不同水平硝态氮对蚕豆根系质子释放量的影响

为了解豆科植物在加速土壤酸化中的作用及其机制,通过水培试验和恒pH自动电位滴定法研究了4个硝态氮供应水平对蚕豆根系质子释放量和介质pH的影响,分析了蚕豆根系释放质子的机制。结果表明,当不供应外源硝态氮时,蚕豆根系释放的质子数量最多,以干根计算培养10次的累积释放量可达37.5mmol·g-1;此条件下质子释放导致培养液pH下降幅度最大,可达1.93。随着外源硝态氮供应量的增加,蚕豆根系释放的质子数量和介质pH的下降幅度均减小。当培养液NO3-浓度为1.0mmol·L-1时,培养试验前期根系有少量质子释放,培养试验后期有少量OH-释放。研究表明,蚕豆生长介质中的质子主要来源于蚕豆根系质子的直接释放,有机酸对介质质子的贡献可以忽略。蚕豆根系对阴、阳离子的不平衡吸收是根系释放质子的主要原因,添加硝态氮可以减少蚕豆根系质子释放量。     

聚合物包膜肥料硝态氮释放特征研究

采用不同养分组成(单一组分和复合组分)聚合物包膜肥料(Multicote)和水中静态溶出的方法,研究了不同温度和半径处理下聚合物包膜肥料NO3-N释放特征.结果表明,温度升高显著促进NO3-N的释放;肥料颗粒半径差异显著影响NO3-N释放,小半径的肥料颗粒NO3-N释放明显比大半径颗粒快,且小半径肥料颗粒NO3-N释放的活化能较低;肥料颗粒内离子间存在明显的交互作用,与单一组分聚合物包膜肥料相比,复合组分聚合物包膜肥料NO3-N释放的线性期明显缩短,NO3-N释放速率增加,且NO3-N释放的活化能明显增大.聚合物包膜肥料中NO3-N的释放特征直接与聚合物膜的扩散系数、扩散面积、膜厚度以及伴随离子的种类和浓度相关.养分释放时期以及活化能的定量化表征为全面评估聚合物包膜肥料养分释放特征提供了参考.     

不同施氮水平对菜地土壤N_2O排放的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同施氮水平对蔬菜地土壤N2O排放的影响。试验设置5个氮水平[0（N0）、430（N1）、860（N2）、1290（N3）、1640（N4）kgN.hm-2],2a试验期间种植的蔬菜有辣椒、萝卜、菠菜和小白菜。结果表明,施氮显著影响N2O排放通量,各施氮水平土壤N2O排放通量范围分别为-8~39、0.4~157、12~626、8.5~982、16~1342μg.m-.2h-1;同时,氮肥施用显著提高了N2O排放总量,各施氮处理（N0、N1、N2、N3和N4）试验期间土壤N2O平均排放总量分别为0.48、1.35、4.49、7.83、10.57kgN.hm-2,土壤N2O排放系数范围是0.33%~1.13%,且施氮水平与土壤N2O排放总量间呈显著的指数函数关系;不同季节蔬菜地土壤N2O排放总量差异很大,其中最大的是辣椒,最小的是菠菜;此外,土壤N2O排放通量季节变化除受施氮水平影响外,还受土壤温度的影响,排放高峰出现在高温的夏季。     

