氨基酸螯合微肥对旱作水稻苗期生长及生理效应的影响

通过盆栽试验研究氨基酸螯合微肥（AA-Met）对早作水稻苗期生长的影响。结果表明：AA-Met能显著提高早作水稻的株高、根长及生物量。喷施后72h内每24h用SPAD-502测定叶绿素相对含量，发现旱作水稻对螯合态微肥的吸收同化速率显著大于无机微肥，但AA—Met与EDTA—Met（EDTA螫合微肥）间差异不显著。等量施用微量元素下，AA—Met和EDTA—Met处理的生物量、叶绿素和生长素含量均显著高于无机微肥处理，而两螯合态微肥处理间差异不显著。可溶性蛋白含量3种微肥处理间差异显著，表现为AA-Met处理〉ED—TA—Met处理〉无机微肥处理（P〈0．05），表明AA—Met可完全替代EDTA—Met。分别喷施稀释100（AA—Met1）和250（AA—Met2）倍AA—Met的溶液时，作物生物量、叶绿素、生长素及可溶性蛋白含量两处理间差异不显著，但显著高于喷施稀释500（AA—Met）倍的AA—Met溶液的处理。     

土杂猪对真可消化赖氨酸需要量的研究

选取60头体重20kg左右的长自大围子杂交生长猪，以真可消化氨基酸量为基础设计玉米豆粕型日粮。司消化能水平维持15．06MJ／kg不变，真可消化赖氨酸水平分别为0．72％、0．82％、0．92％、1．02％和1．12％。饲养结果表明：对于20～38kg生长猪．随着饲粮中真可消化赖氨酸水平由0．720／升至0．92％时．平均日增重（averaged aily gain，ADG）和生长强度（growth intensity，GI）均显著提高，料肉比显著下降。但当饲粮真可消化赖氨酸水平继续升高至1．12％时，ADG和GI显著下降，料肉比有升高的趋势。经回归分析．拐点为真可消化赖氨酸水平0．95％，此数据即为推荐的需要量。对于38～70kg生长猪，虽然生长性能指标与饲粮真可消化赖氨酸水平没有线性变化关系．但以饲粮中真可消化赖氨酸水平0．92％时，生产性能达到最佳。     

日粮添加木聚糖酶对肉鸡小肠葡萄糖吸收及其转运载体基因表达影响

156羽1日龄AA肉雏鸡随机分为对照组和试验组，对照组饲以小麦基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中添加1000mg/kg木聚糖酶，试验期为30d。与对照组相比，试验组4周内平均日增重提高4.81％（P〈0．01），料重比下降5．00％（P〈0．05）；肠系膜静脉血清中葡萄糖的含量提高5．56％（P〈0．05）。采用半定量RT-PCR方法测定十二指肠和空肠黏膜SGLT1 （sodium／glucose cotransporter 1）和GLUT2（glucose transporter 2）mRNA的表达，发现木聚糖酶显著增加十二指肠SGLT1 mRNA的表达，增幅为33．30％（P〈0．05），试验组空肠SGLT1 mRNA的表达量比对照组增加8．21％，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。木聚糖酶对十二指肠和空肠GLUT2 mRNA表达均无显著影响。提示木聚糖酶主要作用在小肠上段，通过上调SGLT1的表达而影响肉鸡小肠葡萄糖吸收。     

土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素的研究

论述了临沂市土壤中硼、锌、锰、铜、铁等5种主要微量元素的状况与其它因素的关系。有效硼含量0．09～3．67mg／kg，平均0．35mg／kg；有效锰22～572mg／kg，平均244mg／kg；有效锌0．15～4．02mg／kg，平均O．53mg／kg；有效铜0．09～5．78mg／kg，平均1．03mg／kg；有效铁3．2～162mg／kg，平均21．5mg／kg；有效锰2．0～131．4mg／kg，平均23．4mg／kg。不同土壤类型的以上5种微量元素有明显差异，其特征是砂姜黑土缺锌，棕壤、水稻土富含铁、铜、锰、锌；成土母质是影响土壤微黾元素的重要因素之一，发育在基性岩上的土壤一般含量较高，而由红土母质发育的土壤则含量较低。土壤有机质含量与土壤微量元素有明显正相关关系，其中速效锌、速效硼和速效铜与有机质的关系尤为显著。     

