Leaf gas exchange, chloroplastic pigments and dry matter accumulation in castor bean (Ricinus communis L) seedlings subjected to salt stress conditions

Brazilian castor bean (Ricinus communis L) crops have expanded towards semiarid lands, in which soil salinity is an important factor limiting plant development. In order to evaluate the effects of salt stress on leaf gas exchange, pigments, and dry matter accumulation of seedlings, seeds of castor bean var. BRS Nordestina were planted in 15-L pots filled with 13 kg of soil (control) or with soil plus 2 g NaCl kg⁻¹ soil corresponding to 30 mM NaCl (salt treatment). Seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions and the effects of salinity were assessed by measuring physiological parameters at 38 and 59 days after germination. Salt treatment induced decreases in leaf water potential at pre-dawn (ψ_pd, 42%), stomatal conductance to water vapor (g_s, 36%), and net carbon assimilation rate (A, 24%) only at 38 days after germination. At the same time, the values for transpiration rate were unchanged and the hydraulic conductance was increased (34%). After 59 days under hypersalinity, leaf ψ_pd increased to −0.44 MPa, although g_s, A, transpiration rate, and hydraulic conductance were not different between treatments. Salt stress effects on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a + b contents were evident only on experimental day 59. The dry matter accumulation of leaves, roots and stems, as well as the total dry matter, and the root to above ground ratio increased with plant growth in both treatments, however, these parameters were lowered in salt-stressed seedlings. In short, all physiological variables were more drastically affected after 38 days under high salinity, and despite acclimatization of A after 59 days exposure to salt, no recovery of the dry matter accumulation was observed in the seedlings, suggesting that this species does not tolerate salt stress at its initial growth stages.     

Possible alternative utilization of Cynara spp.: I. Biomass, grain yield and chemical composition of grain

Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and cultivated cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.) are horticulturally important crop plants. These species have potential as biomass and oilseed crops. We field tested, for 3 years, two artichoke and two cardoon cultivars and one wild cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris Lam.) population on the Sicilian plain of Catania (37°27′ N, 15°04′ E, 10 m a.s.l.). On a 3-year average, the dry aboveground biomass resulted about 31 t ha⁻¹ in both cultivated cardoons, 18.8 t ha⁻¹ in wild cardoon, 13.7 t ha⁻¹ in globe artichoke ‘3/10 V.S.’ and 9.9 t ha⁻¹ in globe artichoke ‘374’ F₁. The caloric values of aboveground biomass (except for seeds), which was not significantly different among genotypes, ranged between 16 005 and 17 028 KJ kg⁻¹ of dry matter. The cultivated cardoon ‘Gigante di Lucca’ had the greatest grain yield (on 3-year average, 2.6 t ha⁻¹), whereas the two globe artichokes had the lowest yield (on 3-year average, 0.5 t ha⁻¹). Regardless of genotypes and years, the grains contain 20.1% crude protein, 24.4% oil, 18.5% crude fiber and 4.1% ash (dry weight basis). The grains of globe artichokes showed the highest crude protein content (21.6%), whereas those of cardoons the highest oil content (25.2%).     

嫁接和施氮量对冬瓜干物质、氮素积累及其氮代谢酶的影响

本研究通过开展嫁接栽培与施氮量对冬瓜干物质、氮素累积及其氮代谢酶的影响,明确冬瓜干物质、氮素积累动态规律和氮素吸收利用规律,旨在为冬瓜科学施肥提供理论依据.试验以'铁柱2号'冬瓜和'海砧1号'砧木为材料,试验为裂区设计,主区为栽培方式,分别为嫁接栽培和自根栽培2种栽培方式;副区为氮肥施用量,分别设置N0(0 kg/hm...     

