半滑舌鳎性腺分化的组织学观察

运用组织学方法,对半滑舌鳎性腺的发育和分化过程进行了观察。半滑舌鳎的性腺发育为雌雄异体的分化类型,可以分为3个阶段:性腺的原始阶段、性腺分化前期阶段和性腺分化完成阶段。在50日龄以前,原始性腺形成但未分化。62日龄,个体达到40.5mm时,一种性腺形成了成簇发育的原始细胞群,性腺迅速增大变宽,后来发育成为卵巢;另一种仍处于休止阶段,相对较小,后来发育为精巢。雌鱼在120日龄形成明显的卵巢腔,开始了细胞学的分化;精巢在100日龄精原细胞开始快速增殖,体细胞有丝分裂,形成输精管原基,在150日龄左右开始细胞学的分化,并形成精小叶,190日龄左右出现初级精母细胞,性腺分化基本完成。雌鱼性腺分化时期早于雄鱼。     

菊黄东方鲀性腺分化的组织学观察

运用组织切片法,对菊黄东方鲀性腺分化过程进行了观察。在40日龄前,原始性腺未分化。40日龄(21.60～24.71mm),约半数个体开始形成卵巢腔,分化为卵巢;其他约半数个体的性腺仍未分化。雌鱼在60日龄(35.51～43.60mm),形成封闭的卵巢腔;70日龄(46.30～54.75mm),卵原细胞形成卵母细胞;120日龄(94.83～107.29mm),产卵板充分发育,卵巢结构已近完善。雄鱼在60日龄(35.51～43.60mm),形成精小囊及精原细胞,开始分化;90日龄(71.59～80.54mm),形成精小管和精小叶;120日龄(94.83～107.29mm),初级精母细胞形成,性腺分化基本完成。雌鱼性腺分化时期早于雄鱼。     

福氏刺尻鱼性逆转的配对诱导及组织学观察

本研究通过人工配对方式对福氏刺尻鱼的性逆转进行了诱导,并从形态学和组织学层面对其性逆转过程和性腺发育进行了研究。结果表明,福氏刺尻鱼的性腺分为纯雌鱼卵巢、纯雄鱼精巢和雌雄（♀/♂）兼性期性腺3种类型。性腺均先分化为卵巢;性逆转发生于第II期卵巢阶段,通过1大1小配对诱导1~2周时,大个体雌鱼第II期卵巢停止发育并逐渐萎缩,在卵巢壁和产卵板上逐渐分化出雄性生殖细胞,性腺内雌雄生殖细胞共存,形成兼性期性腺,即为雌雄同体阶段;配对诱导3周后,兼性期性腺完全分化为早期精巢,完成性逆转,个体成为功能性雄鱼;配对诱导4周后,性逆转的雄鱼精巢和小个体雌鱼的卵巢发育成熟,开始排精产卵。本文还分析了福氏刺尻体长、体重与性逆转的关系,并对性逆转过程、特点及可能的诱导机制进行了探讨。研究结果可为开展福氏刺尻鱼人工繁育和性别控制技术研究提供理论指导,也为揭示其性腺发育及性逆转机制奠定了基础。     

尼罗罗非鱼性腺发育的研究

<正> 本文主要研究尼罗罗非鱼从刚孵出的仔鱼直至第一次性成熟的亲鱼,用组织学方法观察其性腺分化和发育的全过程。长江流域各地区尼罗罗非鱼性成熟日龄为130天左右。在合理的饲养条件下个体生长速度和性腺发育是随日龄的增长同时并进的,雌雄个体生长速度和性腺发育基本上同步,然而在达到性成熟产卵以后,雄鱼生长速度显著的超过雌鱼。     

神农架多鳞铲颌鱼繁殖生物学研究

研究了神农架多鳞铲颌鱼的繁殖生物学。生殖季节可凭"珠星"等副性征辨别雌雄,首次性成熟年龄雌鱼为3龄、雄鱼为2龄;雌雄性比为1.08∶1。繁殖期为每年的4月底至6月中旬,属多次性产卵类型。个体绝对繁殖力为1527~15875粒,平均为(5568±3172)粒;个体相对繁殖力为11~41粒/g,平均值为(27.14±7.46)粒/g。     