α-亚麻酸对良凤花鸡生产性能、养分利用率及肉品质的影响

试验选用120只5周龄雌性良凤花肉鸡，随机分成对照组（不加α-亚麻酸）和试验组（添加0．125%的α-亚麻酸），每组设3个重复．每个重复20只鸡．以研究α-亚麻酸对广西地方肉鸡生产性能及肉质品质的影响。经饲养试验、消化代谢试验、屠宰测定及肉品尝试验等，结果表明：饲粮中添加α-亚麻酸，鸡的增重、屠宰成绩及饲粮养分利用率等有所提高，但统计分析差异不显著（P〉0．05）；胸、腿肌含脂率却显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。试验组鸡肉香味、口感等都优于对照组。从本次试验看．日粮中添加0．125％α-亚麻酸，能很好地改善鸡肉品质。     

基于ArcGIS的彭水县烟区土壤有效态微量元素丰缺评价

研究基于AreGIS技术，应用地统计学方法对彭水县烟区土壤微量元素丰缺状况进行了评价。结果表明：研究区域土壤微量元素中，有效铜、有效铁及有效锰的样本呈正态分布，其他微量元素为偏态分布，其变异系数在29．47％（有效钼）～51．76％（有效铁）之间变化；土壤有效铜、有效硼、有效铁和有效锰的样本数据最佳拟合模型为球状模型，有效钼和有效锌为指数模型；土壤微量元素的随机变异均小于结构性变异，有效铜、有效硼、有效钼及有效锌的空间自相关性相对较弱，有效铁及有效锰则具有较强的空间自相关性；有效铜、有效锰、有效硼含量偏低，有效钼、有效铁及有效锌含量丰富。     

猪体细胞核移植电融合参数的研究

本研究用体外成熟42-46h的猪卵母细胞为核移植受体,猪颗粒细胞为核移植供体,对猪体细胞核移植的电融合参数进行了探讨。结果发现,当脉冲时间为40μs时,0．77kV／cm组的融合率（59．3％）明显高于1．54kV／cm组（38．6％,P〈0．05）,分裂率（77．8%）及桑椹胚／囊胚发育率（33．3％）显著高于2．31kV／cm组（52．2％,13．6％,P〈0．05）;当电场强度为0．77kV／cm时,20μs组的融合率（68．0％）明显高于30μs组和40μs组（42．7％和35．5％,P〈0．05）,分裂率（89．3％）明显高于脉冲时间为40μs组（60．5％）;当电场强度为0．77kV／cm,脉冲时间为20μs时,电脉冲1次的融合率（72．8％）明显高于电脉冲2次（56．0％,P〈0．05）,在直流电脉冲前是否施加交流电（1．0V）对融合率（70．0％vs76．0％）、分裂率（77．3％vs75．0％）以及胚胎发育率（17．3％vs18．4％）均无显著影响（P〉0.05）。 以上结果表明,在本所实验室条件下,猪体细胞核移植中的适宜电融合参数为：0．77kV／cm,20μs,电脉冲1次,这将为随后的猪体细胞核移植奠定了基础。     

大豆黄酮对高邮鸭增重及血清某些激素水平和垂体GH mRNA表达的影响

基础日粮中添加3mg/kg大豆黄酮饲喂5日雄性高邮鸭（Anas platyrhynchos)，以观察大豆黄酮对其增重，血清T3，T4，IGF－1和垂体GHmRNA表达的影响。结果表明:前3周内实验组平均日增重提高16．29％（P＜0．01），饲料经提高7．26％，整个实验期的平均日增重提高7．20％，饲料利用率提高3．63％。同时，大豆黄酮显著增加血清T4（79．29％，P＜0．05）和IGF－1（36．78％，P＜0．01）水平，血清T3水平没有显著变化。Northern杂交分析表明，垂体GHmRNA水平提高32．12％（P＜0．01），提示大豆黄酮可以促进雄性高邮鸭的生长，提高饲料利用率，并能改变内分泌机能，影响垂体GH的基因表达。     

