土壤低剂量荧蒽胁迫下蚯蚓的抗氧化防御反应

以人工污染土壤为介质,荧蒽为供试化学品,以蚯蚓内脏中细胞色素P450含量、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,进行了不同暴露时间(1、3、7和14d)下低剂量荧蒽(60、120、240、480和960μg kg-1)污染胁迫对蚯蚓(Eiseniafetida)的毒性效应研究。结果表明,在供试浓度范围内,蚯蚓内脏中各生化酶系产生了不同程度的响应。其中P450含量、SOD和POD活性比较敏感;而GST和CAT活性,以及MDA含量在供试浓度范围内对荧蒽的暴露没有明显的指示作用。研究发现,低剂量污染物暴露的时间效应较剂量效应更有指示作用,并且生物体内各生化酶系对污染物暴露的敏感性存在差异,因而在土壤污染生态毒性诊断时,选择多时段检测和多指标联合诊断,对污染暴露指示的有效性和敏感性尤为重要。     

锯末对生物修复荧蒽和芘污染土壤的强化作用及影响因素

通过土壤微宇宙培养试验,研究了锯末尺寸、添加量和种类等因素对荧蒽特效降解菌MC(Mycobacterium flavescens)修复污染土壤(潮土、红壤、黑土、黄棕壤和水稻土)的效果.结果表明:锯末联合降解菌MC修复荧蒽污染的黄棕壤效果较好,优化条件下25 d荧蒽降解率为42.63％ ±1.05％;该联合修复对黑土和...     

杭嘉湖地区水稻土中氟的分布特征

测定分析了杭嘉湖地区400余份水稻土土样中氟（全氟、交换态氟和水溶态氟）的含量，对该地区水稻土中氟的土壤环境质量评价基准值进行了初步研究。结果表明，水稻土中的全氟与可交换态氟含量均呈正态分布。水溶态氟的含量符合对数正态分布。在5种不同母质发育的水稻土中，河相沉积物发育的水稻土全氟含量最高，算术平均值为333．1mgkg^-1；海相沉积物发育的水稻土次之，为324．3mgkg^-1；黄壤和红壤性坡残积物最低，为245．4mgkg^-1。海相沉积物发育的水稻土水溶态氟和可交换态氟含量最高，分别为1．55mgkg^-1和4．03mgkg^-1。不同类型的水稻土（渗育性水稻土、潴育性水稻土、潜育性水稻土和淹育性水稻土）剖面中耕作层的全氟含量均高于亚耕层，而剖面中水溶性氟的分布规律则相反。初步确定杭嘉湖地区水稻土中氟的环境质量评价基准建议值全氟为413．9mgkg^-1，水溶态氟为2．54mgkg^-1。     

垄作免耕下紫色水稻土有机碳的分布特征

土壤有机碳的空间分布特征是研究土壤有机碳储量及其动态的重要内容之一。本文从土壤团聚体、剖面和田块等尺度研究了四川盆地紫色水稻土在垄作免耕下有机碳的分布特征。结果表明：紫色水稻土团聚体含碳量在大团聚体（2～0．25mm）中最高，但有机碳总量主要分布在0．25～0．02mm。其次是0．02-0．002mm；垄作免耕下团聚体有机碳主要富集在0—10cm土层的大团聚体（〉0．25mm）中（富集系数〉1．5），而常规平作、水旱轮作和垄作翻耕下，剖面中土壤有机碳含量分布自上而下缓慢降低；实验田表层土壤有机碳含量及相关土壤特性的空间分布呈条带状和斑块状格局，具有明显的空间变异性。土壤有机碳含量在垄作免耕处最高，达30．71g kg^-1，在常规平作处最低，为16．50g kg^-1左右。长期垄作免耕会导致有机碳向土壤表层大团聚体的相对富集及在土壤剖面的层次分异。     

