罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植法,对尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的肾脏组织细胞进行原代培养,建立了罗非鱼肾脏细胞系,已稳定传代培养50代以上,命名为TiK。罗非鱼肾脏细胞系为纤维样细胞,其最佳培养基为DMEM,最适培养温度为28℃,最适血清浓度为15%。在最适培养条件下,罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的群体倍增时间为45.8 h。细胞经液氮冷冻保存6个月后进行复苏,经台盼蓝染色,约（89.84±3.48）%的细胞具有活性,复苏后细胞生长旺盛。染色体分析显示,第32代罗非鱼肾脏细胞系染色体数目分布在20~66之间,众数为48。使用本实验室分离鉴定的罗非鱼病毒感染罗非鱼肾脏细胞,可产生典型的细胞病变效应,表明罗非鱼肾脏细胞对该病毒敏感。该细胞系的建立为罗非鱼病毒病防控技术研究提供了重要的实验材料。     

橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼和荷那龙罗非鱼的染色体核型分析

采用体腔注射PHA-空气干燥法对橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus)和荷那龙罗非鱼(O.hornorum)染色体数量、形态和核型进行了分析和比较。结果显示:两种罗非鱼的二倍体染色体数目均为2n=44,都具有1对特大的染色体,未发现中部着丝粒染色体对和异型染色体。两种罗非鱼的染色体组型形态基本相似,它们的核型公式为2n=44,6sm+24st+14t,NF=50,用常规染色体染色的方法难以区分。研究结果表明,这两种罗非鱼的常规核型差异不显著,在分类地位上非常接近。     

尼罗罗非鱼鼠李糖凝集素 (RBL-1)在非特异性细胞防御病原菌感染中的功能

为了探究鼠李糖凝集素（Rhamnose-binding lectin, RBL）在硬骨鱼非特异性细胞防御病原菌感染中的作用,本研究以尼罗罗非鱼为研究模型,首先通过分离头肾单核/巨噬细胞进行体外菌应激实验,发现在罗非鱼两种重要的致病菌-无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）和嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）应激后,尼罗罗非鱼L-鼠李糖凝集素1（OnRBL-1）的表达量显著上调。然后,通过荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测发现OnRBL-1重组蛋白能够调节病原菌诱导细胞炎症因子的表达,包括显著抑制菌诱导的IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的表达,和促进IL-10和TGF-β的表达。此外,通过流式细胞术检测证实OnRBL-1具有促进单核/巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,同时增强呼吸爆发水平和上调活性氧的释放。以上研究结果表明,OnRBL-1在罗非鱼单核/巨噬细胞非特异性细胞防御中发挥重要的调节作用。本研究为探讨RBL-1在硬骨鱼宿主防御病原菌感染中的功能提供了参考,并有助于完善和丰富硬骨鱼类RBL的功能和在抗菌免疫应答中的基础理论体系,具有重要的科学意义。     

尼罗罗非鱼Smoothened的鉴定、表达模式及在精巢中的作用

为探究Smoothened (Smo)信号在精巢不同细胞增殖与存活中的作用,实验分离鉴定了尼罗罗非鱼smo (命名为Onsmo),检测了其在不同组织中的表达分布及在精巢中的细胞表达模式,在尼罗罗非鱼精巢组织的体外培养体系中,用Smo特异性激动剂SAG或抑制剂环巴胺分别进行处理,EdU掺入法及TUNEL法检测了处理后生殖细胞(Vasa⁺)、Sertoli细胞(Amh⁺)与Leydig细胞(Cyp17a1⁺)增殖或凋亡情况。结果显示,Onsmo开放阅读框全长2 478 bp,编码825个氨基酸,含有7次跨膜结构域,与人SMO氨基酸一致性达77%;Onsmo表达于包括精巢在内的多个组织;在精巢中,Onsmo在多种不同类型细胞表达,包括精原细胞、精母细胞、Sertoli细胞以及Leydig细胞;在精巢组织的体外培养体系中,SAG处理对精原细胞增殖具有显著促进作用,而环巴胺处理对Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞凋亡具有显著促进作用。研究表明,On Smo信号在尼罗罗非鱼精巢精原细胞增殖与体细胞存活中具有重要作用。该研究首次证实...     