不同施肥方式对典型壤质潮土中微量元素积累及其有效性的影响

研究了1989-2009年间长期不同施肥方式对华北地区典型壤质潮土微量元素全量及有效性的影响。田间试验施肥处理包括：有机肥（OM）、1/2OM 1/2化肥氮磷钾（NPK）、NPK、NP、PK、NK和不施肥（CK）,每个处理4个重复。结果显示,经过长期不同施肥,铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）等微量元素在表层土壤（0～20cm）中均有一定积累,与其在不同土层中的迁移有关。形态分级提取结果表明,土壤中有效态铁（DTPA-Fe）、铜（DTPA-Cu）、锌（DTPA-Zn）含量高于其在碱性土壤中的最低标准,而有效态锰（DTPA-Mn）的含量则相对较低;残渣态(Residual-faction)是微量元素在土壤中的主要形态,分别占其全量的>90%（Fe）、>54%（Mn）、>70%（Cu）、>70%（Zn）。有机质在土壤中的积累通过多种机制提高了有效态、弱酸溶解态（Acid-soluble-fraction）及可氧化态（Oxidizable-faction）微量元素的含量,有效缓解了土壤有效态锰含量的不足,抑制了磷与锌的沉淀反应,是影响微量元素形态转化的主要原因。钾肥的施用同样提高了有效态及弱酸溶解态微量元素的含量,但降低了铁、锰在表层土壤中的全量;而磷肥施用则通过沉淀反应降低了有效态及弱酸溶解态微量元素的含量,提高了铜、锌在表层土壤中的全量。     

太原市土壤中微量元素状况

从１９８０至１９８９年，我们对太原市不同成土母质，不同类型土壤微量元素的含量进行了分析研究。结果表明，花岗岩母质是有效态微量元素含量较高的母质，砂页岩中有效铜、铁含量最高，黄土母质的微量元素含量均低；有效锌、硼（包括盐化潮土）、锰、铜、铁含量在淋溶褐土和棕壤等土壤中较高，而在褐土性土、石灰性褐土、粗骨土、潮土、盐化潮土等土壤含量较低；在太原市土壤中，有效态微量元素含量一般偏低。     

Bioaccumulation of mineral elements in grapevine varieties cultivated in “La Mancha”

The capacity of a plant to take up chemical elements is measured as the ratio of the element concentration in the plant and its concentration in the soil. This ratio is called the bioaccumulation index (BAC). The choice of rootstock and variety can differentially affect nutrient uptake of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Generally, only slight differences can be observed in the accumulation of N, P, and Zn. In contrast, wide variations are found in the absorption of K, Ca, Mg, and Cl. While studies on plant nutrients and major elements have been carried out in vineyards, very few references concern the trace‐element concentrations in leaves. In the study described here, five varieties (Airén, Cencibel, Garnacha, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Chardonnay) grown on a Calcisol Petric or Typic Calcixerept (typical of La Mancha) were compared in terms of leaf trace‐element concentrations. A total of three samples (20 healthy and completely developed leaves from the middle part of the shoot) were collected from three different plants of the same variety. Leaves were dried, milled, and x‐ray fluorescence analysis was performed. It was found that the variety of grapevine influences the uptake of four of the major elements: Al (low in Garnacha, [0.4 ± 0.2] g kg^–1), Ca (high in Cencibel, [32.6 ± 8.1] g kg^–1), P (low in Airén, [0.9 ± 0.4] g kg^–1) and K, which showed significant differences in almost all of the varieties (from [4.7 ± 1.8] g kg^–1 in Cencibel to [8.0 ± 10.1] g kg^–1 in Chardonnay). No statistically significant varietal differences were found for trace elements. The only exception was La, which was present at higher levels in the variety Cencibel ([7.5 ± 0.3] mg kg^–1). This finding allows to assess the geochemical fingerprinting of calcareous soils regardless of the grapevine variety studied.     

麦饭石矿物肥施用效果试验

通过盆栽种植小白菜及后茬作物苋菜,测定其农艺性状、产量及植株中矿质营养成分含量来研究麦饭石矿物肥肥效。结果表明,麦饭石矿物肥对小白菜和苋菜的茎长、根长、鲜重和矿质元素的积累均有显著影响;当矿物肥的施用量在0～0.87 g.kg-1时,随着矿物肥施用量的增加其作用明显增强,当大于0.87 g.kg-1时,其增效减缓。     

Determination of trace amounts of phosphate in water extracts of soils

Abstract

Two methods are described for determining water‐soluble phosphate in the range 0.5 to 10 μg P/l, using solvent extraction for the concentration of molybdenum blue. The manual shaking method had a precision of 0.02 μg P/l; the continuous extraction method, a precision of 0.05 μg P/l. The methods have been found suitable for measuring phosphate in water extracts of soils.     