不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N_2O排放特征

为探讨日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内N2O排放动态变化及其对不同氮水平的响应规律,采用密闭静态箱法,研究了常规氮量(黄瓜季1 200 kg/hm2,番茄季900 kg/hm2)、比常规氮量减25%(黄瓜季900 kg/hm2,番茄季675 kg/hm2)、减50%(黄瓜季600 kg/hm2,番茄季450 kg/hm2)以及不施氮对日光温室土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,温度是影响日光温室土壤N2O排放强度的重要因素,4-10月(平均气温为27.4℃)的N2O排放通量最高达818.4μg/(m2·h);而2-3月(平均气温15.1℃)以及11-12月(平均气温14.7℃)期间的N2O排放通量最高仅为464.5μg/(m2·h),比4-10月的N2O排放峰值降低了43.2%。N2O排放峰值在氮肥追施后5 d内出现,N2O排放量集中在氮肥施用后7 d内,可占整个监测期(271 d)排放量的64.7%~67.8%。施氮因增加了土壤硝态氮含量而引起N2O排放爆发式增长,0~10 cm土壤硝态氮含量与N2O排放量呈指数函数关系(P0.01)。日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内的N2O排放量为0.99~9.92 kg/hm2,其中75.6%~90.0%由施氮造成。与常规氮用量相比,氮减量25%和50%处理的N2O排放量分别降低了40.4%和59.3%,总产量却增加4.9%和7.4%。综上所述,合理减少氮用量不仅可显著降低日光温室土壤N2O排放,而且不会引起产量的降低。该研究为日光温室蔬菜生产构建科学合理的施氮技术及估算中国设施农田温室气体排放量提供参考。     

土壤中羟胺和亚硝态氮非生物过程对N_2O排放的贡献

羟胺(NH_2OH)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)均可以通过非生物过程产生N_2O,但是同一土壤中其对N_2O排放的相对贡献尚不明确。本文采用高压灭菌和室内培养方法,测定了采自6个不同地点的农业利用土壤在灭菌和非灭菌条件下添加NH_2OH或NO_2~--N后N_2O的排放量,以研究土壤中NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程对N_2O排放的相对贡献及其关键因子。结果表明,供试土壤中,NH_2OH非生物过程产生的N_2O贡献介于6%~73%,NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O占的比例为3%~236%;在pH7的衢州茶园、鹰潭旱地、常熟菜地和海伦旱地土壤中,添加NO_2~--N后非生物过程产生N_2O比例大于添加NH_2OH的处理,但是在pH7的常熟果园和封丘旱地土壤中则相反;pH是影响NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O的关键因子,添加NH_2OH处理中非生物过程产生N_2O占N_2O总排放量的比例与土壤pH呈正相关(p0.05),而在添加NO_2~--N处理中呈负相关(p0.01)。上述结果说明,NO_2~--N在偏酸性土壤中可能主要通过非生物过程产生N_2O,而在偏碱性土壤中主要通过生物过程;NH_2OH则与之相反。     

施氮量、土壤和植株氮浓度与小麦赤霉病的关系

【目的】赤霉病已成为影响小麦产量和品质的重要病害之一,为了解施用氮肥对小麦赤霉病的影响,本文通过研究不同施氮水平下小麦赤霉病的发病情况,探索施氮、土壤供氮、植株氮浓度与小麦赤霉病的关系。【方法】采用田间小区试验,以多穗型豫麦49-198(YM49-198)和大穗型周麦16(ZM16)为供试品种,设N 0、120、180、240、360 kg/hm25个施氮水平(N0、N120、N180、N240、N360),根据"小麦赤霉病测报技术规范"调查小麦赤霉病的发病情况。【结果】土壤硝态氮含量及0—90 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,小麦收获期N0、N120、N180处理0—30 cm土层硝态氮含量及0—90 cm累积量差异不显著,但显著低于N240和N360处理。两个品种小麦赤霉病病穗率和病情指数(DI)随施氮量的增加而增加,各处理间差异显著;豫麦49-198施氮处理的病穗率和DI比不施氮处理分别增加29.5%~132.0%和35.9%~225.2%,周麦16施氮处理的病穗率和DI比不施氮处理分别增加42.4%~161.8%和41.7%~206.9%;两个品种小麦N180处理赤霉病的病穗率和病情指数与N0、N120差异较小,显著低于N240和N360;周麦16较豫麦49-198发病严重,各处理的病穗率和病情指数比豫麦49-198分别高出7%~25%和28.0%~63.6%。小麦赤霉病病穗率和DI与硝态氮含量显著正相关,与0—90 cm硝态氮累积量呈线性正相关。孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期茎基部硝酸盐含量和拔节期~开花期植株的全氮含量各处理间差异较大,且与小麦赤霉病病穗率和DI显著线性正相关。【结论】土壤硝态氮含量及累积量随施氮量增加而增加,小麦收获后施氮量低于N 180 kg/hm2时土壤中硝态氮残留较低,赤霉病发病较轻。小麦赤霉病病穗率和病情指数随施氮量的增加而增加,说明施氮量过高会加重小麦赤霉病病害;小麦拔节期~开花期的氮浓度过高会加重赤霉病病害,因此在这一时期,适宜的施氮量、土壤硝态氮和植株氮浓度在赤霉病发生年份可以减轻病害,综合考虑土壤硝态氮残留、产量和赤霉病害等因素的适宜施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2。     

