Supplementation of carbohydrases or phytase individually or in combination to diets for weanling and growing-finishing pigs

The overall objective of the studies reported here was to evaluate the growth and nutrient utilization responses of pigs to dietary supplementation of phytate- or nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. In Exp. 1, growth performance and nutrient digestibility responses of forty-eight 10-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of phytase or a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP) alone or in combination were evaluated. The growth response of one hundred fifty 23-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of phytase or xylanase individually or in combination was studied in Exp. 2 in a 6-wk growth trial, whereas Exp. 3 investigated the nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention responses of thirty 24-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of the same enzymes used in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, the pigs were used in a 28-d feeding trial. They were blocked by BW and sex and allocated to 6 dietary treatments. The treatments were a positive control (PC) diet; a negative control (NC) diet marginally deficient in P and DE; NC with phytase added at 500 or 1,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg; NC with xylanase at 2,500 units (U)/kg, amylase at 400 U/kg, and protease at 4,000 U/kg; and NC with a combination of phytase added at 500 FTU/kg and XAP as above. In Exp. 2 and 3, the 5 dietary treatments were positive control (PC), negative control (NC), NC plus 500 FTU of phytase/kg, NC plus 4,000 U of xylanase/kg, and NC plus phytase and xylanase. In Exp. 1, low levels of nonphytate P and DE in the NC diet depressed (P < 0.05) ADG of the pigs by 16%, but phytase linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG by up to 24% compared with NC. The cocktail of XAP alone had no effect on ADG of pigs, but the combination of XAP and phytase increased (P < 0.05) ADG by 17% compared with the NC treatment. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) in Ca and P digestibility in response to phytase. In Exp. 2, ADG was 7% greater in PC than NC (P < 0.05); there were no effects of enzyme addition on any response. In Exp. 3, addition of phytase alone or in combination with xylanase improved (P < 0.05) P digestibility. Phosphorus excretion was greatest (P < 0.01) in the PC and lowest (P < 0.05) in the diet with the combination of phytase and xylanase. The combination of phytase and xylanase improved P retention (P < 0.01) above the NC diet to a level similar to the PC diet. In conclusion, a combination of phytase and carbohydrases improved ADG in 10-kg but not 23-kg pigs, but was efficient in improving P digestibility in pigs of all ages.     

微生态制剂在生长肥育猪日粮的应用研究

本试验研究小麦杂粕型13粮添加微生态制剂对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响。试验选取体重50kg左右的健康杜×长×大三元杂交猪80头．按体重随机分为2个处理．每个处理4个重复。每个重复10头。对照组：抗生素组．试验组：微生态制剂替代部分抗生素组。结果表明：试验组的日增重显著高于对照组．料肉比低于对照组。生长肥育猪13粮中添加微生态制剂可以提高猪的生产性能,减少抗生素的使用。     

生长肥育猪营养需求模式试验

本试验设置三个营养水平验证20～35kg、35～60kg和60～90kg三个阶段杜×大×长肉猪的营养需求.试验结果表明,三个阶段各组的采食量无显著差异(p＞0.05).三个阶段高能组和中能组的日增重极显著(p＜0.01)或显著(p＜0.05)高于低能组,饲料转化率均极显著(p＜0.01)或显著(p＜0.05)优于低能组.在20～35kg阶段,高能组和中能组的日增重差异不显著(p＞0.05),但料重比的差异极显著(p＜0.01).在35～60kg阶段,高能组和中能组的日增重和料重比差异均不显著(p＞0.05).在60～90kg阶段,高能组和中能组的日增重和料重比差异均显著(p＜0.05).同时,用超声波测膘仪测量了猪的膘厚和眼肌深度,推算出胴体无脂瘦肉日增重.在20～60kg阶段,高能组和中能组极显著高于低能组(p＜0.01),高能组显著高于中能组(p＜0.05).在60～90kg阶段,高能组和中能组极显著高于低能组(p＜0.01),高能组和中能组差异不显著(p＞0.05).在20～90kg整个试验过程,高能组和中能组极显著高于低能组(p＜0.01),高能组和中能组差异不显著(p＞0.05).试验的结果显示NRC(1998)模型估测值基本符合我国瘦肉型肉猪生长需要,具有一定的实用价值,但对能量的估测值偏高,以本试验中能组的13.6MJ／kg比较符合我国的生产实际.     

