黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌的致病力分化与AFLP分析

为了明确黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌遗传多样性,为水稻抗病育种和水稻纹枯病的综合防治提供依据。本文对采自13个水稻种植地区的29个水稻纹枯病菌菌株进行了致病力测定和AFLP分析。结果表明9对AFLP引物对供试菌株扩增出396条带,其中多态性带187条,占总扩增带数的47.22%。黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌的遗传距离变化在0.50~0.92之间,平均为0.71,群体遗传多样性较为丰富。UPGMA法可以将供试菌株分成4个AFLP聚类组群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ),相同地理来源的菌株基本上聚集在同一组群内,表明AFLP类群划分与菌株的地理来源有较强的相关性。黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌致病性分化较为明显,并且AFLP类群划分与菌株的致病性鉴定之间存在一定相关性。     

广西玉米纹枯病菌培养性状及其致病力研究

从广西玉米主产区的8个县市秋玉米的纹枯病病株中分离出8个玉米纹枯病菌株,经生物性状的观察和菌丝融合群测定表明,它们都属于立枯丝核菌AGk-1-IA融合群;腐生定殖能力和致病力测定表明,菌株GX4、GX1的腐生定殖能力和致病力最强。     

江苏玉米纹枯菌的菌丝融合群及致病力

 玉米纹枯病是江苏省春、夏玉米上近年来发生普遍、危害日重的一种病害。该病是由丝核属(Rhizoctonia DC.ex Fr.)真菌侵染引起的,丝核菌可分为不同的菌丝融合群,不同融合群的致病力存在明显差异,在麦类纹枯病菌的研究中已得到证实。     

水稻、小麦、玉米纹枯病菌和棉花立枯病菌对小麦的致病力比较

 禾谷类作物纹枯病和棉花立枯病是重要的土传病害。生产上普遍有水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花轮、套作的习惯。     

几种除草剂对水稻纹枯病菌的影响

研究了丁草胺、环庚草醚、草甘膦、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆和环丙嘧磺隆6种除草剂对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的影响。结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,6种除草剂均能抑制菌丝生长,减少菌核形成数量,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强,但在较高浓度范围内,除草剂可增加菌核体积;吡嘧磺隆在5μg/ml、环丙嘧磺隆在10μg/ml时可增加菌核形成数量;在含除草剂培养基上产生的菌核都可萌发。     

河南省小麦纹枯病菌的群体组成及其致病力分化研究摇

纹枯病已成为我国小麦生产的主要障碍之一.许多学者研究表明,我国小麦纹枯病菌优势菌群为禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis),其中主要为AG-D融合群,其次还包括AG-A、AG-R、AG-E、AG-Bo融合群和立枯丝核菌(R.solani)的AG-2、AG-4及AG-5融合群等[1].     

微重力对扩展青霉孢子萌发、菌丝生长和致病力的影响

 After being onto 22nd recoverable satellite of China for 18-day spaceflight under microgravity condition,me growth and pathogenicity of PeniciUium expansum were investigated.Spore germination rate of the spaceflight pathogen was insignificantly lower than that of the ground control.After germination,germ tube elongation of spaceflight pathogen was slower,as well as mycelia growth.However,there was no significant difference according to independent-samples T-test.The consistent results were obtained in vivo.The space. flight pathogen exhibited a little weaker pathogenicity in peach fruit.These findings suggested that the microgravity reduced the growth and pathogenicity of P.expansum.but the effect Was not marked.     

水稻纹枯病菌不致病菌株基因组重测序以及致病力相关基因分析

水稻纹枯病是水稻世界三大病害之一,严重影响水稻的产量与质量,揭示水稻纹枯病菌的致病机理对于防治水稻纹枯病具有重要意义。为此,本研究对立枯丝核菌AG1 IA的自然突变不致病菌株Rs3的形态和组织病理学研究以及基因组重测序分析其关键致病基因的突变,探寻其致病力丧失的原因。研究结果显示,与野生型AG1 IA相比,不致病菌株Rs3具有生长慢、接种水稻叶片不产生侵染附着结构,以及不导致水稻产生坏死病斑等生物学特点。而重测序结果分析显示,与野生型AG1 IA相比,不致病菌株Rs3的基因组范围内存在大量的突变,包括SNP和Indel,其中涉及与菌丝生长相关的actin基因,致病相关的cAMP通路、MAPK通路和钙离子信号等通路基因,以及效应因子相关基因。本研究通过对水稻纹枯病菌不致病菌株的组织病理学差异以及基因组层面上的基因突变分析,从菌株对寄主的识别、侵染生长和致病信号通路方面揭示了Rs3致病力丧失的可能原因,为后续纹枯病菌关键致病因子的发病机理研究奠定基础。     