长期施肥对山东三大土类钾有效性及小麦产量的影响

钾是许多地区限制农业生产的主要因素之一,研究如何合理施肥提高土壤供钾能力和钾有效性,对提高作物产量十分必要。利用山东省三大土类25年长期定位肥料试验,探讨了不同施肥措施对山东省棕壤、潮土和褐土三大土类土壤钾有效性和钾素效应的影响。结果表明,长期不施用钾肥处理的土壤速效钾含量均有不同程度下降,三大土壤的速效钾亏缺顺序为棕壤〉潮土〉褐土。施钾处理的速效钾含量均明显高于不施钾处理,且NK处理的速效钾含量明显高于NPK处理。各土壤NP和NPK处理的小麦产量明显高于其他处理。棕壤在施氮和氮磷的基础上增施钾肥能明显提高小麦产量;潮土和褐土在施用氮磷的基础上增施钾肥一定程度上可提高小麦产量,在施氮的基础上增施钾肥对小麦产量无明显提高。     

大田生产条件下不同品种水稻植株中镉的分布特点

通过4个水稻品种在大田生产条件下的试验,研究分析了水稻植株Cd积累和分布的特点。结果表明,水稻的根系是吸收Cd的主要器官,也是Cd的主要储存场所,无论在水稻分蘖期还是成熟期都很明显;在水稻成熟期,籽粒（糙米）中Cd的含量显著地低于其他器官,水稻植株器官中Cd的分布情况大致为：根〉鞘＞叶＞茎＞糙米,但随着品种的不同而有所变化;根据4个水稻品种在成熟期的植株Cd积累量的分析,9311是植株高累积Cd的水稻品种,Jia－48和Jia－51的糙米中Cd的积累很低;水稻品种间对于Cd的吸收和累积能力有显著的差异,但水稻类型间（粳稻与籼稻间）Cd含量没有显著差异,因此不能按照水稻类型来选育糙米中低Cd积累品种,应针对品种选育出糙米中低Cd积累的高产优质水稻品种。     

连续施磷条件下渗育性水稻土无机磷土层分布及移动特征

通过3年田间肥料定位试验,采用顾益初、蒋柏藩的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法,研究了太湖地区砂壤质渗育性水稻土不同无机磷形态在015.cm、1530.cm和3045.cm土层的分布及移动特征。结果表明,太湖地区砂壤质渗育性水稻土中的无机磷以Ca-P为主,其中Ca10-P含量最高。无论施肥与否,各土层中不同形态无机磷的含量都是Ca10-PO-P、Fe-PAl-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P。3年定位施磷后,随施磷量增大表层(015.cm)土壤中总磷、Olsen磷、无机磷和无机磷各组分含量显著增加,而1530.cm和3045.cm土层中各无机磷组分的增加相对较小。土壤中总磷、无机磷和Olsen磷在土壤剖面中向下移动性随着土层的加深而减弱。其移动性呈Olsen磷无机磷总磷。植物有效无机磷源(Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P)的下移比植物无效或缓效无机磷源(Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P)的下移更明显。Olsen磷与土壤各层中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的相关性要比Fe-P、O-P和Ca10-P更大。     

不同施肥模式下红壤性水稻土中磷的分布及其有效性

研究了不同施肥模式下红壤性水稻土中磷的分布及其有效性。结果表明,随团聚体粒径从大到小的变化,红壤性水稻土全磷含量在不同施肥模式下均表现出先上升后下降的趋势,在5～2 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个峰值;有效磷含量表现出先缓慢上升后迅速下降的特征,在5～2 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个大峰值;在施磷处理中,磷的有效率表现出先缓慢上升后迅速下降的特征,分别在5～2 mm和0.5～0.25 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个大峰值和一个小峰值,但在无磷处理中,磷的有效率表现出逐渐下降的趋势,只在0.5～0.25 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个小峰值。研究表明,长期施加磷肥,尤其与有机物还田相结合,会促使土壤全磷富集于>1 mm粒径团聚体,显著提高>2 mm粒径团聚体中有效磷含量与磷的有效性;在磷肥不足的情况下,减少磷肥施入量,结合有机物还田也能取得较好的效果;即使没有磷肥施入,实行秸秆还田也能在一定程度上提高土壤磷的有效性。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤性水稻土双季稻氮肥回收率的变化特征