Background levels of trace and ultra-trace elements in soils of Japan

Five hundred and fourteen soil samples collected from 78 sites in Japan were analyzed for their contents of trace and ultra-trace elements. We estimated the background levels (natural abundance) of 57 elements in soils. The concentration ranges were so wide that the ratios of the highest values to the lowest values were more than 100 for all the elements, with the exception of Be, Ga, Mo, Ag, In, Sn, and Ba. While the concentrations of the first transition elements (₂₁Sc to ₃₀Zn in atomic numbers) were higher than the concentration of the other elements, those of lighter (₃Li and ₄Be) and heavier elements tended to decrease, with an increase or decrease of atomic numbers, with the apparent exception of Pb, Th, and U. Concentrations of elements with even atomic numbers were, in most of the cases, higher than the concentrations of both adjacent elements with odd atomic numbers. Frequency distribution of most of the elements was strongly positively skewed. Markedly positive correlation coefficients (r>0.9) were observed among the elements within the same group in the Periodic Table in many combinations. The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis showed that the occurrence and distribution of the elements in soils were mostly controlled by the chemical properties of each element, rather than by the nature and properties of individual soil samples. The total contents of the elements in soils were strongly dependent on the chemical composition of the parent rocks from which respective soils were derived.     

外源硒矿粉对玉米硒累积及矿质元素吸收的影响

【目的】通过生物强化的方法获得生物安全形态的有机硒,是实现人体科学补硒的重要途径。研究外源硒矿粉在生产中的合理施用量及其对作物的影响,可为富硒农产品生产提供理论与技术指导。【方法】以玉米为试材,以湖北恩施的富硒矿粉(总硒含量为180 mg/kg)为硒源进行田间试验,研究了玉米对外源硒的吸收与转化及施硒对玉米矿质元素吸收的影响。设5个施硒处理: Se 0 (CK)、 750 (Se1)、 1500 (Se2)、 2250 (Se3) 和3000 g/hm2 (Se4)。于玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期取样,测定玉米不同部位总硒含量以及玉米籽粒中总硒、 有机硒及矿质元素含量。【结果】土壤施用富硒矿粉对玉米籽粒产量和总生物量没有显著影响,但可显著增加玉米籽粒及各器官硒含量。随硒施用量由0增加到3000 g/hm2,玉米籽粒中硒含量由14.2 μg/kg 增加到350.3 μg/kg。除Se2处理外,玉米根系中的硒含量在收获期高于抽穗期,而玉米茎和叶中的硒含量在收获期低于抽穗期。玉米不同器官对硒的富集能力依次为根叶籽粒茎,而玉米对硒的转移系数大小顺序亦为叶籽粒茎。与对照相比,施硒使玉米籽粒中有机硒含量显著增加,不同施硒处理玉米籽粒中有机硒含量范围为12.9~302.6 μg/kg,随土壤施硒量增加,有机硒占总硒的比例从86.87%增加到90.84%,不同处理之间有机硒所占比例差异不显著。玉米籽粒总硒、 有机硒与各器官硒含量之间均表现出显著的相关性,其中籽粒中有机硒与不同生育期根中硒含量达到极显著相关水平。施硒可显著抑制玉米籽粒对Na的吸收,对K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe 的吸收无显著影响,一定的施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。【结论】施用外源硒矿粉对玉米生物量与籽粒产量无显著影响。随施硒量增加,玉米籽粒中总硒含量和有机硒含量与对照相比显著增加,但对玉米籽粒中的有机硒与总硒的比例没有显著影响。一定施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。以纯硒施用量为750~1500 g/hm2作为硒矿粉在富硒玉米生产中的推荐施硒量。     

