不同处理对水稻病程相关蛋白和过氧化物酶的影响

以稻白叶枯菌 (Xanthomonasoryzaepv.oryzae.XOO)弱毒株 75 1和Ni(NO3) 2 作为诱导因子处理水稻幼苗。表明不同处理均在第 2d表现出最大诱导效果 ,Ni(NO3) 2处理后的相对诱导效果达 50 8% ;可溶性蛋白质IEF和SDS PAGE显示 ,诱导蛋白一般在诱导后 2 4h及 48h出现。Ni(NO3) 2 处理后 48h ,SDS PAGE发现上位叶有新增谱带 (MW分别为 54 95和 3 2 3 6kD) ;IEF显示上位叶出现pI5 1谱带 ,诱导叶出现pI5 2 6谱带 ;POD同工酶诱导叶新增加 4条酶带 (Rf分别为 0 62、0 63、0 64及0 73 ) ,上位叶新增加两条酶带 (Rf为 0 63和 0 64)。不同诱导因子处理后 ,可溶性蛋白质含量增加 ,诱导后 2 4～ 48h增幅最大 ;还显示不同诱导因子对同一植物诱导PRP的效力不同     

核桃酚类物质和蛋白间的相互作用及其抗氧化活性

酚类物质和蛋白质之间存在多种相互作用力,因此难以被充分提取。该研究以核桃蛋白为研究对象,用不同量的尿素和氯化钠定向破坏核桃酚类物质和核桃蛋白之间的离子键、氢键和疏水作用力,以研究核桃酚类物质和核桃蛋白之间的非共价键结合机制。结果显示在pH值3.0时,77.7%的酚类物质与蛋白以共价键结合,而有34.6%的缩合单宁与核桃蛋白以共价键结合。在pH值8.0时,有65.4%酚类物质和59.4%的缩合单宁与核桃蛋白以非共价键结合。其中疏水作用力是主要的非共价键结合方式。对以不同非共价键与核桃蛋白相结合的酚类物质的抗氧化活性进行测定,结果显示以离子键与蛋白结合的酚类物质的抗氧化活性最强。其中,在pH值3.0条件下与WPI（walnut protein isolates）以离子键结合的酚类物质的DPPH自由基清除能力为5.7%,Fe2+螯合率为5.9%,在pH值8.0条件下与WPI以离子键结合的酚类物质的DPPH自由基清除能力为10.9%, Fe2+螯合率为11.5%。另外,该研究还探讨了在pH值3.0和8.0时,70%(v/v)乙醇和60%(v/v)甲醇提取核桃蛋白中酚类物质的能力,结果表明这两种提取剂不能显著提高酚类物质的提取率,且不能有效得到具有较强抗氧化能力的酚类物质。     

硅对水稻防御性关键酶活性的影响及其与抗稻瘟病的关系

通过室内溶液培养试验,研究了硅酸盐对接种稻瘟病菌后水稻的病情指数、植株生物量、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能显著降低水稻稻瘟病的发病率和病情指数,防治效果达60.59%;显著减轻稻瘟病对水稻地上部的危害,干物质量显著高于不施硅处理,但对地下部生长影响不明显;接种后水稻叶片POD活性均升高,在第5 d达到最大值,施硅处理显著低于不施硅处理,与稻瘟病抗性成负相关;水稻叶片PPO活性在接种后第5 d达到峰值,从第4 d开始施硅处理显著高于不施硅处理;接种后水稻叶片的PAL活性快速升高,在第24 h达到最大值,施硅处理显著高于不施硅处理,是其1.44倍。说明硅能提高防御性关键酶的活性,参与水稻本身防卫机制,通过一系列的生理生化作用来增强水稻的抗性。     

烟草中功能未知的病程相关蛋白具有钙离子结合活性：II电泳和…

利用双向电泳、ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分子量测定、钙结合蛋白染色等钙结合蛋白的检测技术揭示，烟草中功能未知的病程相关蛋白（ＰＲｓ）具有钙离子结合活性，其电泳迁移率、分子量测定等特性受到钙离子的显著影响；含量最高的未知功能蛋白ＰＲｂ１，ＰＲｂ２在低钙和高钙条件下均表现钙结合活性，而ＰＲｂ７和ＰＲｂ８（两和几丁质酶）仅在低钙状态下表现一定的钙结合能力；并发现在抗病毒诱导率（８８－Ｄ）作用下，细胞间隙     

