罗氏沼虾养殖技术

罗氏沼虾又名马来西亚大虾,原产于东南亚国家,属热带河口性淡水虾。具有生长快、个体大、食性广、疾病少、养殖周期短和商品价值高等特点。70年代世界各地广泛引种进行试养。 1.罗氏沼虾的生活习性罗氏沼虾是生活在热带地区的淡水虾,天然水域中的罗氏沼虾具有生殖洄游习性,     

罗氏沼虾和海南沼虾网箱饲养可行性初探

网箱养鱼已为世人所熟知,网箱养日本沼虾和罗氏沼虾亦已有报道。网箱中混养罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbegii)和海南沼虾(M.hainanense)情况若何?多层网箱混养情况又如何?皆为作者所关心。为此我们于1989年进行了这两种淡水虾网箱饲养可行性的初步探索。     

罗氏沼虾育苗水质控制的初步研究

本次试验过程是在湖州市鱼种场进行的。该场四周有外河包围,育苗用水的蓄水池附近建有一猪棚,经过３个月５批沼虾苗的生长情况以及水质变化的关系,笔者观察到在３个时段（４月７日－４月２０日,４月２１日－５月１０日,５月１１日－６月５日）,水质不同情况（良好、恶化、改良）下的虾苗生长情况,发现水质对育苗有极大关系,一旦水质恶化可造成育苗的巨大损失,出现大批死苗,在这种情况下,及时采用一定方法改良水质,可收到明显效果。１材料与方法湖州市鱼种场沼虾育苗用水在育苗过程中,每隔４－６ｄ翻池一次,每隔３ｄ轮流用痢特…     

罗氏沼虾在苏北落户

1989年从无锡引进了罗氏沼虾亲虾。白驹养鳗场利用温室养鳗池进行越冬保种,今年人工育苗成功。5月20日用2.4亩鱼种池放养0.54万尾自繁虾苗,10月11日起捕,捕鱼177.08公斤/亩;收虾2172尾,亩产22.5公斤,成活率达40.22%,规格24.86克/尾。在     

罗氏沼虾的工厂化育苗

罗氏沼虾Macrobrachium rosenbergii Aeman,又名马来西亚大虾,是一种大型淡水虾,原产于热带、亚热带一些国家和地区,其适温范围与罗非鱼基本相同.因具有生长快、个体大、食性广、营养价值高、养殖周期短等特点,引起了世界上许多国家的重视.我国于1976年引进,1977年在广西人工繁育成功。为探讨在北方地区育苗和养殖的可行性,作     

日本沼虾体表寄生物对胚胎附着的影响

用扫描电镜技术研究了体表寄生物对日本沼虾（Macrobrachium nipponense)受精卵（胚胎）附着的影响，发现在流产个体1－4对腹肢原肢与内肢的表面密布钟虫类原生动物，这些寄生原生动物影响粘液腺的分泌活动，使其不能正常分泌粘液，受精卵的被膜、卵柄及卵索均不能正常形成，卵与卵之间的摩擦力加大，胚胎供氧困难，最终导致死胎和流产，体表寄生物是造成养殖日本沼虾胚胎提早脱落的重要原因之一。     