稻纹枯病菌菌株与水稻品种的致病互作分析

 用离体叶接种方法进行稻纹枯病菌群体致病力和水稻抗病力测定,将结果进行统计学分析及图解分析发现,病菌群体的致病力呈现连续变异的数量性状特征,服从正态分布;菌株与品种的致病互作中,菌株间的差异、品种间的差异、以及菌株-品种互作间的差异均达到极显著水平,但互作效应对致病反应的变异所起的作用很小,致病反应的变异主要由菌株效应的差异或者品种效应的差异造成;大多数菌株在品种“中浙优1号”上的致病力排序与在“特优524”上的排序趋势是一致的;大多数品种对菌株2008-126-2的抗病力排序与对菌株2008-88-1的排序趋势是一致的。依结果认为寄主水稻的抗病力也服从正态分布。基于这些分布特征和致病互作特征,可以认为,一般要体现病害差异的试验,水稻寄主应选用中等抗病力的品种,病菌应选用中等致病力的菌株。抗病育种实践中,进行品种资源抗病性评价时,可采用二步行策略,第一步先用一个中等致病力菌株对所有品种先行鉴定,第二步用一个强致病力（或弱致病力）菌株对高抗病力（或低抗病力）的品种再行鉴定。同理,病菌材料的致病性评价也可采用二步行策略,第一步先用一个中等抗病力品种对所有菌株先行鉴定,第二步用一个高抗病力（或低抗病力）品种对强致病力（或弱致病力）的菌株再行鉴定。品种抗病性（或菌株的致病性）的鉴定结果可以采用正态分布函数计算法进行分组归类。     

丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用及对纹枯病的防治效果

为明确丙环唑对水稻纹枯病的防治作用,通过离体抑菌试验,温室盆钵试验和田间试验研究了丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用和对纹枯病的防治效果.离体抑菌试验表明,丙环唑能够强烈抑制水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的菌丝生长,EC50为0.045 μg/mL,并能够强烈抑制菌核产生,但不能抑制菌核萌发.温室试验表明,纹枯病菌经丙环唑处理后,致病力随药剂浓度提高而显著减弱;丙环唑可以很好地被水稻叶片和根系吸收,并输送到水稻的茎部和叶鞘;丙环唑对水稻纹枯病具有保护和治疗作用,400 μg/mL丙环唑处理水稻,抑制病斑长度分别达到82.16％和76.61％,并随药剂处理浓度的降低而降低;丙环唑对立枯丝核菌有较长的持效期,800 μg/mL处理水稻11 d后再接种的防效为40.10％.田间药效试验表明,25％的丙环唑乳油在有效剂量150 g/hm2下3次喷药后14 d的防效达到89.15％,丙环唑在本试验剂量范围内对水稻安全.表明丙环唑对水稻纹枯病有很好的防治作用,可为生产上防治水稻纹枯病和科学用药提供依据.     

Effects of granular nematicides on growth and microbial antagonism to Rhizoctonia solani

