东北北部黑土水分状况之研究—Ⅲ.黑土农业水分保证评价及春旱预测预报

对于东北北部黑土区的主要作物如小麦、大豆、玉米来说,自然水分供给能在多大程度上保证作物的良好生长和丰产需要?春季干旱对作物生长的影响和危害是否因作物种类不同而异?能否准确地预测预报黑土区春旱的形成和发生?为回答这些问题,作者在以往工作的基础上,研究了不同作物下黑土农田的水量平衡,逐月比较了农田水分收入与支出之间的盈亏情况,并比较研究了不同年份的自然供水条件和作物的实际反应.     

秸秆覆盖对春玉米农田土壤水分的调控作用

根据山西寿阳试验区年内降水时空分布不均，季节性干旱发生频繁，致使粮食产量低而不稳的现状，于1998～1999年进行了春玉米地秸秆覆盖农田水分调控试验，以减少土壤表层水分蒸发、提高降水利用效率，促进试验区农业的稳定、持续发展。研究结果表明，秸秆覆盖具有明显的抑蒸保墒效应，有效地利用了有限的降水资源，土壤储水量明显增加，促进了农田水分的良性循环，有利于作物的生长和产量形成，因而水分效益显著，不同降水年份，每公顷玉米产量增加582～2235.1kg，作物水分利用效率分别提高0.14～0.50kg/(mm     

屯留试验区旱地农田水分供需特征及秸秆覆盖的效果分析

屯留试验区旱地农田水分的基本特征是:自然降水时间分布不均和强度不匀,季节性干旱严重;可能蒸散及无效蒸发量大,深厚土层蕴藏的水库容量大。主要作物冬小麦生育期水分亏缺严重,玉米前期生长水分供应不足。因此,提高降水利用率、抑制无效蒸发和增强土壤供蓄水能力是该区水分调控的实质。两年的秸秆覆盖对比试验结果表明:秸秆覆盖有效地提高了自然降水入渗速率和土壤供蓄水能力,同对照相比,作物全生育期耗水量差异不大,而蒸腾在耗水中占的比重提高10～15%,有效地抑制了蒸发,并具有明显的小区、示范推广增产效果,和改良土壤结构、培肥地力的后效,不失为该区旱地农业的一项有效的水分调控措施。     

黄土高原南部农田水量平衡分析研究

本文依据长期田间实验资料,分析了黄土高原南部裸地及农田水量平衡特征,研究了不同水文年对其影响,得出在平水年年蒸散量与降水量呈平衡状态;在干旱年份年农田蒸散量远大于裸地,说明农田具较高的调节能力,有利于作物生长,干旱年作物影响到农田水量平衡的全过程。干旱年农田水量平衡值为负。台塬区作物(冬小麦)对农田水量平衡的强烈影响为3～5三个月;高原区为4～6三个月;与作物发育相一致。无论平水年还是丰水年,作物对年农田水量平衡值仅在作物旺盛生长时期有较大影响。高原区裸地、农田年蒸散量均高于台塬区,干旱年高原区农田蒸散量与平水年相等,说明高原区更利于作物的生长。     

三江平原大豆田蒸散特征及能量平衡研究

试验研究三江平原大豆田蒸散规律、水分利用效率及辐射收支和能量平衡研究结果表明 ,三江平原 5～ 9月份农田蒸散力基本与降雨量持平 ,正常年份作物生育期内降雨量能满足农田蒸散量的需求 ,大豆田蒸散量变化与大豆叶面积指数的变化呈相关性。大豆生育期内净辐射通量占总辐射的比例有所变化 ,播种～苗后期其比值约为 50 %左右 ,开花～结荚期约为 60 % ,灌浆～收获期约为 55%。大豆田能量平衡具有明显日变化与季节变化特征 ,净辐射收入的 90 %以上用于潜热消耗 ,而用于感热通量与土壤热通量的消耗则极少 ,整个生长季分别低于1.5%和 10 %。     

宁夏半湿润偏旱区农田水分运动及利用研究

通过长期定位试验,研究了宁夏半湿润偏旱区农田水分运动规律、主要作物对农田水分的利用、水分对作物生长的影响以及降水资源的利用。结果表明,春小麦水分入不敷出,干旱缺水及降水的季节变化是该区农业生产的主要限制因子,作物水分利用效率低影响了降水生产潜力的发挥,因而开发降水生产潜力是提高该区农业生产力的关键。     