Effects of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, polyoxin B (polar) and trifloxystrobin on germination and growth of Alternaria alternata and decay in red delicious apple fruit

Alternaria alternata is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for moldy-core in red delicious strains of apple. In this study, we report on the effects of the polyoxin B compound Polar, the strobilurin fungicides, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin, and the sterol inhibitor difenoconazole on spore germination, mycelial growth and fruit decay on detached fruits caused by A. alternata. Germination was most sensitive to polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin among the tested compounds. The 50% and 95% effective concentration (EC₅₀, and EC₉₅), values for in vitro inhibition of conidial germination of the fungus were lowest for polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin, ranging from <0.01 to 0.15 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml, respectively. Germination was least sensitive to difenoconazole and azoxystrobin (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values ranging from 25 to 72 μg/ml and 720 μg/ml, respectively). Mycelial growth in vitro of A. alternata was most sensitive to difenoconazole (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values of 0.8 and 12 μg/ml, respectively) and least sensitive to both strobilurin fungicides (EC₉₅>1000 μg/ml). Decay formation by A. alternata on mature detached fruits was most affected by trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values of 0.015–0.087 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively), intermidiate in sensitivity to Polyoxin B (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ from 1 to 33 μg/ml, respectively), and difenoconazole was the least effective (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ from 20 to 490 μg/ml, respectively). Polyoxin B applied at 24 or 48 h post-inoculation inhibited fruit decay development. Difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin were less effective and azoxystrobin was ineffective when applied at 48 h post inoculation. The activity of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, Polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin on one or more stages of the life cycle of A. alternata and on decay development in fruits suggests that these compounds potentially could provide control of moldy-core disease in apple.     

马来西亚产小果沉香所结沉香的GC-MS分析

采用乙醚超声萃取法提取马来西亚产小果沉香所结沉香的挥发性成分,运用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析其化学成分,并与马来西亚产白木香、柯拉斯那沉香和近全缘沉香结香样品进行对比分析。结果表明,小果沉香结香样品挥发性成分的组成的主要为5,8-二羟基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、对映-4(15)-桉叶烷-11-醇-1-酮、6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和(1β,4αβ,7β,8αβ)-八氢-7-[1-(羟甲基)乙烯基]-1,8α-二甲基萘-4α(2H)-醇（相对百分含量均超过10%）,栽培结香样品与野生结香样品区别较大,前者倍半萜类化合物相对百分含量明显高于色酮类化合物,而后者则是色酮类化合物相对百分含量高于倍半萜类化合物或相当,前者倍半萜和色酮种类均较多,其中倍半萜的种类也多于色酮类化合物,其相对百分含量也较高,色酮的种类较少,其相对百分含量也较低,而后者倍半萜和色酮的种类均较少,其中倍半萜的种类多于色酮类化合物,但相对百分含量较低,而色酮的种类少,但相对百分含量却较高。另外,有一种倍半萜类化学成分,即11,13-二羟基-9(10)-烯-8α,12-环氧艾里莫芬烷只在栽培小果沉香结香样品中检测到。此外,将小果沉香与白木香、柯拉斯那沉香、近全缘沉香结香样品中挥发性成分对比分析发现,其种类、相对百分含量与后三者均具有较大差异,所有样品中仅有2种共有成分,即5,8-二羟基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。     