BALB/c小鼠用于评价尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌毒力的研究

实验采用BALB/c小鼠作为实验动物,旨在建立尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌毒力测定的BALB/c小鼠模型。BALB/c小鼠经腹腔注射尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌建立感染模型,比较了尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌分别感染尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠的LD_(50)差异,分别测定了不同毒力尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌对尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠的毒力。结果显示,小鼠经腹腔注射无乳链球菌,在24 h内出现死亡现象,且对小鼠脑、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏等组织造成损伤。3次测定尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌TFJ0901对尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠LD_(50)分别为7.7×10~7、2.2×10~8、3.5×10~9 CFU/mL和405、361、419 CFU/只。将无乳链球菌TFJ0901和THN0901感染尼罗罗非鱼(1.0×10~7 CFU/mL)和小鼠(100 CFU/只),尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠存活率分别为100%、6.7%±5.8%和100%、0,其存活率都具有显著性差异。将无乳链球菌TFJ0901和TFJ-F感染尼罗罗非鱼(3.0×10~8 CFU/mL)和小鼠(2 500 CFU/只),尼罗罗非鱼的存活率分别为73.3%±11.5%和80.0%±10.0%,存活率差异不显著,小鼠存活率分别为13.3%±11.5%和100.0%,存活率具有显著性差异。研究表明,本实验成功建立了BALB/c小鼠作为尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌毒力测定的稳定模型,测定不同毒力的尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌对小鼠毒力与对尼罗罗非鱼毒力一致,且该模型能够区分尼罗罗非鱼模型难以区分的毒力相近的无乳链球菌。     

尼罗罗非鱼精巢支持细胞分离培养体系建立及优化

本研究分离培养尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)精巢支持细胞(Sertoli cells, SCs),建立并优化尼罗罗非鱼精巢支持细胞分离培养体系。无菌条件下,取发育至第Ⅲ期的尼罗罗非鱼精巢,PBS清洗后,剪碎精巢组织,0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,用含10%犊牛血清(Newborn bovine serum, NBS)的L-15培养液终止消化,过滤、离心,获得细胞。差速贴壁法获得SCs后,在26℃、无CO2饱和湿度恒温培养箱中培养。分别采用含10% NBS的L-15、M199、F12培养液,含5%、10%、15% NBS的L-15培养液,含1%罗非鱼血清的L-15+10% NBS培养液培养尼罗罗非鱼SCs。各组每2 d取细胞计数,绘制SCs生长曲线;甲基绿染色,倒置显微镜下观察SCs的形态。尼罗罗非鱼SCs培养1~2 d,细胞贴壁;培养3~5 d,细胞完全贴壁并迅速增殖。单个SCs呈不规则多边形,其核位于胞质中央,呈卵圆形,胞质中可见吞噬颗粒和空泡,空泡聚集于支持细胞胞质的两极或散布于核的四周。SCs在L-15培养液中贴壁生长,在F12、M199培养基中较难贴壁。与F12、M199培养液相比,L-15培养液更有助于尼罗罗非鱼SCs生长增殖(P<0.01)。与添加5%和15% NBS相比,在L-15培养基中添加10% NBS更有助于尼罗罗非鱼SCs生长增殖(P<0.05)。与未添加尼罗罗非鱼血清相比,在10% NBS+L-15培养中添加1%尼罗罗非鱼血清,能显著促进SCs生长增殖(P<0.05)。研究表明,采用胰酶消化差速贴壁法获得尼罗罗非鱼精巢支持细胞,10% NBS+1%罗非鱼血清+L-15培养液培养,能显著促进尼罗罗非鱼精巢支持细胞生长增殖。     

吉富罗非鱼(♀)与翘嘴鳜(♂)远缘杂交子代的遗传特征分析

为了探究吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus,GIFT)(♀)与翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)(♂)远缘杂交的可行性,对吉富罗非鱼(♀)×翘嘴鳜(♂)子代的胚胎发育、细胞遗传和分子遗传特征进行了初步研究。杂交子代的胚胎存活率仅为(0.34±0.13)%,通过流式细胞技术对正常存活个体进行了DNA相对含量分析,结果显示杂交子代的DNA含量和吉富罗非鱼的DNA含量无显著性差异。染色体数目和核型分析结果显示,杂交子代的染色体数目是2n=44,核型公式是6sm+24st+14t,染色体臂数(NF)=50。杂交子代的染色体数目与其母本相同,核型与其母本相似,二者与父本明显不同。细胞遗传和分子遗传特征的结果显示,吉富罗非鱼(♀)×翘嘴鳜(♂)子代属于雌核发育个体。     

橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼微卫星遗传多样性分析及其与尼罗罗非鱼差异位点的筛选

用33对在尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）中能有效扩增的微卫星引物,对橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus）进行PCR扩增,结果有32对引物能获得稳定的特异性条带,占总数的97．0％,其中15个微卫星位点具多态性,表明大部分尼罗罗非鱼的微卫星位点存在于橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼中。用具多态性的15个微卫星位点,对橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼30尾个体进行扩增分析,结果共检测到44个等位基因,大小在113～232bp之间,平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0．4308,平均观测杂合度（鼠）为0．5489,平均期望杂合度（垃）为0．5248,个体间平均遗传距离为0.3132,表明所选橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼群体遗传多样性较丰富,种群结构比较合理。本研究还对尼罗罗非鱼和橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼间特异位点进行了分析,发现有7个位点（UNH899、UNH208、UNH853、UNH876、UNH222、UNH933、UNH773）可有效区分莫桑比克罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼,可作为罗非鱼种质鉴定的分子标记。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：400-406]     

尼罗罗非鱼♀×萨罗罗非鱼♂杂交后代的遗传分离分析

应用微卫星标记对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)♀×萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)♂杂交后代(F1、F2)的遗传分离情况进行了初步研究.在86对微卫星引物中,筛选出21对在尼罗罗非鱼和萨罗罗非鱼中存在差异等位基因的特异性引物,共检测出59个等位基因,包含32个尼罗罗非鱼和24个萨罗罗非鱼特异等位基因.F1观测杂合度(Ho=0.998)大于 F2(Ho=0.739), F2有效等位基因数(Ne=2.48)、平均多态信息含量(PIC=0.497)与 F1的(Ne=2.45、PIC=0.489)相似.F1中所有位点均表现为尼罗罗非鱼与萨罗罗非鱼杂合基因型.F2中位点等位基因分离情况各异,通过卡方检验,有18个位点符合孟德尔遗传(P>0.05),2个位点GM145、UNH003表现为偏离孟德尔遗传(P<0.05),1个位点GM276不分离.在18个孟德尔遗传位点中, F2中尼罗罗非鱼特异等位基因频率为48.3%,萨罗罗非鱼特异等位基因频率为47.7%;基因型出现F1型、尼罗罗非鱼型、萨罗罗非鱼型的比例分别为58.2%、19.9%、21.9%.结果表明, F2较好地继承了F1的遗传杂合性,但也存在一定程度的分离.     

慢性盐度胁迫对吉丽罗非鱼(尼罗罗非鱼♀×萨罗罗非鱼♂)及其两亲本耐盐性的影响

为深入研究养殖新品种吉丽罗非鱼[尼罗罗非鱼(♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(♂)]的耐盐性能,对吉丽罗非鱼及其两个亲本尼罗罗非鱼和萨罗罗非鱼进行了慢性盐度胁迫实验,分析了3种罗非鱼耐盐性能的差异,建立了盐度胁迫过程中死亡率与致死盐度及时间的回归模型,结果显示:(1)3种罗非鱼的耐盐能力差异显著,吉丽罗非鱼的耐盐性能接近于萨罗罗非鱼,远高于尼罗罗非鱼,耐盐胁迫时3种罗非鱼的平均致死盐度分别为57.9、66.7和18.5.(2)盐度胁迫实验中尼罗罗非鱼个体间死亡时间差异最大,萨罗罗非鱼个体之间差异最小,吉丽罗非鱼介于其间;吉丽罗非鱼和萨罗罗非鱼死亡时间都有极显著的正态负偏移,离群值和极值较多,尼罗罗非鱼有较显著正态正偏移,只有离群值,没有极值.(3)3种罗非鱼盐度胁迫实验中死亡率与死亡时间及盐度之间的回归关系更适合一元回归,吉丽罗非鱼盐度胁迫实验中死亡率(y)与死亡时间(t)的回归模型为增长模型Y=e (-7.694+0.031t)(R2=0.979),死亡率(Y)与盐度(s)的回归模型为二次模型Y =0.542-0.037s +0.001s2(R2=0.950).     