硅对黄瓜白粉病抗性的影响及其生理机制

以黄瓜感病品种为材料,研究了施硅和诱导接种白粉菌对抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性与酚类物质含量变化的影响。结果表明:诱导接种后,营养液中加硅酸盐显著降低黄瓜白粉病病情指数,显著提高了黄瓜叶片中AsA-POD、PPO的活性,而DR、PAL活性低于不施硅处理,但差异不显著。施硅处理的酚类物质含量较高,并显著降低病情指数。     

水稻新嫩组织的硅质化及其与稻瘟病抗性的关系

采用供硅处理与否的溶液培养水稻作供试材料,研究了硅在新嫩组织中的含量、分布、形态分组和动态变化及其与稻瘟病抗性的关系。结果表明,水稻组织硅质化在展叶( 或出穗) 前即已开始,在稻瘟病菌入侵的关键时期展叶( 或出穗) 后最初几天,供硅与否其组织硅质化状况已存在悬殊差异。前者新嫩叶片SiO2含量达5-45% ,难溶性硅占全硅量94-5% ;后者新嫩叶片SiO2含量仅为1-20 % ,难溶性硅占全硅量只78-33% 。供硅的新嫩叶片表面已有明显亚铃状硅化细胞出现,乳突粗大,X-射线硅的能谱分析线在硅化细胞和乳突处出现较高的峰,表明该处硅的分布密度较高。而未经供硅处理的对照此时新嫩叶片表面未见明显硅化细胞,乳突小,X-射线硅的能谱分析线为无曲折变化的平滑直线。供硅与否水稻新嫩组织间上述差异是导致日后稻瘟病发病率明显不同的基础。试验还表明,无论供硅与否,水稻体内可溶性硅含量始终维持在0-3% 左右,表明这可能是稻体组织内由可溶性硅转化为难溶性硅的一个阈值。     

硅对水稻叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响及其与白叶枯病抗性的关系

以感白叶枯病的水稻品种日本晴(Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare)为材料,在溶液培养条件下,研究了硅对接种白叶枯病菌后的水稻病情指数、叶片丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量以及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能显著降低水稻白叶枯病的病情指数,防治效果达62.86%。接种白叶枯病菌后48 h内,施硅处理的水稻植株,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著升高;显著提高感病植株叶片中脂氧合酶(LOX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性;促进过氧化氢(H2O2)在植物体内积累,加强膜脂过氧化作用。因此,硅可通过参与植株体内代谢,调节抗氧化系统酶活性,激发机体过敏反应(HR),增强植株对白叶枯病抗性。     

硅酸钠对裸仁美洲南瓜酚类物质含量的影响与抗白粉病的关系

以裸仁美洲南瓜抗、 感病品种为材料,测定了硅酸钠溶液喷雾处理南瓜幼苗后诱导接种白粉菌对不同抗病品种裸仁美洲南瓜叶片中酚类物质、 绿原酸、 类黄酮3种物质在不同处理时期含量变化的影响。结果表明,硅酸钠诱导处理后不同抗性品种南瓜叶片中的酚类物质、 绿原酸、 类黄酮等物质含量均明显升高,抗病品种中酚类物质含量在第5 d、 7 d、 9 d时分别高于对照和接菌处理的,绿原酸含量在各个处理时间均高于对照和接菌处理的,类黄酮含量在第7 d、 9 d时分别高于对照和接菌处理的; 感病品种中酚类物质含量和绿原酸含量分别在第5 d、 7 d和9 d时高于对照和接菌处理; 类黄酮含量在第3 d、 5 d、 7 d和9 d时均高于其他处理; 硅酸钠诱导处理后,大多数情况下抗病品种的酚类物质（除第7 d外）、 绿原酸（除第7 d、 9 d外）、 类黄酮等含量均高于感病品种,差异显著,且在接种后第10 d和第15 d白粉病病情指数明显下降。     

桉树连作对土壤多酚氧化酶活性及酚类物质含量的影响

研究不同连栽代次巨尾桉人工林(第一代为2年生和5年生,第二代为2年生)土壤多酚氧化酶活性和酚类物质含量的变化规律,并分析两者空间分布以及相关性。结果表明:(1)林间土壤多酚氧化酶活性高于根区,并随着连栽年限增加呈上升趋势。(2)总酚、复合性酚含量根区土壤高于林间土,并随着连栽年限增加而降低,证明桉树连栽短期内没有造成酚类物质的积累;水溶性酚含量林间土高于根区土,随连栽年限增加而增加,但其含量较低,未达到毒害程度;在无土壤酚类物质来源情况下,水溶性酚和复合态酚均发生消解,含量下降。(3)土壤多酚氧化酶活性与总酚、复合性酚呈显著负相关,跟水溶性酚呈极显著正相关,肯定了多酚氧化酶对酚类物质的降解作用。多酚酶活性和酚类物质皆与土壤pH值有较显著的相关性,两者受土壤pH值影响较大。     