田间补充灌溉施肥对菠萝生长、产量及水肥生产力的影响

为探明菠萝田间控水减肥效应及确定补充灌溉施肥水平,为粤西地区菠萝生产中节水节肥和提质增效提供依据。研究以金菠萝‘MD-2’为材料,设置无灌溉常规施肥（常规）,2个补灌W₁（-15~-35 kPa）和W₂（-35~-55 kPa）与3个肥料F₁（100%）、F₂（75%）和F₃（50%）梯度处理（F₁W₁、F₂W₁、F₃W₁、F₁W₂、F₂W₂、F₃W₂）,以无灌溉无施肥作为对照（CK）。研究菠萝光合面积、光合效率、干物质积累、经济性状、灌溉水生产力及肥料偏生产力对不同处理的响应。结果表明,补充灌溉施肥能够显著提高菠萝株高、叶长、叶宽、叶片数和植株干物质含量。水肥限制下,叶片数和叶长的减少是单株叶面积下降的主要因素,而光合面积的减小是干物质量下降的主要因素,菠萝植株生长受限来自于肥料减施和因干旱而导致的肥料利用受限。雨季干旱胁迫解除后叶片实际光化学效率（Φ_PSII）能够快速恢复,但营养生长期光合面积显著下降的不可逆转仍然导致果实干物质量和产量显著下降。补充灌溉施肥条件下肥料偏生产力表现为F₃>F₂>F₁,而果实田间产量和田间糖锤度均表现为F₃2≈F₁,因此确定F₂是最佳施肥水平;在F₂施肥水平下,水分生产力表现为W₂>W₁,但果实增产率和田间糖锤度在W₁和W₂之间差异不显著。因此,采用F₂W₂补充灌溉施肥方式可为菠萝生产中节水节肥和提质增效提供支撑。     

Marker-Assisted Pyramiding of Genes Conferring Resistance Against Bacterial Blight and Blast Diseases into Indian Rice Variety MTU1010

Two major bacterial blight(BB) resistance genes(Xa21 and xa13) and a major gene for blast resistance(Pi54) were introgressed into an Indian rice variety MTU1010 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Improved Samba Mahsuri(possessing Xa21 and xa13) and NLR145(possessing Pi54) were used as donor parents. Marker-assisted backcrossing was continued till BC2 generation wherein PCR based functional markers specific for the resistance genes were used for foreground selection and a set of parental polymorphic microsatellite markers were used for background selection at each stage of backcrossing. Selected BC2F1 plants from both crosses, having the highest recoveries of MTU1010 genome(90% and 92%, respectively), were intercrossed to obtain intercross F1(ICF1) plants, which were then selfed to generate 880 ICF2 plants possessing different combinations of the BB and blast resistance genes. Among the ICF2 plants, seven triple homozygous plants(xa13xa13Xa21Xa21Pi54Pi54) with recurrent parent genome recovery ranging from 82% to 92% were identified. All the seven ICF2 plants showed high resistance against the bacterial blight disease with a lesion lengths of only 0.53–2.28 cm, 1%–5% disease leaf areas and disease scoring values of ‘1' or ‘3'. The seven ICF2 plants were selfed to generate ICF3, which were then screened for blast resistance, and all were observed to be highly resistant to the diseases. Several ICF3 lines possessing high level of resistance against BB and blast, coupled with yield, grain quality and plant type on par with MTU1010 were identified and advanced for further selection and evaluation.     

不同比例红蓝光及光照强度对金线莲生理及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨LED光源在金线莲工厂化栽培中的应用,利用研发的具有不同比例红（R）、蓝光（B）的LED灯作为光源,以白色荧光灯为对照（CK）,设置以下5个试验处理,T₁：R/B(3/7), PPFD 20 μmol/(m²·s);T₂：R/B(7/3), PPFD 20 μmol/(m²·s);T₃：R/B(3/7), PPFD 30 μmol/(m²·s);T₄：R/B(7/3), PPFD 30 μmol/(m²·s);T₅：R/B(7/3), PPFD 50 μmol/(m²·s),研究不同比例红蓝光源及其光照强度对金线莲的生长、光合作用、叶绿素荧光反应和生理特性的影响。结果表明：与对照处理相比,T₄、T₅处理的金线莲株高、茎粗、植株干鲜重显著提高;T₅处理的金线莲叶片净光合速率显著高于其他处理,而T₁、T₃处理间差异不显著,但显著高于T₂、T₄处理。不同比例红蓝光处理下金线莲叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于对照处理,在相同的光照强度下,R/B(7/3)处理的金线莲叶片叶绿素含量大于R/B(3/7)处理。不同比例红蓝光源处理的金线莲叶片最大光化学效率、光系统II活性均显著高于对照处理;红光比例减少,蓝光比例增加,可降低金线莲叶片最大光化学效率、光系统II活性,同时光系统II实际光化学效率和光合电子传递效率也随之降低。T₂处理可有效提高金线莲叶片SOD和CAT活性,但POD活性降低;T₄处理下金线莲叶片POD和CAT活性降低,SOD活性升高;与对照相比,T₁处理的金线莲叶片MDA含量显著增加,较对照提高19.4%,而T₅处理与对照差异不显著。综合各处理金线莲生长来看,T₅处理R/B(7/3), PPFD 50 μmol/(m²·s)的金线莲生长最好,保持较高的光合速率及生理活性。     

