare)不同部位浸提液对5种常见大田作物种子萌发的化感效应

为探讨蓝剑(Echium vulgare)对本地大田作物是否产生化感效应,本研究以生物测定方法研究蓝剑根、茎、叶3部分的无水乙醇浸提液和水浸提液对玉米、水稻、小麦、花生和大豆5种大田作物种子萌发过程的影响。结果表明:叶的化感作用最为明显,豆科对浸提液的响应比禾本科敏感,无水乙醇浸提液和水浸提液对禾本科影响有差异。综合分析,可以判断外来种蓝剑可与本地大田作物产生较为明显的化感作用,具有一定竞争关系。可初步判断蓝蓟对常见的5种大田作物的竞争力,对大田作物合理的间混套作提供一定的科学依据。     

球茎大麦在大麦育种上的应用研究：Ⅱ.球茎大麦向栽培大麦的种质转移

本文介绍栽培大麦与球茎大麦种 种的产生及其细胞学鉴定结果。二者杂交成胚率平均可达４８．４３％,胚培成苗率平均可达２５．６４％。杂种Ｆ１染色体数为２１,通过Ｃ－带鉴定表明,７条为母本栽培大麦染色体,１４条为父本球茎大麦染色体。     

普通小麦×中间偃麦草杂种配子及后代类型形成途径的细胞遗传学研究

配制了(普通小麦×中间偃麦草)杂交组合15个。在回交结实的 F₁植株 PMC中均观察到染色体完全呈单价体构型。单株染色体分析表明,获得的32个 BC₁单株基本上包括了2n=42至2n=63的各种过渡类型,其中2n=63植株占37.5%。而且81.25%的植株在2n=59～63的范围内。显然,F₁产生的可育雌配子主要是染色     

Production and meiotic pairing of intergeneric hybrids of Triticum × Dasypyrum species

Summary Crossing experiments between Dasypyrum villosum (2 x) and 14 taxa of Triticum sensu lato (seven diploids, five tetraploids and two hexoploids) were performed. Adult hybrids were obtained in all but three of the combinations with diploid species. A haploid plant was obtained from the combination T. aestivum x D. villosum. Cytogenetic data on the meiotic pairing in the intergeneric hybrids revealed that, in general, very little pairing occurred between the V genome of Dasypyrum and the different genomes in Triticum. There may be comparatively large differences in pairing behaviour in hybrids including different parental accessions, which shows that the Triticum as well as the Dasypyrum genotypes may influence the pairing. The combination T. aestivum x D. hordeaceum (4 x) was also produced and from the meiotic pairing in the hybrid it is evident that D. hordeaceum is an autoploid.     

Haploid barley from the intergeneric cross Hordeum vulgare x Psathyrostachys fragilis

Summary The intergeneric hybrid Hordeum vulgare x Psathyrostachys fragilis was fairly easily obtained. During each growing season the intermediate, perennial hybrid yielded haploid tillers of H. vulgare. Late in one season few, hybrid tillers headed. The morphology, cytology and enzymatic patterns of hybrid and haploid tillers were investigated.     

Using a Chlorophyll Meter to Optimize Nitrogen Fertilizer Application for Intensively-Managed Small-Grain Cereals

Most methods used to estimate N status require collection, processing and analysis of soil and/or plant tissue samples. In this study, leaf chlorophyll content of cereals, determined in the field with a portable chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD-502), was used to predict N availability of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), oats ( Avena sativa L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.). The results indicated that accurate nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations based on chlorophyll content have both environmental and economic advantages. Determination of leaf chlorophyll content with a chlorophyll meter accurately indicated plant N status allowing N fertilizer requirement to be accurately determined and resulting in increased N uptake efficiency. Applying N fertilizer on this basis improved production economics and improved physical input-output ratio during grain yield formation. Using a chlorophyll meter, responsive and non-responsive categories can be determined at the stage of maximum number of florets per ear primordium (Zadoks' GS 37-41) and at pollination (i.e. pollen grains on well-developed stigmatic hairs, GS 52-58).