在江西进贤红壤性水稻土上连续种植双季水稻26年,分析了在化肥氮用量相同条件下,不施肥（CK）, 单施氮肥（N）, 施用氮、 磷化肥（NP）, 氮、 钾化肥（NK）, 氮、 磷、 钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾配施有机肥（NPKM）处理的水稻氮肥回收率的演变特征及其增产效应。结果表明,不同施肥条件下的化肥氮回收率差异显著,26年的平均氮肥回收率 N 处理为 9.4%~11.6%、 NP为13.0%~18.5%、 NPK为19.8%~26.1%, NPKM为14.1%~22.9%。磷、 钾肥混施和与有机肥配施可显著提高水稻氮肥回收率,且对早稻的贡献大于晚稻,NPK和NPKM处理的早稻氮肥回收率比晚稻平均高6.3和8.8个百分点。N和NK处理的早稻和晚稻氮肥回收率均随年度增加而显著降低,平均每年下降约0.6个百分点,而NPK、 NPKM处理的氮肥回收率基本保持稳定。与NPK相比,NPKM处理早稻和晚稻籽粒产量分别增加19.0%和21.7%。因此,NPKM处理在提高化肥氮的回收率和高产稳产方面都是红壤性水稻土上可持续的施肥模式。     

太湖地区典型水稻土FDA水解酶活性的剖面分布特征

本文主要对太湖地区12个典型水稻土剖面的荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性及其它相关酶活性进行了分析。耕作层的FDA水解酶活性最高,随土层加深活性明显下降,其中部分土壤在犁底层已经很难检测到其活性。部分样点的酶活性在剖面中呈明显的梯度下降趋势。高产水稻土壤表层FDA水解酶活性差异较大,在50～100g/(g.h)范围内,多数为60～80g/(g.h)。土壤酶活性最高与最低间的差异达到近一倍左右。同时FDA水解酶活性与-葡糖苷酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性之间有极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与碱性磷酸酶呈显著相关(P0.05);与土壤养分指标如全氮、全磷、速效氮、有机碳之间有极显著相关性,与土壤pH呈显著负相关(P0.01)关系。     

Geochemistry of Manganese in Neutral to Alkaline Soils of Punjab,Northwest India and Its Availability to Wheat and Rice Plants

Manganese (Mn) release in 18 soil–water suspensions after their equilibration for 24 and 240 h periods at 25°C was studied in a laboratory experiment. Total dissolved Mn released into the soil solution was observed to increase from a range of 0.03–0.41 mg L^?1 (mean = 0.13 mg L^?1) to a range of 0.45–44.44 mg L^?1 (mean = 22.40 mg L^?1) with the increase in incubation periods from 24 to 240 h, respectively. The increase in Mn released was observed to be related with the redox potential (pe) induced by incubation conditions. After 24 h of equilibration period, pe of soil–water suspension ranged from ?1.75 to 0.77 (mean = ?0.24). Increasing the incubation period to 240 h, pe of soil–water suspensions declined in the range of ?4.49 to ?2.74 (mean = ?3.29). Laboratory results of redox pe and corresponding dissolved manganese concentrations of some soil–water equilibrated systems were compared with the leaf Mn content in wheat and rice plants grown in the fields, from where soil samples were collected for laboratory experiment. These results demonstrated that decline in pe due to longer equilibration period (240 h) of soil–water systems in the laboratory experiment or keeping standing water for a couple of weeks in the fields for cultivation of rice crop results in higher release of Mn and eventually its higher uptake in rice than in wheat plants. Leaf manganese content in rice ranged from 94 to 185 mg kg^?1, which was markedly higher than its range from 25 to 62 mg kg^?1 found in the wheat grown at 10 different sites. Pourbaix diagrams were drawn for different soil–water systems containing carbonate, phosphate, or sulfate along with manganese. The presence of carbonate and phosphate anions along with manganese oxides minerals in the soil–water systems of all soils results in its precipitation as MnCO₃ and MnHPO₄, respectively, in both oxidized and reduced soil field environment. In Punjab, wheat and rice crops are generally cultivated on soils heavily fertilized with P fertilizers. The presence of phosphate anion with manganese oxides minerals in the soil–water systems of all soils results in the precipitation MnHPO₄ in both oxidized and reduced soil field environment. Thus, in P-fertilized soil, MnHPO₄ compound is even more predominant than aqueous Mn²⁺ and its solubility actually controlled the availability of Mn²⁺ to plants.     