温度和供氮形态对龙眼吸收氮素动力学的影响

研究龙眼幼苗在不同温度（10、15、20、25、30、35℃）和不同氮营养（硝态氮、3/4硝态氮+1/4铵态氮、1/2硝态氮+1/2铵态氮、1/4硝态氮+3/4铵态氮、铵态氮）供应条件下吸收氮素的动力学特征,比较龙眼吸氮能力变化,并探讨龙眼对氮形态的偏好性,为龙眼不同季节（物候期）选择适用氮肥形态提供依据。结果显示,温度和供氮形态对龙眼吸氮能力有显著影响（P<0.05）。在中低温度（10~25℃）等量供应硝态氮和铵态氮条件下,龙眼根系吸收氮素（硝态氮和铵态氮之和）的最大吸收速率（I_max）最高或较高,而亲和力（Am）和离子吸收补偿点（C_min）则随温度和氮形态变化不大,故此时龙眼吸氮能力强。在高温（30℃）且仅供应铵态氮时,根系具有最高I_max和A_m,同时C_min最低,最有利于龙眼吸氮。在极端高温（35℃）时将铵态氮和硝态氮以3∶1的比例配合供应,则I_max最高,A_m较高且C_min较低,有利龙眼对氮素的吸收。另外,等量硝态氮和铵态氮共存条件下,龙眼在低温（10~15℃）时吸收铵态氮的I_max更高、A_m更强而且C_min更低,明显偏好铵态氮;在中高温（20~35℃）时吸收硝态氮的I_max更高,但A_m更弱且C_min更高,对氮形态的偏好性不明显。对照华南龙眼生长物候期,建议在龙眼秋梢生长期施用铵态氮为主、硝态氮为辅;在花前至小果期可以1∶1的比例施用硝态氮和铵态氮;在果实膨大期,可全部施用铵态氮或以3∶1的比例施入铵态氮和硝态氮。     

Efficacy of insecticides against major insect pests of potatoes in hot climates of Peru

Soil-incorporated and foliar-applied insecticides, alone and in combination, were tested in two different tropical sites of Peru. At San Ramon (altitude 800 m) major pests during the wet season were Diabrotica spp. and Myzus persicae. Soil-incorporated insecticides gave protection against Diabrotica but not M. persicae, and yields were significantly lower with these compared with the foliar-applied insecticide, carbofuran. Mean yield was inversely and significantly correlated with mean number of Diabrotica individuals per plant (r=0·989; 0·01 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide, season, major pests were Phthorimaea operculella, M. persicae and Feltia spp. Mean yield was inversely correlated with mean number of larval mines by P. operculella on foliage (r=0·976;0·02 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide methomyl, reduced pest damage and increased yields significantly. The major pests during the dry season at Yurimagus (altitude 180m) were Diabrotica spp. Foliar application of carbaryl alone, or in combination with soil-incorporated insecticides, was equally effective in reducing damage and yield loss. An inverse significant correlation (r=0·985; 0·01<P<0·02) for yield vs. damage from Diabrotica spp. was observed.     