宁夏半湿润偏旱区农田水分运动及利用研究

通过长期定位试验,研究了宁夏半湿润偏旱区农田水分运动规律、主要作物对农田水分的利用、水分对作物生长的影响以及降水资源的利用。结果表明,春小麦水分入不数出,干旱缺水及降水的季节变化是该区农业生产的主要限制因子,作物水分利用效率低影响了降水生产潜力的发挥,因而开发降水生产潜力是提高该区农业生产力的关键。     

亚热带红壤坡地季节性干旱空间特征

红壤坡地季节性干旱严重危害农业生产和区域发展。季节性干旱时间上多发生于夏末秋初,但其空间发生特征及原因尚不明确。对2006年和2012年两年的坡耕地7、8月份土壤水分时空变化特征的研究结果表明:0~60 cm土壤含水量随土层深度增加而提高;且表层土壤含水量波动最剧烈,随土壤深度增加,波动减弱,60 cm土层土壤含水量变化极小。林地、草地、裸地和农田四种土地利用方式中,农田最易发生季节性干旱,且主要发生在0~30 cm表层土壤。作物根系分布和根系吸水是导致该区季节性干旱的主要原因,土壤蒸发是另一原因。促进作物根系下扎将是缓解该区季节性干旱的有效途径。     

无机营养和水分胁迫对春小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响

营养缺乏和水分胁迫各自对春小麦的生长发育和产量形成有直接影响.分析了春小麦的植株水分状况、生育期、叶片生长、干物质积累和产量构成等在受到水分胁迫下的变化后,认为在一定水分胁迫条件下增加无机营养,能促使春小麦绝对产量显著增加;生活在营养缺乏条件下的春小麦则能产生一系列适应于干旱环境的性状,遇到水分胁迫时受到的影响相对较小(营养充足条件下水分胁迫使产量下降的比率大于营养缺乏条件下的比率).据此如何掌握各种不同程度干旱下的施肥技术,既能使作物维持必需的生长量,同时又能抵御一定程度的水分胁迫,是一个值得进一步研究     

农田尺度下干旱指标及应用

简要综述了农田尺度下干旱胁迫的指标表达方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点及所需基础资料的获取途径,着重介绍了干旱胁迫综合指标(CWSI)的计算原理及应用。比较结果表明,从农田水分循环系统出发建立起来的CWSI～ETa/ETp、CWSI～Ta/Tp关系,直接考虑了土壤、作物、大气的综合影响,与作物生长过程结合紧密,是考虑因素最全面、综合程度最高的一种方法。该方法不仅具有较严格的理论基础,而且计算时所需基本数据都是气象站常规的观测资料,易于获得,是田间尺度下干旱胁迫对作物产量影响评价的首选方法     

基于遗传神经网络的黑龙江浅表地层水分预测

针对BP神经网络预测土壤墒情容易出现较大空间内存在局部极值点的问题,采用GA算法对BP网络进行优化,根据大豆作物在不同生长阶段的根系分布及吸水情况,划分3个不同发育阶段,5个地层深度,建立3种对应的土壤含水量遗传神经网络预测模型,并应用于黑龙江垦区红星农场大豆田间土壤水分预测,分别对3种模型的整体预测误差进行了分析,2009年大豆播种前期及其全生育期土壤体积含水量预测的平均绝对误差为1.83%,能较好地反映大豆田间土壤水分具体情况,为大豆节水灌溉与管理提供可靠的科学依据,该预测方法亦可为寒地大豆或其他农作物田间土壤水分预测提供借鉴。     

Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations in Throughfall and Soil Waters at Level II Monitoring Plots in Norway: Short- and Long-Term Variations

Asian soybean rust (ASR) is a foliar plant disease caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi that is potentially devastating for US soybean production. It was first detected in soybean fields in the Midwestern US in October 2006 but did not cause any damage to soybean production then because most of that year’s crop had been harvested by the time it appeared. In coming years, it is possible that ASR might enter soybean fields in the Midwest during the growing season and cause significant damage. The only current option for managing soybean rust is to use fungicides, many of which have been approved for use on soybeans by the US Environmental Protection Agency under emergency conditions. Since soybean fields traditionally have not received widespread applications of fungicides, it is important to understand the potential environmental impacts of using large quantities of fungicides to combat a potential ASR outbreak. Currently, the impacts of the fungicides used to combat soybean rust on surface and groundwater resources and on “off target” species are not fully known. In this study the National Agricultural Pesticide Risk Analysis hydrologic/water quality model was used to predict fungicide concentrations at edge of field and soil water concentrations at bottom of the root zone as a result of fungicide applications to control soybean rust in Indiana. It was also used to evaluate the likelihood of exceeding threshold chronic exposure concentrations of concern for human and aquatic organism health and identify areas of Indiana that are most vulnerable to contamination by fungicides. The model outputs for the different fungicides show spatial variations of fungicide losses in edge of field runoff and to bottom of root zone soil water or shallow groundwater at 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50% probability of exceedence, indicating that some fungicides may be present in concentrations above threshold ?values of concern for fish and humans. This provides a basis for developing approaches to minimize potential environmental impacts of fungicides, such as prioritizing implementation of best management practices in the most vulnerable areas.     