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in diets for growing-finishing pigs: a cooperative study

An experiment involving 560 crossbred pigs (28 replications of 4 to 6 pigs per pen) was conducted at 9 research stations to assess the effects of dietary concentrations of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on pig performance and belly firmness. Fortified corn-soybean meal diets containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% DDGS were fed in 3 phases from 33 to 121 kg of BW. A common source of DDGS containing 90.1% DM, 26.3% CP, 0.96% Lys, 0.18% Trp, 9.4% crude fat, 34.6% NDF, 0.03% Ca, and 0.86% P was used at each station. Diets were formulated to contain 0.83, 0.70, and 0.58% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys during the 3 phases with diets changed at 60 and 91 kg of BW, respectively. The DDGS replaced corn and soybean meal, and up to 0.172% Lys and 0.041% Trp were added to maintain constant SID concentrations of Lys and Trp in each phase. At each station, 2 pigs from each pen in 2 replications were killed and a midline backfat core was obtained for fatty acid analysis and iodine value. In most instances, there were differences among stations (P < 0.01), but the station × treatment interactions were few. Body weight gain was linearly reduced in pigs fed the greater amounts of DDGS (0 to 45%) during phase I (950, 964, 921, and 920 g/d; P < 0.01) and over the entire experimental period (944, 953, 924, and 915 g/d; P = 0.03), but ADFI (2.73, 2.76, 2.68, and 2.70 kg) and G:F (347, 347, 345, and 341 g/kg) were not affected (P = 0.15 and P = 0.33, respectively) during the entire test. Backfat depth was reduced (linear, P < 0.02) by increasing amounts of DDGS (22.5, 22.7, 21.4, and 21.6 mm), but LM area (47.4, 47.4, 46.1, and 45.4 cm(2)) was not affected (P = 0.16) by treatments. Estimated carcass fat-free lean was 51.9, 52.2, 52.4, and 52.1% for 0 to 45% DDGS, respectively (linear, P = 0.06). Flex measures obtained at 6 stations indicated less firm bellies as dietary DDGS increased (lateral flex: 11.9, 8.6, 8.4, and 6.6 cm; linear, P < 0.001; vertical flex: 26.1, 27.4, 28.2, and 28.7 cm; linear, P < 0.003). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations in subcutaneous fat decreased linearly (P < 0.001) and PUFA concentrations increased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing DDGS in the diet. Iodine values in inner (61.1, 68.2, 74.7, and 82.2) and outer (67.9, 73.6, 79.6, and 85.8) backfat increased linearly (P < 0.001) as DDGS in the diet increased. In this study, feeding diets with 30 or 45% DDGS did not have major effects on growth performance, but resulted in softer bellies. Regression analysis indicated that iodine values increased 4.3 units for every 10 percentage unit inclusion of DDGS in the diet.     

小麦基础日粮中添加植酸酶-木聚糖酶对肥育猪能量代谢的影响

本试验研究了日粮中蛋白和磷含量、植酸酶和/或木聚糖酶的添加对生长肥育猪生长性能、养分消化率以及能量代谢的影响。减少日粮蛋白质含量可提高养分的消化率、猪的生长性能以及日粮净能。降低磷水平可以提高试验猪的产热,并且对所有参数具有负面影响的趋势。添加植酸酶可提高日增重和日粮能量代谢率。添加木聚糖酶可提高养分和能量的消化率,但对日粮净能没有影响。同时添加植酸酶和木聚糖酶并没叠加效应。     

Amino acid supplementation of meat meal in lysine-fortified, corn-based diets for growing-finishing pigs.