GA3对重瓣百合‘Carolina’生长及主要品质的影响

百合是花卉市场备受欢迎的球根花卉,花型美丽,花色淡雅,花香迷人,其中重瓣百合由于雄蕊退化、无花粉、花型优美、观赏期长等优点备受消费者青睐,本研究以东方型重瓣百合‘Carolina’为试材,采用6个不同浓度（50、100、200、400、600、800 mg/L）的GA₃对其进行叶面喷施处理,以清水为对照,通过测定其株高、茎粗及采后品质等指标,探讨GA₃对重瓣百合‘Carolina’生长及采后品质的影响。结果表明：栽培试验中400 mg/L GA₃对促进‘Carolina’株高、花苞长度、花朵开放率效果最好,分别比对照高10.40%、9.13%、17.78%,达到极显著差异;800 mg/L GA₃对‘Carolina’叶绿素相对含量的积累有促进作用;100 mg/L GA₃对‘Carolina’整株花期延长效果最佳,比对照长10.64%;在种球方面,800 mg/L GA₃对种球单个鲜重、总重量和平均根数的促进作用较好。瓶插期间,100 mg/L GA₃对延缓花枝鲜重、提高花苞开放率、延长单朵花期和整株花期效果最好;600 mg/L GA₃对延缓瓶插叶绿素相对含量和MDA的积累,提高SOD和POD酶活性作用最佳,达到极显著差异。综合比较来看,600 mg/L GA₃对重瓣百合‘Carolina’作用效果最佳,400 mg/L次之。     

砂仁茎叶和‘热研4号’王草混合青贮对其营养成分及发酵品质的影响

为有效利用热区农业废弃物砂仁茎叶及优质牧草资源,添加不同比例的砂仁茎叶与‘热研4号’王草混合青贮,研究其对王草营养成分和发酵品质的影响,筛选最佳混合青贮比例,以期提高饲料营养品质。按照完全随机设计试验,鲜重基础条件下,‘热研4号’王草和砂仁茎叶的混合比例依梯度分为100∶0（对照组）、90∶10（A₁组）、80∶20（A₂组）、70∶30（A₃组）,每组均加入10 mg/kg的EM菌,青贮30 d后开封进行检测分析。结果表明：各试验组乳酸（LA）/乙酸（AA）比值均大于2,均有少量丙酸（PA）和丁酸（BA）检出。A₂和A₃组感官品质为优良;随着砂仁茎叶比例升高,青贮料pH显著升高,各处理组的干物质（DM）、粗蛋白（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）和粗灰分（ASH）均呈现上升趋势;铵态氮/总氮（NH₃-N/TN）、LA和AA含量逐渐降低,且A₃组NH₃-N/TN显著低于CK和A₁组（P<0.05）;各处理组LA和AA含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但各处理组间LA和AA含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;A₃组的DM、CP、EE和ASH含量显著高于CK（P<0.05）,水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量显著低于CK（P<0.05）,且A₁、A₂和A₃组间差异不显著（P>0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量显著低于CK（P<0.05）;从营养价值和发酵品质考虑,建议砂仁茎叶与‘热研4号’王草以30∶70比例混合青贮较为适宜。     

Comparative toxicity of chlorfluazuron (IKI-7899) and cypermethrin to Spodoptera littoralis, Lobesia botrana and Drosophila melanogaster

Chlorfluazuron sprayed on cotton seedlings was more efficient than cypermethrin against third-instar larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. At a concentration of 3·2 x 10⁻⁵% a.i., chlorfluazuron caused 98 ± 2% larval mortality and cypermethrin 35 ± 9%. All larvae in chlorfluazuron assays died during moulting; hence the leaf area consumed during the test instar was not appreciably affected. On the other hand, in cypermethrin assays, larvae died during the intermoult stage. Chlorfluazuron exhibited potency similar to that of cypermethrin on third-instar larvae of the grape berry moth Lobesia botrana, resulting in 90–95% and 33–34% mortality in treatment concentrations of 5 x 10⁻³% and 2 x 10⁻⁴% a.i., respectively. In another grapevine pest, Drosophila melanogaster, cypermethrin suppressed larval and adult formation to a greater extent than chlorfluazuron. The high potency of chlorfluazuron on various insects, together with its low toxicity to man and the environment, renders this compound a potential agent for controlling important agricultural pests.     