硝态氮源及碳源有效性对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

以华北平原农田土壤为对象,通过室内静态培养系统研究NO_3~--N与不同碳源组合对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。结果表明,NO_3~--N作为氮源和不同碳源施入土壤,除NO_3~-+纤维素,其余土壤N_2O排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源土壤;NO_3~--N和不同碳源组合的CO_2累积排放量均高于对照和只添加氮源土壤。NO_3~-+果胶的N_2O排放量在第1 d达到最大值1 383.42μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);NO_3~-+葡萄糖的CO_2排放量在第1 d达到最大值370.13 mg C·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),CO_2累积排放量顺序为:葡萄糖果胶秸秆纤维素淀粉木质素。土壤NO_3~--N含量与N_2O排放呈极显著正相关。总之,添加纤维素可以抑制N_2O的排放,促进CO_2排放,并增加土壤中NO_3~--N含量,添加其余碳源均会促进土壤N_2O和CO_2排放。     

施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响

通过田间试验研究不同施氮量与灌水量对春玉米和冬小麦田土壤中硝态氮分布与累积的影响,结果表明,春玉米收获后0~2 m土壤中累积硝态氮185.7~748.0 kg/hm2,其中1 m以上占57.9%~70.1%。由于施用氮肥而增加的硝态氮占施N量的1.8%(N 112.5 kg/hm2),50.7%(N 225 kg/hm2),56.7%(N 337.5 kg/hm2)和77.0%(N450 kg/hm2)。不施N和施N 112.5 kg/hm2时春玉米田土壤剖面没有明显累积峰;施N等于或高于225 kg/hm2时在60~80 cm土层有明显累积峰,施氮量高的峰值较高;施N 450 kg/hm2时在120~140 cm深度出现另一个累积高峰。冬小麦收获后土壤0~2 m硝态氮累积量为74.9~328.8 kg/hm2,其中1m以上占67.8%~90.7%。由于施用氮肥而增加的硝态氮占施N量的19.5%(N 112.5 kg/hm2),35.6%(N 225 kg/hm2),58.9%(N 337.5 kg/hm2)和56.4%(N 450 kg/hm2)。冬小麦田收获后土壤深层(1~2 m)没有明显的硝态氮累积,即使施氮量高达450 kg/hm2时也只在表层40 cm以上累积较多。不论是春玉米还是冬小麦,当生育期施氮量大于225 kg/hm2时0~2 m土层均有明显的硝态氮累积,施氮量高的累积量较高。施氮量是造成土壤中硝酸盐累积的主要因素,灌水量对春玉米田硝态氮的向下迁移有显著影响。     