Establishment and characterization of macrophage cell line from thymus of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)

A continuous cell line has been developed from thymus explants of Catla catla and the cells have been subcultured for 63 passages. The cells exhibited optimum growth at 30°C in L‐15 medium containing 15% foetal bovine serum. The cultured cells engulfed yeast cells and fluorescent latex beads. These cells produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and phorbol esters. The culture supernatant from the cultured cells had lysozyme activity and these cells demonstrated Fc receptors. Almost all the cells were positive for alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase enzyme suggesting that the cells are of macrophage lineage and therefore, the cell line was designated as catla thymus macrophage (CTM) cell line. CTM cells formed aggregates around zoospores of Aphanomyces invadans, but were unable to inhibit the germination of spores. The karyotype analysis of CTM cells at 25th passage revealed a typical diploid model with 50 chromosomes per cell. Partial amplification, sequencing and alignment of fragments of two mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 confirmed that the CTM cell line originated from C. catla. This cell line should be useful for studying the role of macrophages in differentiation and maturation of thymocytes and can be a source of macrophage‐specific enzymes and cytokines.     

Multiple haemoglobins in three tilapiine species of the genus Oreochromis and in eight strains of O. niloticus (L.)

Among three tilapiine species, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), O mossambicus (Peters) and O. niloticus (L.), fifteen banding positions of haemoglobin were resolved using citric acid-aminopropylmorpholine pH 7.0 buffer. O. mossambicus and O. aureus displayed 7 and 8 fixed band locations, respectively, whereas eight strains of O. niloticus from Asian cultured and African wild populations showed a total of 14. Variability in the O. niloticus strains, manifested as presence or absence of haemoglobin bands, was observed in banding positions 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13 and 14. Six banding positions in O. niloticus were shared with O. mossambicus and 8 with O. aureus. A dendrogram constructed from distance coefficients between popu-lation pairs using the presence or absence data showed the close affinity among O. niloticus strains belonging to the O. niloticus niloticus subspecies. A slight separation of Kenya O. niloticus from the O. niloticus niloticus strains is consistent with its subspecific distinction as O. niloticus vulcani. Among three species, O. niloticus had a closer affinity to O. aureus than to O. mossambicus. The phylogenetic relation-ships using differences in haemoglobin patterns and the higher genetic variability of O. niloticus reflect similar results obtained from existing studies using allozymes. In general, the presence of multiple fish haemoglobins is attributed to their adaptability to haeterogeneous environments. This attribute is typical of tilapias.     

Growth performance and use of natural food by Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in polyculture systems with Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker) and Cyprinus carpio (L.) in intensively cultivated rice fields

In the freshwater area of Vietnam's Mekong Delta, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker) and Cyprinus carpio (L.) are often reared together in rice fields. In this study, we report the results of eight such polyculture experiments, examining variables affecting the specific growth rate and the average daily food energy consumption of individual O. niloticus. The standing biomass of O. niloticus and the wild fish biomass had a negative impact on the specific growth rate, whereas added pig manure, extra feed and inorganic fertilizer had a positive effect. The standing biomass of O. niloticus and C. carpio, and the wild fish biomass had a negative impact on the consumption of natural feed. We inferred that O. niloticus mainly lacks food in rice fields. This results in intraspecific competition. As in rice fields, C. carpio has basically the same feeding niche as O. niloticus; we found interspecific competition between the two species. O. niloticus consumed relatively more food in the vegetative phase of the rice crop, probably because of a higher abundance of phytoplankton. To get higher growth of O. niloticus, we recommend that farmers increase nutrient inputs and stock O. niloticus according to the size of the trench adjoining the rice field and not according to the size of trench plus field as is generally done.     