Clonal performance of perennial Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon selections and their combining ability with O. sativa cultivars for survival, stolon production and yield

In Southeast Asia, upland rice (Oryza sativa) is an annual crop typically grown for subsistence on hilly lands that are at risk for soil erosion. If perennial cultivars of upland rice were developed, they would provide farmers with an inexpensive tool to produce a preferred food while conserving soil. O. rufipogon, the undomesticated progenitor of O. sativa, includes perennial and stoloniferous forms. To evaluate the feasibility of developing perennial cultivars by combining genes of O. sativa and O. rufipogon, four trials were conducted in an upland field at IRRI: O. sativa/O. rufipogon F₁ clone and cutting height trial, F₂ family trial, and two O. sativa/stoloniferous-selection factorial mating design trials. Plants were established at the beginning of the rainy season, then subjected to a 6-month dry season and evaluated for survival after 1 year. Of the 2101 cultivar control plants, only three IR47686-1-4-B individuals survived and none produced stolons. The 18 F₁ clones, which were selected from previous trials with less drought stress, ranged in survival from 4.4 to 91.4%. Cutting height at harvest did not affect survival. Survival among the F₂ families ranged from 9.4 to 31.9%. Segregation for stolon presence did not differ from a 3:1 ratio for five of the six F₂ families, suggesting the effect of a single dominant gene. Average yields per plant for the F₂ families were 1/3 to 1/9 of yields for the cultivars. However, by crossing the F₁s to cultivars, yield potential was almost fully recovered. For the full-sib families of the factorial trials, survival ranged from 0.0 to 48.6%. Azucena and IR47686-1-4-B, both japonica cultivars, exhibited greater general combining ability for survival relative to the six other cultivar parents. Thus, the process of developing perennial cultivars of rice should include screening annual cultivars to identify those with the best combining ability for survival. To develop cultivars of perennial upland rice, drought avoidance and/or tolerance from annual upland cultivars must be combined with the capacity for perennial growth from wild perennial species. The frequency of stolonifereous testcross progeny was lower than expected and was affected by the O. sativa parent. Thus, additional genes likely affected stolon penetrance and expression. Analyses of covariance indicated that stolons improved the likelihood of survival for progenies of the factorial trials but the effect was small (b < 0.1), and that yield (g/plant) had a small negative effect on percent survival (b = −0.13 to −0.32). This study demonstrated that it was possible to introgress genes for perennial growth from wild O. rufipogon accessions into domesticated O. sativa. Additionally, strategies for developing perennial cultivars of upland rice were improved.     