氮肥投入水平对蔬菜地硝态氮淋洗特征的影响

通过3年的田间定位试验研究了不同施N条件下蔬菜地NO3--N淋洗浓度及淋洗量的变化。结果表明:在农民习惯的传统施N处理(花椰菜为450kg/hm2,苋菜为100kg/hm2,菠菜为309kg/hm2)下蔬菜地NO3--N的淋洗浓度明显高于2个优化施N处理下蔬菜地的NO3--N淋洗浓度。在花椰菜、苋菜和菠菜生长期内,2个优化施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N平均淋洗量分别是传统施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N平均淋洗量的19%、18%、9%和13%、34%、21%。试验期间传统施N处理下蔬菜地NO3--N年季平均累积淋洗量约占年季平均施N量的一半,其中休闲期NO3--N平均累积淋洗量占年季平均累积施N量的20%;而其他2个优化施N处理NO3--N年季平均累积淋洗量是年季平均累积施N量的27%,休闲期NO3--N平均淋洗量占年季平均累积施N量的6%,而处理间蔬菜产量并未受到明显影响。     

不同产量水平的玉米田土壤无机氮时空分布与环境效应分析

采用大田试验方法,研究了肥力和管理水平不同,最终产量水平差异也较大的低产田、常规田和高产田整个玉米生长季0-100 cm土壤剖面硝态氮的时空分布特征.结果表明,3个处理由于管理措施和土壤基础地力的差异,土壤水分的时空分布存在明显不同,且由于高产田有机肥以及较高氮肥量的投入,在玉米各个关键生育期0-100 cm土体中的硝态氮累积总量显著高于常规田和低产田.而常规田与低产田相比较,前者0-100 cm土体硝态氮的累积总量可以达到后者的1～3倍.对环境效应的分析结果表明,较高的氮肥投入对于高密度种植条件下实现玉米高产是必要的,但同时也增加了环境污染的风险.     

Effect of Clinoptilolite Addition to Soil on Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Uptake

Abstract

During the past years, appreciable amounts of zeolite‐rich tuff that contains more than 70% clinoptilolite (Cp) have been discovered in Greece. The present study evaluates the ability of natural Greek Cp to increase the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizer uptake in wheat. A pot experiment with winter wheat was conducted in a Typic Xerorthent that was fertilized with ammonium sulfate and amended with 0 to 60 ton/ha of Cp. Clinoptilolite application resulted in an increase of the cation exchange capacity of the soil from 9.5 to 13.6 meq/100 g (i.e., 43%). Soil ammoniacal N was greater in the samples amended with Cp at the boot stage, as was NO₃‐N. Clinoptilolite addition increased total wheat yield (dry matter of hay plus seed) 52% (from 21.1 g/pot in the control to 32.0 g/pot) in the treatment with 60 ton/ha of Cp. The influence was greater for seed yield than hay yield. Clinoptiloite addition resulted in high increase in total N uptake, about 141% (from 156 mg/pot in the control to 376 mg/pot) in the treatment with the highest Cp rate. For hay, the increase was 133% (from 125 mg/pot to 291 mg/pot), whereas for seed it was 126% (from 31 mg/pot to 70 mg/pot) from control to the treatment with the highest Cp rate, resulting in a more efficient N fertilizer use. The optimum Cp addition rate was estimated as large as 15 ton/ha.     

闽江福州下游段水体N含量季节变化及对湿地土壤N含量的影响

选取闽江福州下游段水体及河口短叶茳芏湿地土壤水作为研究对象,采用SAN++连续流动分析仪测试样品中NO-3—N,NO-2—N和NH+4—N含量,以揭示河流水体N含量的季节差异和对土壤水N含量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)闽江福州下游段秋季河流水NH+4—N和NO-3—N含量高于春季,NO-2—N含量低于春季;秋季短叶茳芏湿地土壤水NH+4—N和NO-2—N含量也明显高于春季,土壤水NO-3—N含量低于春季;春、秋季土壤水NH+4—N含量皆高于河流水,而NO-3—N和NO-2—N含量皆明显低于河流水。(2)河流水的浸淹对土壤N含量影响较大,说明河流水是湿地土壤的主要N源。(3)闽江福州下游段河流水3种形态的N含量表现为秋季大于春季,存在较明显的季节差异。(4)与2007—2008年的观测值相比较,闽江河口河流水体N含量呈大幅上升趋势,水体富营养化加剧。     