Phosphorus Application Affects the Soybean Root Response to Water Deficit at the Initial Flowering and Full Pod Stages

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is an important factor for improving the tolerance to water deficit in many plants. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the effects of P application on soybean adaptability to water deficit at the R1 (initial flowering) and R4 (full pod) stages through the investigation of root morphological traits, plant P uptake and resultant yield in two soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars (Dongnong 46 and Heisheng 101). The four levels of P application were 0, 7.3, 14.6 and 29.2 mg kg^?2, respectively. The three water treatments were (1) 65–75% of field water capacity (FWC) as a well-watered control, (2) 30–40% of FWC at the R1 stage, and (3) 30–40% of FWC at the R4 stage. Root traits, plant uptake of P and yield were significantly reduced by water deficiency at different growth stages, especially at the R4 stage. Application of P enabled to alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit, to increase the root dry weight, root length and root surface area, and to slow root senescence after the R5 (initial pod filling) stage. The response of soybean genotypes to both water and P deficit was different. In the absence of P application, Dongnong 46 showed relatively low adaptability to water deficit at the R4 stage, whereas Heisheng 101 showed a lower reduction of root traits and yield. The beneficial effects of P application for Dongnong 46 were more pronounced than those for Heisheng 101. Based on this experiment, we suggested that P fertilizer application to soybean may be justified in low-rainfall years because of its ability to enhance the soybean adaptability to water deficit stress by improving the root morphology, P uptake and consequently yield.     

Phosphorus Application Affects the Soybean Root Response to Water Deficit at the Initial Flowering and Full Pod Stages

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is an important factor for improving the tolerance to water deficit in many plants. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the effects of P application on soybean adaptability to water deficit at the R1 (initial flowering) and R4 (full pod) stages through the investigation of root morphological traits, plant P uptake and resultant yield in two soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars (Dongnong 46 and Heisheng 101). The four levels of P application were 0, 7.3, 14.6 and 29.2 mg kg⁻², respectively. The three water treatments were (1) 65–75% of field water capacity (FWC) as a well-watered control, (2) 30–40% of FWC at the R1 stage, and (3) 30–40% of FWC at the R4 stage. Root traits, plant uptake of P and yield were significantly reduced by water deficiency at different growth stages, especially at the R4 stage. Application of P enabled to alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit, to increase the root dry weight, root length and root surface area, and to slow root senescence after the R5 (initial pod filling) stage. The response of soybean genotypes to both water and P deficit was different. In the absence of P application, Dongnong 46 showed relatively low adaptability to water deficit at the R4 stage, whereas Heisheng 101 showed a lower reduction of root traits and yield. The beneficial effects of P application for Dongnong 46 were more pronounced than those for Heisheng 101. Based on this experiment, we suggested that P fertilizer application to soybean may be justified in low-rainfall years because of its ability to enhance the soybean adaptability to water deficit stress by improving the root morphology, P uptake and consequently yield.     

黑土农田水肥条件对作物产量及水分利用效率的影响

长期定位试验研究黑土农田不同水肥作物产量和水分利用效率的变化结果表明,大豆对水分条件变化反映较敏感,而玉米对养分条件变化反映较敏感,适宜水分条件下3种作物随施肥水平的提高,其产量与水分利用效率相应增加;有机 无机肥配施处理3种作物随水分含量的增加,其产量与水分利用效率相应提高     

东北北部黑土水分状况之研究——Ⅳ.黑土区的抗旱保墒农业技术及改善农田水分状况的途径

黑土区春旱主要危害小麦,常可造成严重减产。但在生产实践中由于田块条件不同或采取了不同农业技术措施,即使并无灌溉条件也可收到差异悬殊的产量效果。如九三地区红五月农场在1965年特大春旱年,十万余亩小麦单产平均只获得103斤/亩,不到常年产量的一半,但全场各地块的小麦产量未必不可能创出较高的产量水平。比如有5个地块1,725亩小麦的产量达到了300斤/亩以上,有9个地块8,460亩的小麦单产达到200-300斤/亩。1968年再次大春早,由于及早发出预报并采取了综合防旱措施,这一年该场小麦的平均单产达到了247斤/亩,为1965年单产的两倍以上。这一事实也说明在大春旱年采用抗旱保墒农业技术对提高小麦产量具有明显的积极意义。     