稻瘟菌细胞壁热解物诱导水稻抗稻瘟病的研究

以水稻近等基因系和广东省稻瘟病菌优势小种ZC13的细胞壁热解物(HDS)为材料进行诱导抗病性的研究。HDS通过细胞壁121°C 20 m in热解获得。HDS中葡萄糖质量浓度为176.83 m g/mL。HDS在体外对稻瘟病菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长均无抑制作用,但处理水稻后可以显著提高水稻对稻瘟病菌的抗病性。在亲和性品系中,诱导抗病效果最高可达82.47%,且浓度与活性间存在正相关趋势;在非亲和品系中,热解物处理引起HR反应。HDS处理后,水稻过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活力明显升高。     

施硅对水稻白叶枯病抗性及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】水稻白叶枯病是一种细菌性枯萎病害,是限制水稻生产的重要生物因素之一。通过田间接种白叶枯病菌,研究施硅对水稻叶片中丙二醛含量及抗氧化系统酶活性的影响及其抗白叶枯病的机理,为安全有效的防治病害提供理论依据。【方法】以唐粳2号水稻品种为材料,2013年在河北省秦皇岛市进行田间试验,试验在两个施氮水平 [N 180 kg/hm2(正常供氮,N180), 450 kg/hm2(高量供氮,N450)]下设3个硅处理[不施硅(-Si),施硅酸钠(Si1, 以SiO2计,70 kg/hm2), 施硅钙肥(Si2, 以SiO2计,70 kg/hm2)],在水稻孕穗期采用剪叶法接种白叶枯病菌,研究硅对接种后30 d水稻病情指数和第1 d、 3 d、 5 d、 7 d和10 d水稻叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量、 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、 过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。【结果】接种白叶枯病菌后,正常供氮水平,施硅处理的病情指数比不施硅处理平均降低17.8%(P0.05); 高量供氮水平,施硅钙肥的病情指数比不施硅降低15.1%(P0.05),而施硅酸钠的病情指数差异不显著。接种白叶枯病菌后,施硅处理的水稻叶片MDA均低于不施硅处理,且在正常供氮水平第7 d和高量供氮水平第3 d、 第7 d差异达显著水平。接种白叶枯病菌后,正常供氮水平第1 d、 第7 d和高量供氮水平第1 d、 第5 d,施硅处理的水稻叶片中SOD活性均显著高于不施硅处理,且第1 d施硅钙肥的叶片SOD显著高于施硅酸钠处理; 接种白叶枯病菌后,施硅处理的水稻叶片中CAT活性均高于不施硅处理,但未达显著水平; 高量供氮水平第1 d、 第7 d和第10 d施硅处理的水稻叶片中APX活性均显著高于不施硅处理。【结论】施硅能提高感病水稻叶片中SOD、 CAT和APX的活性,降低水稻叶片中MDA含量,有效清除植物体内活性氧(ROS),从而增强了水稻抗白叶枯病的能力; 在高量供氮水平下,硅钙肥抵御白叶枯病效果好于硅酸钠。     

UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌胁迫对水稻幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量的影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究增强UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌联合作用对水稻幼苗叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性(PAL)和类黄酮含量的影响。试验采用3个UV-B辐射强度(2.5 kJ·m^-2、5.0 kJ·m^-2和7.5 kJ·m^-2)、2个稻瘟病菌生理小种(Y98-16T和Y99-63C)对水稻(品种为“黄壳糯”和“合系41”)幼苗叶片进行处理, 测定水稻幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量的变化。结果表明: “黄壳糯”幼苗叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量在2.5 kJ·m^-2和5.0 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射条件下显著增加, 而在7.5 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射条件下显著降低; 2.5~7.5 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射导致“合系41”的类黄酮含量显著增加, 5.0 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射导致“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著增加, 其他UV-B辐射条件下“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性增加不显著。接种稻瘟病菌Y98-16T导致“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量显著增加, “黄壳糯”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性降低, 类黄酮含量增加; 而接种稻瘟病菌Y99-63C显著降低了“黄壳糯”和“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量。UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌联合作用导致“黄壳糯”苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量总体表现出降低的趋势, 而“合系41” 苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量一定程度上具有稳定或上升的趋势。总的来讲, UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌联合作用导致“黄壳糯”敏感性增加, 而“合系41”抗性增强。     

过量施用磷肥对红壤发育的水稻土化学性质的影响及其与水稻生长的关系

A filed experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejing Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P(15 kg P hm^-2)could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice,the contents of N,P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages,and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains,which,was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced,non-reduced and total sugar in the shoot at the heading stage, And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate, P de to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousead grains. In addition,one-time excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm^-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial(3.74mg kg^-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotaion,and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilzer P.Thus,one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.     