不同动物排泄物氮的作物利用及对N2O排放的贡献

本文用同一种土壤,在不同水分管理模式下,种植两种作物,以不施 N 作为对照研究了人粪、猪粪、奶牛粪和鸡粪作肥料与尿素等 N 量施用,对小米和水稻籽粒产量、N 素利用率的影响以及对N20排放量的贡献.尿素与4种粪肥对小米和水稻产量、N素利用率和N20排放的贡献并不相同.水稻产量以施用尿素最高,施用鸡粪产量效应最低,与不施N处理接近,但旱作小米以施用人粪最高,其次为尿素和鸡粪处理.水稻和小米对N素的回收率均以尿索为最高,其次为人粪、鸡粪和牛粪,猪粪最低.尿素和4种粪肥处理,在小米播种和水稻移栽后的第2天均出现了N20的排放高峰.由于两种作物水分管理不同,N20排放高峰持续时间不同,水稻长于小米.在水稻烤田前后的干湿交替过程中,不同肥料处理均出现了N20的第2次排放高峰,除牛粪和猪粪处理外,N20 峰值的持续时间长达10天左右.N20排放总量在旱作小米生长季以人粪处理最高,尿素,鸡粪和猪粪处理接近,牛粪处理最低.水稻生长季N20排放量以尿素处理为最高,依次为人粪、鸡粪处理和猪粪处理,牛粪处理最低,与不施N处理接近.     

Comparison of Factors Affecting Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Ammonium Nitrogen Extraction

Extraction of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ^?-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) by chemical reagents and their determinations by continuous flow analysis were used to ascertain factors affecting analysis of soil mineral N. In this study, six factors affecting extraction of soil NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N were investigated in 10 soils sampled from five arable fields in autumn and spring in northwestern China, with three replications for each soil sample. The six factors were air drying, sieve size (1, 3, and 5 mm), extracting solution [0.01 mol L^?1 calcium chloride (CaCl₂), 1 mol L^?1 potassium chloride (KCl), and 0.5 mol L^?1 potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄)] and concentration (0.5, 1, and 2 mol L^?1 KCl), solution-to-soil ratio (5:1, 10:1, and 20:1), shaking time (30, 60, and 120 min), storage time (2, 4, and 6 weeks), and storage temperature (?18 ^oC, 4 ^oC, and 25 ^oC) of extracted solution. The recovery of soil NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N was also measured to compare the differences of three extracting reagents (CaCl₂, KCl, and K₂SO₄) for NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N extraction. Air drying decreased NO₃ ^?-N but increased NH₄ ⁺-N concentration in soil. Soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and shaken for 60 min yielded greater NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations compared to other treatments. The concentrations of extracted NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by extracting reagents. KCl was found to be most suitable for NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N extraction, as it had better recovery for soil mineral N extraction, which averaged 113.3% for NO₃ ^?-N and 94.9% for NH₄ ⁺-N. K₂SO₄ was not found suitable for NO₃ ^?-N extraction in soil, with an average recovery as high as 137.0%, and the average recovery of CaCl₂ was only 57.3% for NH₄ ⁺-N. For KCl, the concentration of extracting solution played an important role, and 0.5 mol L^?1 KCl could fully extract NO₃ ^?-N. A ratio of 10:1 of solution to soil was adequate for NO₃ ^?-N extraction, whereas the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was almost doubled when the solution-to-soil ratio was increased from 5:1 to 20:1. Storage of extracted solution at ?18 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on NO₃ ^?-N concentration, whereas the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration varied greatly with storage temperature. Storing the extracted solution at ?18 ^oC obtained significantly (P < 0.05) similar results with that determined immediately for both NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations. Compared with the immediate extraction, the averaged NO₃ ^?-N concentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased after storing 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N varied in the two seasons. In conclusion, using fresh soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and extracted by 0.5 mol L^?1 KCl at a solution-to-soil ratio of 10:1 was suitable for extracting NO₃ ^?-N, whereas the concentration of extracted NH₄ ⁺-N varied with KCl concentration and increased with increasing solution-to-soil ratio. The findings also suggest that shaking for 60 min and immediate determination or storage of soil extract at ?18 ^oC could improve the reliability of NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N results.     