罗氏沼虾成虾的疾病防治

介绍了在罗氏沼虾成虾养殖过程中，经常发生的褐斑病、自发性肌肉坏死病、黑瘤病、血细胞肠炎病、肝胰脏饱和脂肪贮存病、白虾病的发病情况及病症、病因和防治方法。     

超低温保存对罗氏沼虾胚胎几种酶活性的影响

研究了超低温冷冻保存(-196℃)对罗氏沼虾胚胎内总三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)、肌酸激酶(CK)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)等酶活性的影响。运用试剂盒分别测定了冷冻前后罗氏沼虾胚胎内酶活性的变化。结果表明,经过超低温冷冻保存后,胚胎内7种酶的活性均显著下降(P0.05),其中总ATPase、CK、LDH和SDH的活性分别从冻前的1.322±0.162 U/mg prot、0.404±0.015 U/mg prot、352.225±23.214 U/gprot和2.067±0.139 U/mg prot下降到0.087±0.003 U/mg prot、0.010±0.002 U/mg prot、5.890±0.658 U/gprot和0.552±0.138 U/mg prot;SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性分别从冻前的19.217±0.677 U/mg prot、3.587±0.233 U/mg prot和7.626±1.106 U/(min.mg)下降至3.579±0.234 U/mg prot、1.773±0.227 U/mg prot和1.524±0.096 U/(min.mg);MDA的活性从1.015±0.038 n mol/mg prot上升到20.937±0.320 n mol/mgprot,超低温冷冻对罗氏沼虾胚胎酶活性有显著性影响。     

Engulfed pathogen-induced apoptosis in haemocytes of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Haemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were investigated for the induction of apoptosis after phagocytosis of pathogenic yeasts, bacteria and non-pathogenic latex beads in vitro. Isolated haemocytes of M. rosenbergii were cultured at a ratio of 1:50 haemocytes to pathogen with the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii, the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila or Enterococcus faecium, or with latex beads at 25 degrees C for 2 h, followed by washing to remove free particles. At least 200 haemocytes were counted to determine the phagocytosis rate, and the results showed that haemocytes engulfed latex beads at a higher rate than the aquatic pathogens. By transmission electron microscopy, the yeast- or bacterium-engulfing haemocytes displayed morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis, including formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles, chromatin condensation and fragmentation of nuclei. This pathogen-induced apoptosis was further confirmed by DNA laddering and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick-end-labelling) assays. Neither haemocytes treated with latex beads nor uninfected haemocytes (control group) showed signs of apoptosis after 48 h in culture.     

Effect of various medium compositions on survival and hatching rates of embryos of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii cultured in vitro

SUMMARY: The effectiveness of in vitro embryo culture of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii depended on the age of the embryos at the onset of culture and on the concentrations of various compositions in the medium. Embryos that started being cultured on day 0.5 after oviposition were more sensitive to variations in the medium compositions than those that started being cultured on day 10.5 after oviposition. An optimal NaCl level was essential for embryonic development, survival, hatching and survival of the newly hatched larvae. Variations of NaCl or KCl levels dramatically altered embryonic development, and variation of the MgCl₂ + MgSO₄ level significantly lowered survival of the embryos that started being cultured at the early stage of development. In contrast, no significant change in embryonic development was observed upon variation of the CaCl₂ level. Hatching of the embryos required the presence of NaCl and CaCl₂ but not KCl or MgCl₂ + MgSO₄. The ionic requirements of the newly hatched larvae differed from that of the developing embryos. Variations of NaCl, KCl or CaCl₂ but not MgCl₂ + MgSO₄ levels significantly influenced the survival of the newly hatched larvae.     

外源Fe3+诱导罗氏沼虾铁蛋白mRNA的表达

探讨铁蛋白ferritin基因在罗氏沼虾中的组织表达分布及外源Fe3+对ferritin mRNA表达的影响。通过RT-PCR表明,ferritin mRNA在罗氏沼虾精巢、卵巢、肌肉、心脏、中肠腺和血淋巴中均有表达;荧光定量PCR结果证实了ferritin mRNA在中肠腺中表达量最高,其次是精巢。对罗氏沼虾进行FeCl3溶液肌肉注射后,荧光定量PCR结果表明,肌肉中ferritin mRNA表达量在注射后3 h增加了61倍,高水平的表达一直维持到8 h,随后在12 h表达量急剧地下降;卵巢中ferritin mRNA表达量在3 h有近4倍显著增加,在注射后48 h内一直维持在较高水平;心脏ferritin mRNA表达量在24 h后增加了8倍,48 h后表达量开始下降;在血淋巴、中肠腺和精巢注射前后均未发现有显著性差异(P>0.05)。以上实验结果表明,外源Fe3+可以诱导罗氏沼虾铁蛋白mRNA的表达。     