不同氮素形态配比对菜用甘薯产量和品质的影响

菜用甘薯存在产量低、品质差以及在种植过程中由于不合理施肥造成生态环境恶化等问题,因此,针对以上问题开展本研究。氮肥作为农业肥料投入的主要部分,是影响菜用甘薯产量和品质的重要因素,通过设置不同氮素形态配比处理,根据菜用甘薯茎尖产量和品质相关指标的变化,揭示菜用甘薯产量和品质对氮素形态配比的响应机制,为提升菜用甘薯产量和品质的同时减轻因不合理施肥造成环境污染提供理论依据。本研究为大田试验,供试品种为生产上主栽的2个菜用甘薯品种‘福薯18’（F18）和‘鄂薯10号’（E10）,采用两因素裂区试验设计,设5个氮素形态配比处理为：（1）NH₄⁺-N∶NO₃^--N∶CONH₂-N =1∶1∶1 (N₁);（2）NH₄⁺-N∶NO₃^--N∶CONH₂-N = 1∶0∶2 (N₂);（3）NH₄⁺-N∶NO₃^--N∶CONH₂-N = 2∶0∶1 (N₃);（4）NH₄⁺-N∶NO₃^--N∶CONH₂-N = 1∶2∶0 (N₄);（5）NH₄⁺-N∶NO₃^--N∶CONH₂-N = 2∶1∶0 (N₅)。研究结果表明,N₄和N₅处理均可显著提高菜用甘薯的茎尖产量、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、可溶性糖含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)酶活性和IbPAL基因表达量;同一时期不同处理间差异显著,随着生育期的不断推进,各项指标的变化呈先升后降的趋势,其中以N₄处理效果更为显著,除可溶性糖含量在N₃处理下最低外,其他各项指标均在N₂处理下最低,由相关性分析证实,总酚、总黄酮和可溶性含量及PAL酶活性与IbPAL基因表达量呈显著正相关,而可溶性糖含量与基因表达量呈负相关,表明可溶性糖含量的变化与IbPAL基因表达无相关性;由氮素形态配比处理可知,相对于N₂和N₃处理,N₄和N₅处理为植株提供了更多的NO₃^--N,由此推断NO₃^--N在菜用甘薯生长发育过程中起到更为重要的促进作用,而CONH₂-N在本研究中对甘薯产量和品质的促进作用并不突出。而N₄处理即NH₄⁺-N∶NO₃^--N∶CONH₂-N = 1∶2∶0的配肥方案是促进菜用甘薯产量和品质提升的最佳配施组合。本研究结果可为合理配肥以获得理想的作物产量和品质提供理论依据,为在其他作物上开展相关研究提供参考。     

香蕉枯萎病菌内源报告基因比卡菌素聚酮合酶编码基因Bik1的鉴定及应用

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,Foc)引起的香蕉毁灭性土传病害,其中4号生理小种(Foc4)能感染几乎所有的香蕉品系,危害最严重.本研究克隆鉴定Foc4比卡菌素聚酮合酶编码基因(bikaverin PKS-encoding gene,Bik1)Foc...     

Prediction criteria of promising F3 populations in durum wheat: A comparative study

Effective selection of parental material and promising segregating populations is an essential requirement for breeding success. There are many contradictive reports about the best parent selection criterion for the development of promising crosses. For the clarification of this problem field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years to compare the effectiveness of six criteria for the prediction of the most promising F₃ populations in durum wheat (Triticum durum L.): the mid-parent value, the F₁, the F₂, the (F₁ + F₂)/2, and the genetic distance among the parents as it is calculated using the SSR and RAPD molecular markers. During the first growing season (2003–2004) nine commercial cultivars of durum wheat and four landraces were crossed. The following growing season (2004–2005), 17 crosses (F₁ generation) were evaluated under low plant density (1.15 plants m⁻²) in a replicated (R-21) honeycomb design. During the third growing season (2005–2006), the four highest yielding crosses, one cross with an intermediate yield, and the three crosses with the lowest yield (F₂ generation) were evaluated under low plant density in a R-9 honeycomb design. Finally, in the fourth growing season (2006–2007) progeny of the aforementioned eight crosses (F₃ generation) and the ten parents were evaluated in a randomized complete block design in two locations. Furthermore, the genetic distance among the parents was determined using the SSR and RAPD molecular markers. It was observed that the three F₃ populations with the lowest yielding ability were the ones with the lowest mid-parental value. In addition, one of the two top F₃ populations was second in the rank according to the mid-parental value. Furthermore, the two top F₃ populations were also the highest yielding in the F₁ and F₂ generations. On the contrary, none of these crosses were predicted by the genetic distance as it was calculated using the SSR and RAPD molecular markers. It was concluded that parental pairs with high mid-parental value and high combined yield (F₁ + F₂)/2 obtained after evaluation of their F₁ and F₂ at low plant density was the most effective way to predict promising F₃ populations.     