Effects of nematicides on growth and microbial antagonism toRhizoctonia solani were investigated as part of a study on the mechanisms involved in the increased incidence of this pathogen in nematicide-treated potato crops.Ethoprophos inhibited mycelial growth ofR. solani on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek Dox agar (CDA) and on water agar (WA). Aldicarb stimulated its growth on PDA up to 14% but not on CDA and WA. Oxamyl inhibited mycelial growth on CDA and WA, but not on PDA.Ethoprophos and aldicarb stimulated development of the mycoparasiteVerticillium biguttatum on cultures ofR. solani. The effect was dependent on the medium on which the host fungus was grown. ForRhizoctonia cultures on PDA, growth of the mycoparasite was highly promoted by aldicarb and to a lesser extent by ethoprophos. WhenR. solani was grown on CDA, the development of the mycoparasite was not affected by aldicarb, slightly stimulated by ethoprophos and slightly inhibited by oxamyl. On water agar, its development on the host mycelium was not affected.In field trials on sandy soil, nematicides encouragedV. biguttatum probably by increased availability of substrate (i.e.Rhizoctonia mycelium) perhaps through reduced activity of the mycophagous fauna.Soil fungistasis was increased by ethoprophos and to a lesser extent by aldicarb at very high doses. At normal field rates, no effects can be expected on fungistasis. So the increased stem and stolon infection of potatoes in nematicide-treated fields was not caused by a direct effect of the nematicides on growth ofR. solani or by suppressing the microbial antagonism.Samenvatting De invloed van granulaire nematiciden op de groei vanRhizoctonia solani en op het microbiële antagonisme tegen deze schimmel werd onderzocht in het kader van een studie over de mechanismen die een rol spelen bij de toename van de aantasting in een met nematiciden behandeld aardappelgewas.Ethoprofos remde de myceliumgroei vanR. solani op aardappeldextrose agar (PDA), Czapek Dox agar (CDA) en op wateragar (WA). Aldicarb stimuleerde op PDA de groei met maximaal 14%. Op CDA en WA werd geen effect van aldicarb waargenomen. Oxamyl veroorzaakte groeiremming op CDA en WA, maar niet op PDA.Ethoprofos en aldicarb stimuleerden de ontwikkeling van de mycoparasietVerticillium biguttatum op cultures vanR. solani. De mate van groeistimulering was afhankelijk van de voedingsbodem waarop de waard,R. solani, werd gekweekt. De groei vanV. biguttatum werd sterk gestimuleerd door aldicarb en in geringere mate door ethoprofos, wanneer de waard gekweekt werd op PDA. Aldicarb had geen effect op de mycoparasiet wanneerR. solani op CDA gekweekt werd, terwijl ethoprofos de groei wel iets stimuleerde en oxamyl een gering remmend effect had. Op WA werd geen effect van de nematiciden op het mycoparasitisme vastgesteld.In veldproeven op zandgrond stimuleerden de nematiciden het voorkomen vanV. biguttatum op de stolonen. Het effect werd waarschijnlijk veroorzaakt door een verhoogde substraat beschikbaarheid (d.w.z. mycelium vanR. solani). De verhoogde beschikbaarheid van dit mycelium kan samenhangen met een door nematiciden gereduceerde activiteit van de fungivore bodemfauna.De bodemfungistase werd verhoogd door ethoprofos en, in geringere mate, door aldicarb bij hogere doseringen. Bij de in de praktijk aanbevolen doseringen kan echter geen effect op de fungistase verwacht worden. De toename in stengel- en stolonaantasting van aardappelen, geteeld in met granulaire nematiciden behandelde percelen, kon niet worden toegeschreven aan een direct effect van de nematiciden op de groei vanR. solani of aan een vermindering van het microbiële antagonisme.     

Accumulation of hyperparasites of Rhizoctonia solani by addition of live mycelium of R. solani to soil

Addition of live mycelium ofRhizoctonia solani to three slightly, acid sands collected in winter from a field after a previous potato crop resulted in accumulation of hyperparasites and less infestation of sprouts of infected seed potatoes. A similar effect was observed in alkaline marine sandy loam soils, but only after a second addition of live mycelium. The predominant hyperparasite in these experiments wasVerticillium biguttatum.     

云南香石竹立枯病病原的鉴定及致病性研究

 27 Rhizoctonia solani isolates from carnation with damping-off symptoms were identified as anastomosis group AG-4 based on cultural characteristics and anastomosis in Yunnan.Sequence analysis of 5.8S rDNA-ITS of yx and tx presented 99% sequence similarity with AG-4 HGⅠtester isolate.Pathogenicity tests showed that isolates of AG-4 HG Ⅰ were pathogenic to carnation.This is the first record of damping-off of carnation caused by AG-4 HG Ⅰ in China.     