Gaseous carbon emission in relation to soil carbon fractions and microbial diversities as affected by organic amendments in tropical rice soil

The interactive effects of moisture and organic amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), crop residue (CR) and green manure (GM) (Sesbania aculeata) on gaseous carbon (C) emission, soil labile C fractions, enzymatic activities and microbial diversity in tropical, flooded rice soil were investigated. The amendments were applied on equal C basis in two moisture regimes, that is, aerobic and submergence conditions. The CO₂ production was significantly higher by 22% in aerobic than in submergence condition; on the contrary, the CH₄ production was 27% higher under submergence condition. The labile C fractions were significantly higher in GM by 26% under aerobic and 30% under submergence conditions, respectively, than control (without any kind of fertilizer or amendments). Eubacterial diversity identified by PCR-DGGE method (polymerase chain reaction coupled with denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis) was higher under GM followed by FYM, CR, and control and it is pronounced in submerged condition. GM favored the labile C accumulation and biological activities under both submergence and aerobic conditions, which makes it most active for soil–plant interactions compared to other organic amendments. Considering environmental sustainability, the use of GM is the better adoptable option, which could enhance labile C pools, microbial diversities in soil and keep soil biologically more active.     

N2 fixation in two Sesbania species and its transfer to rice (Oryza sativa L.) as revealed by 15N technology

Summary We used ¹⁵N technology to investigate N₂ fixation by Sesbania speciosa and Sesbania rostrata and its transfer to a lowland rice crop after incorporation of the Sesbania spp. into soil as green manure. During the first 50 days after establishment in November–December 1989, S. speciosa and S. rostrata produced 1126 and 923 kg dry matter ha^-1 respectively. They gathered 31 and 23 kg N ha^-1 respectively, of which 62%±5% and 55%±3% respectively, came from N₂ fixation. Both these species produced a greater biomass during September–October 1989, with S. rostrata producing more than S. speciosa. These results reflected differential responses by the plants to different day lengths at different times of the year. Furthermore, the dry matter yield and %N of ¹⁵N-labelled S. speciosa were smaller than those of the unlabelled plants, possibly due to inhibition of N₂ fixation in root nodules by the chemical N fertilizers added during labelling. These differences were not so pronounced in the stem-nodulated S. rostrata. The increased grain yield of rice fertilized with N in the form of chemical fertilizer or green manure was a result of an increased number of panicles per hill. The rice crop manured with S. speciosa produced a lower grain yield, with a lower grain weight than that manured with S. rostrata. This was due to a low uptake of soil N by rice manured with S. speciosa. Recovery of N from the green manure in rice straw with S. speciosa was significantly higher than from rice manured with S. rostrata, because of the higher applied N uptake by rice manured with the former.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on methane and carbon dioxide production potential in relation to labile carbon pools in tropical flooded rice soils in eastern India

In an incubation experiment with flooded rice soil fertilized with different N amounts and sampled at different rice stages, the methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in relation to soil labile carbon (C) pools under two temperature (35°C and 45°C) and moisture (aerobic and submerged) regimes were investigated. The field treatments imposed in the wet season included unfertilized control and 40, 80 and 120 kg ha^?1 N fertilization. The production of CH₄ was significantly higher (27%) under submerged compared to aerobic conditions, whereas CO₂ production was significantly increased under aerobic by 21% compared to submerged conditions. The average labile C pools were significantly increased by 21% at the highest dose of N (120 kg ha^?1) compared to control and was found highest at rice panicle initiation stage. But the grain yield had significantly responded only up to 80 kg ha^?1 N, although soil labile C as well as gaseous C emission was noticed to be highest at 120 kg ha^?1 N. Hence, 80 kg N ha^?1 is a better option in the wet season at low land tropical flooded rice in eastern India for sustaining grain yield and minimizing potential emission of CO₂ and CH₄.