Three experiments involving 320 Yorkshire x Hampshire pigs were conducted to assess the effects of L-tryptophan additions to meat meal-supplemented, corn-based diets on rate and efficiency of growth of growing-finishing pigs. The meat meal used in Exp. 1 and 2 was a blend from two sources and that used in Exp. 3 was from a single source. A fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet (13.3% CP during the growing stage; 11.7 or 12.0% CP during the finishing stage), supplemented with .15 to .20% lysine (as L-lysine.HCl), was fed in each experiment. This diet was formulated to be adequate in dietary lysine (.75 to .80% during the growing stage; .65 to .71% during the finishing stage). Meat meal was added at 5 to 10% and was substituted for corn and soybean meal on a lysine basis. Diets containing meat meal were then supplemented with various levels (0 to .05%) of L-tryptophan. Levels of Ca and P were approximately the same across treatments, with levels based on the amounts provided by the highest level of meat meal in the diets. The pigs initially averaged 24, 29, and 45 kg of BW in the three experiments, and they were on test until they reached market weight (93 to 101 kg of BW). Pigs were switched from the growing to the finishing diet at 57 and 61 kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Feed intake, growth rate, and efficiency of feed utilization were reduced when meat meal was included in the diet, particularly at the higher dietary inclusion (10%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of using locally produced protein feed ingredients in low protein diets to single-phase-fed growing-finishing pigs

ABSTRACT

In two trials, 358 female and entire male pigs vaccinated against boar taint (YxH) were single-phase-fed with diets that were planned to contain 0.78?g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ net energy and 14.5?g SID CP/g SID lysine. A reference diet with soya bean meal (SBM) as the protein feed ingredient, was replaced with either cereal by-products (CBP), rapeseed meal (RSM), faba beans (FB) or mixtures of 50% CBP and 50% RSM (CBP?+?RSM) or 50% FB and 50% RSM (FB?+?RSM) in the experimental diets. Treatments had no effect (P?>?0.05) on daily weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass weight, lean meat content or dressing percentage and carcass value. Single-phase-fed pigs on diets with local protein ingredients can perform as well as single-phase-fed pigs on diets with soya bean meal, and CBP, RSM, FB have the potential to replace soya bean meal in nutritionally well-balanced diets to growing-finishing pigs.     

早籼稻谷酒精糟饲料养猪试验报告

随着早籼稻谷退出口粮和保护价收购范畴,早籼稻谷严重积压,早稻生产不断萎缩。如何开辟早籼稻谷新的利用领域是当前农业生产面临的新课题。中国种子集团公司与双峰县人民政府联合组织的“早籼稻谷燃料酒精和饲料联合生产新工艺研究”,旨在开辟早籼稻谷利用的新途径。稻谷酒精糟是燃料酒精生产的副产品,经化验其化学成分为(%)：水分13.4、粗蛋白质22.13、粗脂肪3.6、粗纤维20.9、粗灰分8、钙0.48、磷0.52、赖氨酸0.75、蛋氨酸0.65、胱氨酸0.46、苏氨酸1.12、苯丙氨酸1.74、亮氨酸3.48、异亮氨酸1.47、缬氨酸1.92、组氨酸0.66%、精氨酸1.36、酪氨酸……     

Effect of high temperature and low-protein diets on the performance of growing-finishing pigs

The effects of reducing CP level in combination with an increase in ambient temperature (29 vs 22 degrees C) on performance and carcass composition were studied in a factorial arrangement of treatments involving 66 Piétrain x (Landrace x Large White) barrows from 27 to 100 kg BW. Animals were fed at each temperature one of three experimental diets that provided 0.85 or 0.70 g of digestible lysine per megajoule of NE, in the growing (27 to 65 kg) and the finishing (65 to 100 kg) phases, respectively. Diet 1 was a corn, wheat, and soybean meal diet formulated without crystalline AA; CP levels were 20.3 and 17.6% for the growing and the finishing phases, respectively. In Diets 2 and 3, CP level was reduced by substituting part of the soybean meal with corn and wheat (Diet 2), or with corn, wheat, and 4% fat (Diet 3). Diets 2 and 3 were supplemented with AA and balanced according to the ideal protein concept. The CP levels of Diets 2 and 3 were, respectively, 15.8 and 16.3% in the growing phase, and 13.4 and 13.8% in the finishing phase. Pigs were housed individually and had free access to feed and water. The ADFI was measured daily, and animals were weighed weekly. Carcass composition was measured at slaughter (100 kg BW). Increasing ambient temperature from 22 to 29 degrees C resulted in a 15% reduction in ADFI and 13% lower ADG. Leaner carcasses (P < 0.01) were obtained at 29 degrees C (22.8 vs 24.8% carcass fat). At 22 degrees C, ADFI was lower (P < 0.05) for the low-CP diets, but daily NE intake, ADG, and carcass composition were not affected (P > 0.05). At 29 degrees C, ADFI was not different (P > 0.05) between diets and daily NE intake was higher (P < 0.05) with Diet 3 than with Diet 1, and the difference was more important during the finishing period than during the growing period. Using the model ADFI = a BWb, estimates of b were 0.65, 0.53, and 0.53 at 22 degrees C and 0.50, 0.44, and 0.50 at 29 degrees C, for Diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The higher NE intake for Diet 3 at 29 degrees C did not improve ADG (P > 0.05) but increased mainly fat deposition. These results indicate that a 4 percentage unit reduction of dietary CP level reduces N excretion (minus 37%) but does not affect growth and carcass composition as long as the ratio between essential AA and NE are kept optimal. In addition, diets with reduced CP limit the effect of high ambient temperature on ADFI. Finally, our results demonstrate the significance of using NE, rather than DE or ME, for formulating diets.     