不同氮肥管理方式对华北粮田2排放和作物产量的影响分析

通过华北小麦和玉米田已发表文献分析,明确不同施氮量、氮肥基追比及氮素调控措施对土壤N2O排放和作物产量的影响。结果表明：高氮水平下减少氮肥用量并调整基追比有助于减少土壤N2O排放;添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对小麦和玉米产量的提高和土壤N2O的减排效果均较好。兼顾华北粮田N2O减排和作物产量,小麦季推荐合理施氮量167~174 kg·hm-2,基追比1：1,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量为0.31 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量6200 kg·hm-2以上;玉米季推荐合理施氮量177~181 kg·hm-2,基追比2：3~1：2,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量1.70 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量9000 kg·hm-2以上。     

Nitrous Oxide Emission in Relation to Paddy Soil Microbial Communities in South China Under Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Strategies

Irrigation and fertilization affect soil microbial communities in relation to nitrogen transformation and consequently impact nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from paddy fields. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of N₂O emissions from paddy fields to different irrigation and nitrogen treatments and evaluate how the changes in soil microbial population influence N₂O emissions from paddy fields in South China under different irrigation and nitrogen management. Field experiments of late rice and early rice were conducted with three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CIR), “thin-shallow-wet-dry” irrigation (TIR) and alternate wetting and drying irrigation (DIR), and two nitrogen treatments, including 100% urea-N (FM1) and 50% urea-N and 50% pig manure-N (FM2). Results show that total N₂O emissions of both seasons in DIR were 3.2–3.5 times higher than those in CIR, and the total N₂O emissions of both seasons in FM2 were 1.7 times higher than those in FM1 under DIR. Compared to CIR, TIR augmented the population of nitrifying bacteria (NB) but decreased the population of denitrifying bacteria (DNB) at the milky stage, and DIR enhanced the communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and NB but reduced the DNB. Correlation analysis shows that N₂O emission flux had a significantly positive correlation with soil NB (r= 0.541** and 0.542** for late and early rice fields). Thus, CRI had lower cumulative N₂O emission under FM1, and the changes in the nitrifying bacteria community greatly influenced N₂O emissions from paddy fields under different irrigation and nitrogen strategies.     

控释氮肥减量对糜子产量、氮素利用及土壤氮含量的影响

针对黄土高原旱作区糜子生产中氮肥种类单一、肥料利用效率低的问题,本试验以当地习惯施氮尿素N 120kg/hm²(TN)为对照,设置控释氮肥N 120kg/hm²(T1)、108kg/hm²(T2)、96kg/hm²(T3)、84kg/hm²(T4)、72kg/hm²(T5)和不施肥(T0)七个处理,探究不同控释氮肥处理下土壤全氮、微生物量氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量的变化规律,分析糜子成熟期氮素积累分配、氮素利用效率及产量对控释氮肥的响应,以期为建立旱地糜子控释氮肥一次性基施轻简栽培技术提供支撑。结果表明：与施用尿素相比,等量控释氮肥可以提高糜子抽穗期和成熟期土壤全氮、微生物量氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别达0.38%~5.51%、1.76%~7.63%、5.41%~11.80%和4.04%~14.77%,其中硝态氮和铵态氮含量两年均显著高于TN,随着控释氮肥减量糜子田各形态氮素均呈降低趋势,减氮量达20%以上时土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均显著低于TN处理。施用控释氮肥可以提高糜子成熟期氮素积累量1.97%~3.21%,增加糜子氮素向籽粒中的分配比例0.55%~1.18%,控释氮肥减量20%以上时糜子氮素积累量显著低于尿素全量基施处理。与普通尿素相比,控释氮肥提高了糜子氮肥表观利用率、氮肥偏生产力及氮肥农学利用率,增幅分别为3.29%~4.59%、3.88%~4.14%和5.01%~7.63%,其中氮肥偏生产力处理间差异达显著水平,随着控释氮肥减量糜子氮肥表观利用率、氮肥偏生产力及氮肥农学利用率均呈上升趋势。施用控释氮肥通过增加单位面积穗数和穗重显著提高了糜子产量两年分别达3.88%和4.47%,控释氮肥减量20%以下时糜子产量与尿素差异不显著。相关性分析结果表明,糜子氮素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关,氮素利用效率指标与土壤硝态氮含量相关性最强。综上所述,施用控释氮肥较尿素可显著提高糜子生育中后期土壤供氮能力,促进糜子对氮素的吸收利用进而增加产量,且在适量减氮20%时并未显著降低糜子产量,因此控释氮肥在糜子生产中有较大的应用前景及减氮潜力。     