UV-B辐射增强对链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)生长、生理及致病力的影响

研究UV-B辐射增强对灯盏花(Erigeron breviscapus)叶斑病致病菌—链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的生长、生理及其致病力的影响,并探讨链格孢菌对UV-B辐射的响应机制。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强可延缓链格孢菌的生长,导致菌丝生长率、产孢量、纤维素酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低(p0.05),链格孢菌的致病力显著下降(p0.05)。同一UV-B辐射强度下,20～60min的辐射处理对链格孢菌的生长、生理及致病力的影响没有显著性差异(p0.05)。链格孢菌表现出形态学和生理生化方面的UV-B适应机制,来减轻UV-B辐射的损伤。经UV-B辐射处理后的病菌积累较多黑色素,菌落颜色加深,菌丝分布更加致密,菌丝干重显著增加(p0.05);并且,链格孢菌的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高(p0.05)。     

四川省不同寄主立枯丝核菌的遗传分化和致病力研究

 在四川省生态条件下,从不同水稻和玉米植株上分别分离到来源不同的立枯丝核致病菌15株和7株。致病力、菌丝融合实验结果表明,菌株均属于AG-11A群,各菌株间致病力差异显著。对分离菌株进行RAPD分析,结果显示,相似系数为0.92处菌株可聚合为5类,聚类分组和寄主来源有一定的相关性,来自相同寄主菌株的亲缘关系较近,不同寄主对立枯丝核菌的遗传分化有一定的影响,与病原菌的致病力差异没有直接的相关性。     

AsSod基因调控茄链格孢致病性及对胁迫的响应

由茄链格孢Alternaria solani引起的马铃薯早疫病是马铃薯生产上的重要病害之一,可导致马铃薯大面积减产,进而造成巨大的经济损失.本研究在获得缺失AsSod基因的茄链格孢突变株(ΔsSod)的基础上,对△sSod进行了不同的胁迫处理.结果 表明,相比于野生型菌株和回复株,突变株ΔAsSod对细胞壁胁迫因子SD...     

Anastomosis group and pathogenicity of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani from potato crops in South Australia

Isolates of Rhizoctonia collected from the stems, roots, tuber sclerotia and soil of potato crops in Virginia and Lenswood, South Australia, were identified to anastomosis groups (AG). Of the 301 multinucleate isolates of Rhizoctonia solani tested, 90% were AG-3, 7% were AG-4 and 2% were AG-5; 12 isolates were binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. This is the first report of isolates of AG-4 and AG-5 causing disease in potato crops in South Australia. All AG-3, AG-4 and AG-5 isolates tested caused rhizoctonia disease symptoms on the potato cultivar Coliban in pathogenicity trials conducted under glasshotise conditions. Both AG-3 and AG-5 isolates caused black scurf and stem cankers, although symptoms of black scurf were less severe with AG-5. AG-4 isolates produced the most severe stem and stolon cankers of all isolates tested. The pathogenicity of tuber-borne inoculum was confirmed by growing plants from sclerotia-infested tubers. AG-8 isolates from diseased barley and wheat produced severe root cankers and caused loss of feeder roots on inoculated potato plants. Results suggest that rhizoctonia disease in potato fields in South Australia is caused by a combination of different anastomosis groups and this has important implications for crop rotations.     

毒素在稻纹枯病菌致病中的作用分析

用水稻胚根生长抑制法测定了10个稻纹枯病菌菌株在寄主体外产生毒素的能力,发现不同菌株的产毒能力各不相同,且产毒量差异极显著。用水稻离体叶接种法测定了这10个菌株的致病力,结果表明：不同菌株的致病力也各不相同,且差异极显著。相关分析发现,菌株的体外产毒能力与致病力高度正相关（R =0.915 2）。这些结果表明：稻纹枯病菌毒素的分泌可能在其致病过程中起重要作用。     

黄绿木霉发酵液对水稻纹枯病菌作用的研究

利用黄绿木霉菌发酵液处理水稻纹枯病丝核菌,初步探讨了黄绿木霉菌发酵液对水稻纹枯病丝核菌的抑菌能力及抑菌机理。试验结果表明：黄绿木霉菌发酵液抑菌作用稳定,经121 ℃处理25 min后,抑菌率为100%; pH3～8的范围内抑菌率均为100%。经黄绿木霉菌发酵液处理的水稻纹枯病丝核菌菌丝电导率与呼吸强度几乎下降为0,光学显微镜观察到菌体形态发生变化,透射电镜下观察到细胞壁出现孔洞。用处理后的水稻纹枯病丝核菌菌丝接种水稻植株,发病率明显降低。