生长肥育猪舍的环境管理

良好的猪舍环境是维持动物健康的基础,实现养猪生产节本增效的重要途径。文章结合生长肥育猪饲养的特点,解析生长肥育猪舍环境管理的意义和作用,系统综述了猪舍地面的清洁、猪舍空气清洁度及温度和湿度的调节、适宜的光照条件、有害生物防治和其他应激源的控制等方面的技术和应用情况,对如何深化改善猪舍环境管理提出了建议。     

饲料桑粉对生长育肥猪的营养价值评定

选取健康、胎次一致的杜长大三元杂交去势公猪6头,采用全收粪法进行消化试验,测定生长育肥猪对饲料桑粉的各常规营养成分的表观消化率和消化能,确定饲料桑粉对生长育肥猪的营养价值。结果表明,饲料桑粉的总能、总能表观消化率和表观消化能分别为15.70MJ/kg、68.04%和10.66MJ/kg;粗蛋白质含量、表观消化率和可消化粗蛋白质分别为20.04%,76.49%,15.33%;粗脂肪含量、表观消化率和可消化粗脂肪分别为3.55%,29.77%,1.06%;粗纤维含量、表观消化率和可消化粗纤维分别为17.18%,31.52%,5.41%;无氮浸出物含量、表观消化率和可消化无氮浸出物分别为36.64%,81.91%,33.08%。结果提示,饲料桑粉是一种营养价值较高的饲料资源。     

Dietary sodium and chloride levels for growing-finishing pigs

The performance and the physiological and metabolic consequences of three dietary levels of Na (.03, .09 and .18%) and of Cl (.08, .17 and .32%) arranged factorially were determined in growing-finishing pigs (36 to 89 kg). Average daily gain and feed efficiency of pigs fed .03% Na were lower than pigs fed .09 or .18% Na. Gain:feed ratio of pigs fed .32 or .17% Cl was greater than that of pigs fed .08% Cl during the finishing phase (58 to 89 kg) but not during the growing phase. Increasing dietary Cl levels increased average daily feed intake and gain:feed ratio of pigs fed .03% Na, but had no effect at the higher levels of Na. Plasma Na and Cl were lower (P less than .05) while plasma K (P less than .01), total protein, (P less than .04), albumin (P less than .07) and urea N (P less than .03) were higher in pigs fed .03% Na compared with those fed .09 or .18% Na. Increasing the dietary levels of Cl decreased urea N (P less than .05). Plasma lysine:arginine ratio increased as dietary Cl increased in pigs fed .18% Na diets, but not in pigs fed .03 or .09% Na. The urea cycle intermediate ornithine was highest in the plasma of pigs fed .18% Na. Dietary Na and Cl seem to interact to affect both plasma electrolytes and basic amino acid metabolism.     

微颗粒饲料的研究与应用

微颗粒配合饲料又名人工浮游生物，美国科学家自 20世纪 60年代率先进行这方面的研制和生产，一些水产研究发达国家如日本、美国、英国等已开始生产和销售微颗粒饲料。随着研究的深入，微颗粒配合饲料在营养和性状上越来越完善，其适口性、水中悬浮性和稳定性越来越好，特别是针对鱼、虾、蟹及贝类幼体的生长特性、营养需求，配制生产专用的微颗粒饲料，经过与轮虫、卤虫并用到完全替代轮虫和卤虫，微颗粒配合饲料的研究和应用取得了突破性进展。目前，微颗粒配合饲料可以单独使用，也可与浮游生物混合使用进行育苗生产，因此具有广阔的应用…