外源氮添加对湿地土壤N_2O排放量的影响

为搞清湿地土壤驱动N2O排放的关键氮源类型,有效减少湿地N2O的排放,本文通过室内控制温湿度,用气相色谱法分析不同外源氮素对湿地N2O排放的影响。结果表明:外加氮源组总是高于对照组N2O排放量(4.4 mg·m-3)。在设定的剂量范围内,单独添加尿素或尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合时N2O排放量呈现先增后减的单峰分布趋势,峰值分别为10.6 mg·m-3和229.0 mg·m-3;单独添加硝酸铵时N2O排放量(32.6~111.0 mg·m-3)随着氮素添加量增加呈现持续上升趋势。单独添加尿素或硝酸铵、尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合均促进N2O的排放,但硝酸铵尿素混合添加对N2O排放量的贡献单独添加硝酸铵单独添加尿素。这为预测内蒙古高原区农牧交错带湿地氮素输入可能带来的温室效应和有效减排提供科学依据。     

不同施肥处理对稻田氧化亚氮排放的影响

2004年在湖南省望城县黄金乡长期肥料监测站对不同施肥处理稻田中N2O排放通量进行了连续观测,发现不同施肥处理稻田中N2O排放季节变化具有一致的规律:生长中前期N2O排放量较小,晒田及之后排放量较大。各施肥处理N2O排放的差异早晚稻不同,早稻各处理间差异不显著,NPK处理排放量最大,为1.48kg.hm2;晚稻各处理差异极显著(p<0.01),NPKS处理排放量最大,为1.40kg.hm2;同是有机肥和化肥配施,早稻NKM处理N2O排放大于NPKS处理,两者差异不显著,而晚稻NPKS处理N2O排放远大于NKM处理,二者差异显著(p<0.05)。稻田水分状况也影响N2O排放,淹水期N2O排放较少,落干期N2O排放较多。     

黑垆土有机氮组分对可矿化氮的关系

Mineralizable N and organic N components in different layers (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm) of six soils with different fertilities sampled from Yongshou County, Shaanxi Province, China,were determined by the aerobic incubation method and the Bremner procedure, respectively. Correlation,multiple regression and path analyses were performed to study the relation of minerallzable N to organic N components. Results of correlation and regression analyses showed that the amounts of the N mineralized were parallel to, and significantly correlated with, the total acid hydrolyzahle N, but was not so with the acid-insoluble N. Of the hydrolyzable N, the amino acid N and the ammonia N had a highly consistent significant correlation with the mineralized N, and their partial regression coefficients were significant in the regression equations, showing their importance in contribution to the mineralizable N. The amino sugar N, on the other hand, had a relatively high correlation with the mineralized N, but their partial regression coefficients were not significant in the regression equations. In contrast, the hydrolyzable unknown N had no such relations.Path analysis further indicated that the amino acid N and ammonia N made great direct contributions to the mineralized N, but the contributions of the amino sugar N were very low. These strongly suggested tha tthe mineralized N in the soils tested was mainly from the hydrolyzable N, particularly the amino acid N and ammonia N which are the major sources for its production.