长春鳊性腺发育组织学观察

将3月龄、体长约3 cm的长春鳊（Parabramis pekinensis）,常规养殖在室外池塘（东经120°07’21.27",北纬31°57’32.75"）中,每月随机取30尾,测定体长、体质量等生物学指标后,解剖取出性腺,采用石蜡切片法研究其性腺发育的组织学。结果表明：长春鳊的性腺发育可分为6期,3月龄性腺开始分化,精巢为小叶型,发育略早于卵巢;卵巢发育的同步性较好,为分批同步型产卵鱼类。长江下游地区养殖的长春鳊性成熟年龄为25月龄,雌、雄鱼性成熟系数分别为（12.84±0.23）%和（1.87±0.13）%。     

基于天然XY雌鱼培育YY超雄尼罗罗非鱼的新方法

前期报道了利用尼罗罗非鱼LG22上性别连锁的分子标记检测到养殖群体存在天然XY雌鱼,但其能否用于培育YY超雄罗非鱼尚不清楚。本研究首先引入遗传性别受LG22染色体严格控制的CQ尼罗罗非鱼群体和具有天然XY雌鱼的WC群体,将CQ群体XY雄鱼与WC XY雌鱼杂交,检验杂交F1 YY超雄鱼是否可用于控制后代性别,并比较杂交F1 XY和YY罗非鱼体质量、性腺指数、血清激素水平和性腺基因表达情况。研究发现,CQ XY雄鱼和WC XY雌鱼交配,获得的F1 中具有25%的YY超雄鱼,经鉴定为全雄且可育。将F1 YY超雄鱼与WC XX雌鱼、WC XY雌鱼（母本）、杂交F1 XX雌鱼和CQ XX雌鱼交配,后代几乎全雄,仅在与F1 XX雌鱼交配后代中有2尾雌鱼（雄性率98%）。在孵化后180 d,杂交F1中XY和YY个体的体重、性腺指数、血清激素水平差异不显著。基因表达分析发现,YY鱼精巢中AmhX/AmhY mRNA表达显著高于XY鱼,而Dmrt1 和Cyp11b2 mRNA表达水平差异不显著。杂交F1 YY和XY鱼生理指标无明显差异。因此,采用尼罗罗非鱼天然XY雌鱼能够培育YY超雄鱼,且该YY超雄鱼能够用于罗非鱼性别控制。     

半滑舌鳎养殖群体中自然性逆转伪雄鱼的发现

利用雌性特异标记遗传性别鉴定技术,对71尾4龄半滑舌鳎的生理和遗传性别进行鉴定,结果显示32尾生理型雌鱼均能扩增出205bp的雌性特异条带;39尾生理型雄鱼,仅一尾鱼体重显著高于其他雄鱼并扩增出了雌性特异条带,因此这尾鱼遗传上为雌性,是一尾伪雄鱼。对养殖的600尾半滑舌鳎生理雄鱼大规模检测发现,养殖群体自然性逆转伪雄鱼比例为1.66%。对正常雌、雄鱼和1龄自然性逆转伪雄鱼的性腺组织学观察显示,与正常雄鱼相比,伪雄鱼性腺中也有大量的精母细胞,但数量比正常雄鱼的要略少;且未在伪雄鱼的性腺组织中观察到卵母细胞,说明半滑舌鳎性逆转发生在性腺分化期。半滑舌鳎自然性逆转现象的发现有助于解释当前半滑舌鳎养殖群体中雄性率偏高的现象,为半滑舌鳎全雌苗种生产提供了一条新的技术途径,并丰富了鱼类性别分化理论。     

乌鳢人工繁殖中关键问题分析

乌鳢雌、雄鱼性腺发育不完全同步,雄鱼迟于雌鱼;准确地鉴别雌鱼的性腺发育成熟程度的方法是用挖卵器挖卵检查;仔鱼成活率高低的关键是开口饵料供给是否及时和仔鱼能否获取足够的氧气。     

多鳞铲颌鱼肌肉中营养成分分析与品质评价

为了解多鳞铲颌鱼的营养价值并对其品质进行评价,取40尾人工养殖的多鳞铲颌鱼(25.8 ～42.6g/尾),对其肌肉中的营养成分进行了测定和分析.经测定,多鳞铲颌鱼肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量分别为76.60％、18.11％、3.01％和1.42％.该鱼肌肉中共含有18种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量为77.28％,其中...     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.