不同土壤质地条件下麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤系统中迁移的影响

通过室外砂土和黏土的大型土柱栽培试验,研究了麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤中迁移的影响。研究结果表明,在砂土和黏土中随着水稻的生长发育,水稻植株镉含量逐渐降低,添加铅和麦秸均促进了水稻对镉的吸收,增加了水稻植株镉的含量,且铅的促进效应大于麦秸处理。添加铅和麦秸有利于镉向籽粒的转运和提高水稻籽粒镉的富集系数,砂土中添加铅、麦秸的处理籽粒镉含量和富集系数比镉单一处理分别增加44.00%、36.00%和41.67%、50.00%;黏土中分别增加58.62%、43.00%和46.15%、61.54%。镉进入土壤后会随着水分流动向下迁移,在砂土中的迁移能力大于黏土。随着土壤深度的增加镉含量逐渐减少,黏土在40～60cm、砂土在60～80cm土层中镉含量与对照含量差异不显著。添加铅和麦秸可以降低镉在土壤中向下迁移的能力,降低幅度黏土大于砂土。     

Assessment of Phosphorus Requirements of Wheat on Different Textured Alluvial Soils through Freundlich Type Equations

Once soil solution phosphorus (P) level optimum for plant growth is identified, P adsorption isotherms or their equations can further be used to estimate fertilizer P rates required to adjust this desired soil solution P level to obtain maximum yield. Surface soil samples were collected from a farmer's field area and research area. An adsorption study was conducted on Ustic Endoaquerts (S₁ soil), Typic Calciargids (S₂ soil), and Typic Torripsamments (S₃ soil) to develop the Freundlich-type equations. Phosphorus adsorption data were obtained by equilibrating 10-g soil samples in 100 mL of 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) containing various amounts of monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄). Values of 1/n (slope) ranged from 0.4827 to 0.6452 L kg^?1. Based on 1/n values, it was inferred that each of the two S₁ and S₃ soils was homogeneous and S₂ was not. The K_F (mg P kg^?1) values of S₁, S₂, and S₃ soils were 92.45, 55.81, and 23.38, respectively. The highest amount of P (92.45 mg kg^?1) was adsorbed at unit EPC in S₁ soil, whereas the lowest amount (23.38 mg P kg^?1) was adsorbed in S₃ soil. Thereafter, 11 P fertilizer doses were calculated by these Freundlich-type equations to adjust different estimated soil solution P levels that were designated as treatments (0.05 to 0.90 mg L^?1). Then field experiments on wheat (cv. Inqalab-91) were conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on these soils to determine internal (plant tissue), external (soil solution), and fertilizer P requirements. Maximum wheat gain yield (Mg ha^?1) was 6.82 with T₅ (0.25 mg P L^?1) on S₁ soil, 5.96 with T₅ (0.25 mg P L^?1) on S₂ soil, and 4.97 with T₇ (0.40 mg P L^?1) on S₃ soil that was obtained by application of 196 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 on S₁ soil, 142 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 on S₂ soil, and 78 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 on S₃ soil. Internal P concentration (%) associated with 95% of maximum wheat yield at booting stage was 0.32 in S₁, 0.21 in S₂, and 0.33 in S₃ soil. In straw, it was 0.123% in S₁, 0.080% in S₂, and 0.108% in S₃ soil. The internal P requirement of wheat grain was 0.39% in S₁, 0.40% in S₂, and 0.37% in S₃ soil. External soil solution P requirement (ESPR) for 95% of maximum yield of wheat was 0.45 mg L^?1 in S₁ soil, 0.34 mg L^?1 in S₂ soil, and 0.44 mg L^?1 in S₃ soil. Quantity of P₂O₅ corresponding to ESPR values were 217 kg ha^?1 on S₁, 123 kg ha^?1 on S₂, and 60 kg ha^?1 on S₃ soil. Putting ESPR values in the respective Freundlich-type equation, P fertilizer rates (kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) were estimated that were 282 on S₁, 167 on S₂, and 83 on S₃ soil; Practically, 262, 156, and 78 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was applied in the field to adjust soil solution P level (mg L^?1) at 0.40 (T₇), 0.30 (T₆), and 0.40 (T₇) in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soil, respectively, that are somewhat less than determined ESPR values. Phosphorous doses applied to achieve a desired EPAS value or estimated from graphs against predicted ESPR values, or calculated from corresponding Freundlich-type equations using desired ESPR values are in close proximity to one another. Therefore, any of the techniques can be used interchangeably to estimate the P fertilizer requirement for optimum wheat yield.     