人工诱导罗氏沼虾同步产卵与卵巢组织学研究

运用保幼激素类似物－ＺＲ５１５诱导罗氏沼虾同步产卵进行了生产性规模试验，每性雌虾体钙点滴４０μｌＪＨＡ－ＺＲ５１５，通过体表渗稼促进卵巢成熟和产卵。药物处理后１６－１７天，产卵率为４１．８１％，较常规生产的自然产卵率提高５０．２３％。罗氏沼虾卵巢生物学和组织滂研究表明，性成熟后的任何发育阶段，卵巢中均存在由卵原细胞组成的生发带和卵黄发生卵母细胞。     

罗氏沼虾核型及长臂虾亚科核型演化关系的探讨

以略作改进的空气干燥法制备染色体标本，研究罗氏沼虾精巢细胞染色体数目，首次报道了其有丝分裂中期的详细核型。罗氏沼虾染色体数目ｎ＝５９，２ｎ＝１１８，依着线点位置及相对长度不同共划分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三个染色体组。     

Low-cost diet for monoculture of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) in Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted for 3 months in 12 experimental ponds, each of 30 m², with a view to develop a low‐cost diet for monoculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in ponds. Three experimental diets (30% protein) were formulated using fish meal, meat and bone meal, mustard oilcake, sesame meal and rice bran in different combinations partially replacing fish meal by meat and bone meal and sesame meal and assigned to treatments T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively. A commercial golda feed (Starter‐III) was assigned to T₄ (reference diet). Each treatment had three replicates. Juveniles of M. rosenbergii (2.90±0.21 g) were stocked at the rate of 40 000 ha⁻¹. Prawns were fed three times daily at the rate of 10% and 5% of their body weight at the beginning and for the last 2 months respectively. The ponds were provided with aeration during the night using air pumps. The ranges of water quality parameters recorded in different ponds were: temperature 28.9–32.5°C, dissolved oxygen 5.1–8.1 mg L⁻¹ and pH 6.4–7.7. The results showed that the weight gain of prawns fed diet 1 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those fed diets 2 and 3, but was not significantly different from those fed diet 4 (reference diet). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) values of diets ranged between 2.21 and 2.96 with diets 1 and 4 showing significantly lower (P<0.05) FCR values. The survivals (%) ranged between 68% and 78% with prawns fed diets 1 and 4 showing significantly higher survival. The production of prawn ranged between 921 and 1428 kg ha⁻¹ and diet 1 resulted in a significantly high (P<0.05) production. A simple economic analysis showed that diet 1 generated the maximum net profit of Tk 159 178 ha⁻¹. The results of the study showed that a diet containing 20% fish meal, 10% meat and bone meal, 15% mustard oilcake, 15% sesame meal, 35% rice bran, 4% molasses and 1% vitamin–mineral premixes may be recommended to the farmers for monoculture of M. rosenbergii in ponds.     

Long-term cryopreservation of spermatophore of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Long‐term cryopreservation of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, spermatophores using glycerol (Gly) and ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotective agents (CPAs) was studied. The tolerance of sperm to cryopreservation was evaluated on the basis of sperm survival and fertilizing ability. The survival of the sperm was determined by trypan blue staining, while the fertilizing ability was assessed from artificial insemination of the cryopreserved spermatophores. The rates of embryo survival on day 5 after spawning and of spermatophores capable of producing embryos survived to hatching were determined. Storage of spermatophores at ?20°C without CPA for a short period of up of 1–5 days decreased the sperm survival significantly and did not preserve fertilizing ability. Preservation at ?20°C in the presence of 10% or 20% Gly or of 10% or 20% EG offered a simple and efficient short‐term storage up to 10 days. For a long‐term storage, cryopreservation in the presence of 20% EG at ?196°C was more efficient than at ?20°C. High sperm survival rates and high fertilizing ability were recorded from those cryopreserved at ?196°C for up to 150 days. High sperm survival rates with moderate levels of fertilizing ability were obtained from those cryopreserved at ?20°C for not more than 30 days. The results indicate that preservation at ?196°C with 20% EG is a suitable procedure for long‐term storage of the giant freshwater prawn spermatophores.