脆肉尼罗罗非鱼与普通尼罗罗非鱼肌肉理化与营养特性的比较

脆肉罗非鱼是近年快速发展起来的特色淡水养殖产品,具有肉质爽脆、富有弹性、久煮不烂等优点,受到消费者的广泛欢迎。本研究主要是通过对脆肉尼罗罗非鱼与普通尼罗罗非鱼肌肉在质构特性、感官评价、基本化学成分、脂肪酸分布和游离氨基酸组成等进行比较研究,从而揭示脆肉尼罗罗非鱼与普通尼罗罗非鱼的肌肉理化与营养特性的差异。研究结果显示：脆肉尼罗罗非鱼肉的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性与普通尼罗罗非鱼差异显著（p<0.05）;脆肉尼罗罗非鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白和灰分与普通尼罗罗非鱼无明显差异,但水分含量显著降低,总脂含量显著升高（p<0.05）;脂肪酸组成分析显示脆肉罗非鱼肌肉中所含的多不饱和脂肪酸显著高于普通尼罗罗非鱼（p<0.05）,其中亚油酸、二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸分别是对比组的2.12、3.36和3.71倍,脆肉尼罗罗非鱼肌肉的游离必需氨基酸总量,显著高于普通尼罗罗非鱼（p<0.05）,但鲜味氨基酸甘氨酸略低于普通尼罗罗非。研究结果表明,脆肉尼罗罗非鱼和普通尼罗罗非鱼肌肉在质构特性、含水量、脂肪酸含量和游离氨基酸分布上都存在有明显的差异。     

尼罗罗非鱼制作传统上海熏鱼过程中的风味变化

为探究上海熏鱼制作过程中不同加工阶段风味物质的变化,本研究以尼罗罗非鱼肉为对象,通过高效液相色谱法、氨基酸自动分析法和固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术对上海熏鱼4个加工阶段(生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品)的风味物质进行分析和鉴定。结果显示,各阶段IMP含量呈逐渐上升趋势,是主要的鲜味核苷酸。游离氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量也逐渐升高,并呈显著性差异,其中天冬氨酸和谷氨酸对上海熏鱼风味影响最大。生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品中挥发性物质依次为50、84、78和82种,主要由醛类、酮类、醇类和烃类构成。因此,浸渍和油爆是上海熏鱼风味形成的主要原因,使得罗非鱼鱼体的腥味得以有效改善。     

Comparison of growth, fillet yield and proximate composition between Stirling Nile tilapia (wild type) (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) and red hybrid tilapia (Florida red tilapia×Stirling red O. niloticus) males

A comparison was made of some productive traits of Stirling Nile tilapia (wild type) (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) and red hybrid tilapia (Florida red tilapia× Stirling red O. niloticus) males during a 98‐day grow‐out period. Twenty‐two males from each genetic group with initial weights of 139.0 g for O. niloticus and 207.3 g for the red hybrid were placed in triplicate tanks. The fish were fed with a feed containing 36.8% crude protein. Survival was 97.0% for the red hybrid and 83.3% for O. niloticus. Daily individual weight gains were 2.95 and 2.50 g and final body weights were 473.0 and 348.8 g for the red hybrid and O. niloticus respectively. Fillet yield was similar for both the species, with 33.4% for the red hybrid and 32.0% for O. niloticus. Fresh fillet lipid content was perceptibly less in the red hybrid (0.33%) than in O. niloticus (2.07%). Some benefits of a red low‐fat tilapia genotype are discussed.     

Evaluation of some red tilapia strains for aquaculture: growth and colour segregation in hybrid progeny

Four red tilapia hybrids were evaluated for growth in earthen ponds and for colour distribution: ‘red’O. niloticus (L.) x O. niloticus (L.) or O. aureus (Steindachner). and O. niloticus or O. aureus x ‘white’ segregate of a Philippine red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). The best growth was obtained in the ‘red’O. niloticus x O. niloticus and O. aureusx‘white’ hybrids, although they constituted only a little over 50% males. Of these two hybrids, the former is all-red, while the latter segregates into 35% red and 65% less attractive bronze-coloured individuals. Ways for establishing all-male populations of these two hybrids, for possible improvement of their performance, are discussed. Incompatibility between ‘red’O. niloticus females and O. aureus males, limiting fry production of this hybrid, was observed. The few fish of this hybrid obtained and tested proved to be all-male and all-red.     