Cropping rotations: Effect on aggregate stability and biological activity

Abstract

Growing crops and crop sequences over a period of 14 years leads to changes in soil properties. The effect of nine cropping rotations (wheat/soybean‐maize, wheat/soybean‐soybean, wheat/soybean, wheat‐wheat soybean‐soybean, maize‐maize, sunflower‐soybean, sunflower‐sunflower and soybean‐maize) on bulk density, structural stability, biological activity, and organic carbon (C) was investigated in experimental plots subject to conventional tillage. Type of soil used was a well‐drained Typic Argiudoll, with a silty loam texture and an easily alterable structure by cultivation and rainfall. Bulk density, structural stability and biological activity showed statistically significant differences between treatments, a high correlation between biological activity and stable aggregates was also found. Four of the crop sequences (wheat/ soybean‐maize, soybean‐maize, sunflower‐soybean, soybean‐soybean) were chosen because they represented extreme behaviour patterns as regards the effects of water. For these soil samples, the following fractions of organic C: fulvic acids, humic acids, humins, and light C and water soluble C were determined. The results indicated that maintenance of structure was stable in those sequences which included maize and wheat as opposed to soybean monoculture or soybean‐sunflower combinations.     

Diversity of parasitic fungi from soybean cyst nematode associated with long-term continuous cropping of soybean in black soil

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major yield-limiting pest of soybean. In this study, experiments were conducted to examine the diversity of parasitic fungi from SCN associated with disease-suppressive soil fields in Northeast China. Soil samples were collected from three fields under different rotation systems that were established in 1991: (1) a continuous long-term cropping field with soybean (SSSS) that had been shown to be SCN-suppressive, (2) cycles of three-year rotation with corn, soybean, and wheat (WCS), and (3) continuous cropping field with three-year cycles of two years soybean and one-year corn (SSC). In the traditional method result, cyst densities of SCN declined as increase of parasitic fungi, and the percentage of parasitic fungi associated with cyst of SCN was higher in SSSS field than other two fields. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) also showed that parasitic fungi of SCN were also increased in SSSS field, compared with the other two fields. Principal component analysis based on PCR-DGGE data revealed that fungal communities on cysts could be divided into three groups: one group occurred in SSSS, and the other two groups were in WCS and SSC fields, respectively. Long-term cropping with soybean monoculture in the black soil field might increase parasitic fungi of SCN. These fungal communities may play an important role in the ecological suppression of SCN in disease-suppressive soil.     

辽西半干旱区玉米大豆间作对作物产量及水分利用的影响

为探明玉米大豆间作的作物增产、土地生产力提升和水分高效利用机理,优化辽西半干旱区适宜的玉米大豆间作模式,于2018−2019年在国家农业环境阜新观测实验站,采用田间定位试验方法,设置了玉米大豆间作2行﹕2行（M2S2）、4行﹕4行（M4S4）、6行﹕6行（M6S6）,玉米单作（M）和大豆单作（S）5种种植模式,研究玉米大豆间作对作物产量、土地生产力、土壤水分空间分布及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,5种单、间作模式作物总产量表现为M＞M6S6＞M4S4＞M2S2＞S,间作模式中作物对总产量的贡献率表现为玉米＞大豆,玉米贡献率为79.0%～87.3%,大豆贡献率为12.7%～21.0%;M6S6和M4S4间作模式土地当量比（LER）分别为1.13～1.19和1.06～1.07,均具有间作产量优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强;M2S2间作模式土地当量比（LER）小于1,表现为间作劣势;土壤水分空间分布结果表明,0−50cm土层间作玉米与大豆存在水分竞争,60−100cm土层玉米和大豆存在水分互补;3种间作模式均提高了单位面积的玉米水分利用效率,除M6S6间作模式外,M4S4和M2S2间作模式均降低了大豆水分利用效率;M6S6和M4S4间作模式水分当量比（WER）分别为1.18～1.21和1.05～1.06,水分生产力提高5%～21%,均具有间作水分利用优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强,M2S2间作模式水分当量比（WER）为0.99～1.01,间作水分利用优势不显著。综合分析认为,玉米大豆间作模式中M6S6间作产量优势和水分利用优势最强,能够显著提高农田土地生产力和水分利用效率,在辽西半干旱区农业生产中具有更好的应用价值。