豫东潮土地区大蒜喷施微量元素肥料效果试验

试验表明在豫东潮土地区大蒜喷施钼酸铵、硫酸锌、硼砂、硫酸锰、硫酸铜有明显增产效果，比对照增产幅度为1890．0～3844．5kg／hm^2，增产9．6％～19．4％；同时提高大蒜的品级，改善大蒜品质，经济效益高，比对照增收3712．17～6566．54元／hm^2，增值达16．4％～27．3％。     

矿质营养对柑橘品质的影响

本文简述了柑橘所需主要营养元素对品质的重要作用,讨论了不同种类肥料对柑橘品质的效应,提出了改善我国柑橘品质现状的主要措施,为科学调控柑橘营养代谢、平衡施肥和开发多养分柑橘缓/控释专用肥料提供依据。     

Effect of rate and source of nitrogen fertilizers on mineral composition of d'Anjou pears

Abstract

Thirteen‐year‐old ‘d'Anjou’ pear trees, Pyrus communis L., were fertilized with 3 rates of ammonium nitrate or 2 rates of calcium nitrate in late autumn from 1978 to 1980. In 1981, mid‐terminal and fruiting‐spur leaves and fruit peel and flesh were sampled for mineral analysis of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The level of N increased in the above tissues as rate of N fertilizer was increased. In most cases, the levels of N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Mn in the fruiting spur leaves and fruit were greater in the ammonium nitrate‐treated trees than with calcium nitrate fertilizer. Calcium was higher in the fruit peel and flesh of trees treated with the low rate of calcium nitrate than with the highest rate of ammonium nitrate fertilizer while Ca in the fruiting spur leaves was lower in the calcium nitrate‐fertilized trees.     

基施硒肥对莜麦产量和微量元素含量的影响

在河南省黄河滩区,通过研究基施硒肥(亚硒酸钠)对莜麦青干草和果实产量以及微量元素含量的影响,探索提高莜麦产量以及微量元素含量的新途径。结果表明: 1）基施硒肥能提高莜麦的青干草产量, 当基施量为954 g/hm2的情况下,效果最佳,扬花期青干草产量提高9.33%（P0.05）,但基施硒肥对莜麦果实产量影响不显著; 2）莜麦对硒有较强的吸收和同化能力,可以从肥料中大量吸收无机硒,并大多转化为有机硒向上运输到茎叶和果实中; 3）基施硒肥能在不同程度上提高莜麦青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,而对Fe和Mn的含量影响不大,当硒肥基施量在954 g/hm2的情况下,扬花期青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量分别提高 9.31%（P0.05）、 13.22% （P0.05）和281.25%（P0.05）; 4）基施硒肥能显著提高莜麦果实中Fe、 Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,而对Mn的含量影响不大,当硒肥基施量在954 g/hm2的情况下,Cu、 Zn和Se的含量分别比不施硒对照提高7.92%（P0.05）、 5.75%（P0.05）和18.75%（P0.05）,当硒肥基施量在765 g/hm2的情况下,莜麦果实中Fe的含量比对照提高10.19%（P0.05）。综上,莜麦对硒肥有较强的吸收和转化能力,适当地基施硒肥有利于提高扬花期青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量和果实中Fe、 Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,适宜的硒基施量为765954 g/hm2。     

Synergistic trace metal effects in plants

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in Yolo loam soil with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) with single and combination treatments of moderately high levels of Cd, Li, Cu, and Ni to test whether or not effects could be additive or synergistic. Copper and Ni together were more toxic than either alone. Copper, Ni, and Cd were more toxic together than any one alone. These effects were probably additive and may be related to a 0.2 pH change caused by Cu which increased uptake of Ni and Mn. Synergistic effects were observed in the Cd and Ni concentrations, especially in the stems of the plants. Because of these interactions, the effects were then tested in solution culture. In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots. Also, in solution culture with (2.5 × 10^‐5 M) Zn, Cu, and Cd added singly, in pairs, and together, Zn and Cu additively decreased Cd concentrations in roots. Synergistic effects on yield depressions were observed in solution culture for 5 × 10^‐5 M Zn + 3 × 10^‐5 M Cu+ 2 x10^‐5 M Ni. An additive effect on yield depression was observed for 2 × 10^‐4 MCd + 2 × 10^‐5 M Ni. There were many complex interactions among the trace metal concentrations in these plants.