水稻土镉污染与水稻镉含量相关性研究

采用盆栽试验的方法,考察了水稻土中重金属镉（Cd）的浓度对水稻生长及Cd富集的影响以及Cd在水稻植株的分布情况,并进一步研究了糙米（可食部位）对Cd的富集量与土壤中Cd总量的关系。结果表明,在各个浓度Cd胁迫下,根、茎叶、稻壳、糙米相比,2个品种水稻都是根累积的Cd含量要高于茎叶和稻壳、糙米,即根〉茎叶〉稻壳〉糙米;在水稻的茎叶细胞中,Cd主要分布在细胞壁,细胞可溶性成分,细胞器Cd的分布量较少,即细胞壁〉可溶性部分〉细胞器及膜部分;随Cd浓度增加,茎叶中的Cd积累量极显著增加,各细胞组分中的Cd含量均显著增加;根据国标GB 2762—2005对大米中Cd的限量标准（≤0.2 mg.kg^-1）,水稻土土壤总Cd临界值分别为2.0 mg.kg^-（1博优225）、3.1 mg.kg^-（1矮糯）。因此,在污染土壤上宜选种食用部位重金属积累低的水稻品种,以减少人类吸收重金属的风险。     

比较几种冬麦品种在不同水分条件下早期根系生长发育特点

本文阐述了用盆栽试验对比研究8个冬麦品种在苗期根系生长发育特点，结果表明，不同品种单株次生根数、单株根干重和根冠比均存在明显的差异。通过比较分析不同土壤水分条件下的各品种单株性状，可得出有发达根系系统的品种抗逆性较强。     

水旱轮作条件下长期自然免耕对土壤理化性质的影响

通过实地调查，采集不同免耕年限土壤进行对比分析，研究了水早轮作条件下长期自然免耕对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：水早轮作条件下，不进行秸秆覆盖长期双免耕的农耕措施对土壤理化性质有较大的影响。0～15cm土层容重随免耕年限的增加而减小，免耕7～8年后趋于稳定，而15～30cm土层的容重几乎不受影响；土壤团聚度随免耕年限的增加而增加，表层增加更明显；土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和磷含量均随免耕年限增加而逐年上升，并且有明显表聚现象，但对速效钾的影响则不明显。     