Facilitation of α-polylysine in TGase-mediated crosslinking modification for gluten and its effect on properties of gluten films

In this study, α-polylysine was used to enhance the cross-linking effect of TGase on gluten and its effects on properties of gluten films were investigated. The amount of free ammonia released from the cross-linking reaction of gluten induced by TGase at the presence of α-polylysine obviously increased, and more polymers with higher molecular weight were formed from the SDS-PAGE results, which indicated that the TGase-mediated cross-linking reaction ability of gluten was strengthened with the incorporation of α-polylysine. The tensile strength of the films from gluten modified with TGase (20 units/g wheat gluten) and 2% α-polylysine (g/g gluten) for 3 h increased from 4.02 ± 0.09 MPa to 5.28 ± 0.14 MPa, which was more effective than that treated with TGase alone (in which the tensile strength of the films was 4.49 ± 0.10 MPa). The TGase treatment with α-polylysine of gluten improved the water stability of the films much more than that treated with TGase alone. A rougher surface and a more compact cross-section structure were observed by SEM for the films from TGase-α-polylysine treated gluten. The contact angles between the gluten films surface and a water droplet increased because of TGase-mediated cross-linking modification.     

A practical scheme for estimating swath width using ULV sprays

Starting from a simplified model of the aerial dispersion of ULV sprays released from an aircraft perpendicular to the wind direction, a scheme is described for evaluating the total deposition distribution occurring during multiswath spraying. In conditions of overlapping deposition patterns, it is shown that the average concentration generally increases with the downwind distance and is characterized by a pattern of peaks and troughs dependent on the lane spacing. By choosing a suitable reference level on the deposition distribution and matching it to a threshold dose D_t (the minimum area coverage incident on the top of a crop) an optimum swath width can be defined on the basis of minimizing the operational time per unit area sprayed. Estimates of the swath width ω can be obtained by evaluating the expression ω = CQ/ψD_t where C = 0·5 is a derived coefficient, Q is the spray volume emitted per unit distance of flight, and ψ is an overdose coefficient, dependent on meteorological factors—which guarantees D_t to a selected level of probability. For small droplets (diameter 70 μm) the previous expression is fairly insensitive to wind speed, wind direction and atmospheric stability. On an area basis, an overdose (applied dose/threshold dose) is required to take account of both variability in the wind structure and variations in the deposition distribution. A series of worked examples provide insight into the choice of swath width and the associated flying height and demonstrate the practical application of the analysis.     

Toxicity of Acorus calamus rhizome powder from Eastern Nepal to Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

Powders prepared from sweetflag Acorus calamus rhizomes collected at both high (1700 m) and low (900 m) altitude in Eastern Nepal were admixed with wheat at concentrations in the range 0.05–2% w/w and the wheat infested with Sitophilus oryzae or S. granarius adults. Following a 7 day incubation, the mortality of both species was significantly lower at 20 °C than at 30 °C, and the material collected from high altitude was slightly less toxic than that from low altitude. The moisture content of the wheat (14 or 17%) and the part of the rhizome used to prepare the powder (young or mature growth) had no apparent effect on the toxicity of the preparation. Sitophilus granarius (L.) adults were more tolerant of the material than S. oryzae (L.), while the converse was true for larvae developing in treated grain. An admixture rate of approximately 2% w/w admixed rhizome powder was required to give complete kill of adults of both species following 7 days exposure at 20 °C, while a concentration of 1% w/w either prevented the emergence of adults or killed them rapidly following emergence when wheat containing eggs of either species was incubated for 7–8 weeks at 30 °C.

The β-asarone content of the rhizome powders was determined by GC-MS as 6.4 and 4.7% w/w (mature section of rhizomes collected at high and low altitudes, respectively) and 3.6 and 4.0% w/w (young sections of rhizomes collected at high and low altitudes, respectively). It is anticipated that, under field conditions and in the temperature range 20–30 °C, the initial residue of approximately 1300 mg/kg β-asarone required to disinfest wheat containing these weevil species would decline rapidly due to evaporation.