尼罗罗非鱼肠道及养殖环境中菌群结构与链球菌病的相关性

为研究尼罗罗非鱼肠道和池塘养殖环境中菌群结构变化与链球菌病暴发的相关性,实验采用16S r DNA高通量测序方法对比分析发病和健康池塘水体、底泥和尼罗罗非鱼肠道菌群的结构特征。结果显示,底泥中微生物多样性最高,水体和肠道中微生物多样性次之;肠道菌群与水体中菌群的相似性较高,而与底泥中菌群相似性较低;发病组的尼罗罗非鱼肠道和池塘底泥中微生物的多样性均低于健康组,而发病组池塘水体中微生物多样性高于健康组。OTU聚类分析发现,发病与健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道微生物差异极显著,大部分健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道微生物样品单独聚为一支。菌群结构组成分析结果表明,虽然发病组和健康组水体或底泥中优势菌群结构组成的差异较小,但在非优势菌群中存在一定差异,发病组水体中变形菌门和梭杆菌门的比例显著高于健康组水体,疣微菌门和浮霉菌门的丰度显著低于健康组水体;发病组池塘底泥中厌氧粘细菌属、甲烷丝菌属和枝芽孢菌属等具有降解有机质和生态修复功能,菌群的丰度显著低于健康组底泥,而具有致病能力的曼氏杆菌属丰度却显著高于健康组底泥。发病组尼罗罗非鱼肠道菌群中链球菌属、分枝杆菌属和曼氏杆菌属等致病菌群的丰度显著高于健康组尼罗罗非鱼肠道,而乳球菌属、鲸杆菌属和红球菌属等益生菌的丰度显著低于健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道。无乳链球菌普遍存在于发病和健康养殖环境,以及尼罗罗非鱼肠道中,无乳链球菌的丰度在发病和健康养殖环境之间无显著差异,但其在发病尼罗罗非鱼肠道中的丰度要显著高于健康组。研究表明,尼罗罗非鱼链球菌病发病池塘水体和底泥中有益菌丰度降低和致病菌丰度的升高反映其养殖环境出现恶化,尼罗罗非鱼链球菌病的暴发与肠道微生态平衡破坏后无乳链球菌丰度增加密切相关,但肠道中无乳链球菌丰度的剧增与养殖水体和底泥中该病原菌的丰度水平之间并无直接关联。     

Differential tissue accumulation of arsenic and heavy metals from diets in three edible fish species

Three different commercial fish species Odontesthes bonariensis, Rhamdia quelen and Oreochromis niloticus and fish feed were collected from four aquaculture farms. Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) and arsenic concentration were determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) in muscle, liver, gonad, skin, scale and fat from fish and in feed diets. Arsenic concentration was found in different tissues differing between species and within O. bonariensis. Cd was differentially accumulated in liver in O. bonariensis and R. quelen; however, in O. niloticus Cd was found in muscle and scales. Higher concentrations of Cr were determined in skin and scales of O. bonariensis and O. niloticus. Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were found in all tissues being Cu and Fe concentrations higher in liver. Mn was differentially accumulated in O. bonariensis scales, however in R. quelen no significant differences were found and in O. niloticus liver was the main accumulation tissue. Zn concentration was higher in gonad, skin and liver from R. quelen and O. bonariensis, and in O. niloticus the highest concentration was found in scales. All the results were below the international limits for food safety except for the concentration of Cd in muscle and scales of O. niloticus.     

Nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of fillets from wild-type Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) and a red hybrid (Florida red tilapia × red O. niloticus)

A comparison of composition and sensory evaluation were performed on fillets of Oreochromis niloticus (wild type) and red hybrid tilapia (RHT) (Florida red tilapia ♂× red O. niloticus♀). Fifty male tilapia, 25 O. niloticus (initial weight 159.3 g) and 25 red hybrid (initial weight 132.4 g), were placed in each of three 2.0 m³ volume tanks. The fish were fed a commercial feed containing 35.9% crude protein during the 120‐day experimental period and then killed in cold water (3°C). All the fish were filleted. Twelve fillets from each treatment were used for proximate analyses, five fillets from each treatment were used for fatty acids analyses and the remaining fillets were used for sensory evaluation. The compositional analyses showed similar moisture, true protein and ash content in both genetic groups, but a lower crude fat content was measured in the red hybrid fillets (0.70%) compared with that of O. niloticus fillets (0.97%). No differences between O. niloticus and the red hybrid were observed in their fillet profile of fatty acids. In the sensory evaluation test, a difference in fillet flavour between both genetic groups was perceived. Of the 112 consumers in the preference test, 81.2% perceived a difference in fillet flavour between the two tilapias, with a general preference for the red hybrid over the wild‐type O. niloticus. The benefits of cultivating a RHT with a low lipid content are discussed.