混掺小麦秸秆对不同土壤育苗砖蒸发的影响

育苗砖能为植物营造一个良好的生长环境,引导植物根系的发育和生长,且苗的移栽不受时间限制。对红黏土、黄绵土、山地白土和黑麻土分别添加0%,5%,8%和10%的小麦秸秆后制得育苗砖,并对其进行蒸发试验。在相同土壤下测得它们蒸发量大小顺序为:混掺0%小麦秸秆的育苗砖>混掺5%小麦秸秆的育苗砖>混掺8%小麦秸秆的育苗砖>混掺10%小麦秸秆的育苗砖。结果表明,混掺小麦秸秆对育苗砖蒸发影响显著,而且秸秆混掺比例越大蒸发量越小,故添加秸秆可有效减少育苗砖的蒸发损失。混掺相同比例小麦秸秆的不同土壤育苗砖,蒸发量大小顺序为:红黏土育苗砖>黑麻土育苗砖>山地白土育苗砖>黄绵土育苗砖。综合分析来看,混掺10%小麦秸秆的黄绵土育苗砖蒸发损失最小。     

Effect of Phosphorus in Alleviation of Adverse Impacts of Salinity on Wheat Grown on Different Soils

Fertilization management is an important technique to alleviate the adverse effects of salinity stress on plants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative role of inorganic phosphorus (P) and organic P sources on wheat grown under salt stress in three soil types deficient in available P. Wheat (Triticum asetivum L. cv. Shakha 93) was grown on alluvial, sandy, and calcareous soils under salinity levels of 4, 8, and 12 dS m^?1 of saturated paste extract (EC_e) and supplied with constant rate of 30 mg P₂O₅ kg soil^?1 as superphosphate (SP), cattle manure (CM), and 1:1 mixture of SP and CM. The results revealed that plants grown on the sandy soil were more susceptible to the adverse effects of salinity compared with those planted on the alluvial one, especially at zero P. Plants grown on the calcareous soil were moderately affected. Varying soil type caused significant differences in the aboveground biomass and uptake of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), P, and zinc (Zn). It was obvious that P ameliorated wheat growth under salt stress, and this role was greater under moderate and high salinity. The increases in N, P, K, and Zn uptake appeared driven by P application were more conspicuous in the sandy and calcareous soils. Results also indicated that combined application of inorganic and organic P sources surpassed both when applied solely under all soil types and salinity levels.     

成都平原免耕及不同麦秸还田量种植水稻的研究

在成都平原麦收后围绕免耕 麦秸覆盖还田栽种水稻的产量效应进行了研究,结果表明,(1)免耕处理较传统耕作水稻显著增产,主要是显著增加了单位面积有效穗数;(2)免耕 麦秸覆盖还田后,水稻产量增加,秸秆还田量与产量的关系符合多项式y=7238.6 0.0117x 2.12×10-5x2-1.49×10-9x3(R=0.988**),理论上还田麦秸以10 089 kg/hm2时水稻产量最高,此后开始下降;(3)与传统耕作比较,在水稻生长期,免耕明显加重了杂草的发生,但通过秸秆覆盖后可减少杂草发生,且表现出随秸秆还田量增加杂草量明显减少的趋势;在水稻收获后的休闲期,免耕表现出有抑制杂草发生的作用,且这种效果随着秸秆还田的增加而增强。     

Soil Quality Changes Resulting from Long-Term Fertilizer Application Under Intensive Cropping System in Alluvial Soils

Soil quality is one of the most important factors which reveal the soil–environment functionality for identifying whether soil quality is improving, remain constant, or declining. This paper evaluated change in soil quality after 40 years of chemical fertilizer use and continuous cultivation of multiple crops (jute–rice–wheat) on alluvial soils. The concepts of relative soil quality index (RSQI) and Cumulative Rating Index (CRI) were used in the evaluation. It was observed that soil of class III reduced to class II after 20 years and to class I after 40 years of fertilizer application with manure, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK_100+FYM). There was a strong correlation between SQI and CRI (r = 0.82**) which showed more promising effects on soil sustainability. Significant positive relationship between ?RSQI and crop yield of jute (r = 0.89**) and wheat (r = 0.90**) was found. However, rice yield declined up to 44% of its initial yield (r = 0.20).