河北省地方水（陆）稻品种耐逆性研究

对河北省地方水（陆）稻品种耐逆性进行了鉴定,并在此基础上分析了耐寒性、耐旱性、耐盐性种质分布情况。对耐性频度较高的耐寒性、耐旱性从水、陆稻,熟期,不同稻作区等方面进行了详细研究。结果表明：耐寒、耐旱品种频度高、强度大,耐寒品种高达86.44%,高耐率23.53%;耐旱品种为48.77%,高耐率31.65%;耐盐性品种仅为6.46%,并且无高耐性和耐性品种。耐寒品种频度水稻高于陆稻,各熟期类型分布频度接近,随纬度增加、经度西移和温热条件降低而增加;耐旱性品种频度和强度均是陆稻高于水稻,早稻早熟耐性频度最高,其余熟期比较接近,河北省东北地区高,西北及冀中库淀地区低。     

水分胁迫对云南陆稻主要农艺性状的影响

为了揭示水分胁迫对陆稻主要农艺性状的影响,以21 个云南陆稻品种为材料,对其9 个主要农艺性状在旱作和水培2 种水分管理模式下的变化规律以及与旱作产量的相关关系进行分析。结果表明：陆稻旱作较水作生育期延长、有效穂数降低、实粒数减少、结实率下降、千粒重降低。水分胁迫下陆稻各主要农艺性状与抗旱系数的通径分析表明：陆稻的多种农艺性状均与其抗旱能力有着不同程度的依存关系,但是与旱作产量关系最密切、影响最大、最直接的还是有效穗数、实粒数、千粒重这3 个指标。因此在陆稻栽培过程中,宜采用“稳穗、增粒、增重”的高产生产措施。通过采取适宜的措施,在适当增加穗数的前提下,通过提高陆稻的结实率和千粒重实现高产。     

不同回交世代渗入系抗旱性鉴定及孕穗期其光合参数分析

本实验以不同世代水旱回交渗入系BC3、BC4、4份旱稻品种和1份水稻品种为研究材料;比较孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下,不同材料间产量、生物量和经济系数的差异及光合参数与产量关系。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下BC4代渗入系平均产量、生物量和经济系数显著高于水稻品种,与旱稻品种无显著差异;BC3渗入系群体平均产量、生物量和经济系数显著低于旱稻品种与水稻沈农265无显著差异,这表明BC4代在干旱胁迫条件下能更好使旱稻抗旱性和水稻的丰产性得到统一。光化学淬灭系数（qN）与产量和经济系数相关显著其相关系数为0.257和0.308;所有光合参数与生物量相关均不显著;光下最大叶绿素荧光（Fm）和最小叶绿素荧光（F0）与经济系数显著负相关,其相关系数为-0.257和-0.224。     

抗旱水稻品种的筛选及综合评价

为筛选适宜冀东滨海稻区种植的耐旱水稻新品种,通过水作和旱作栽培模式下与作物生产密切相关的农艺性状指标（如生育期、产量性状指标等）的变化,探讨了21个水稻稳定品系的抗旱性。结果表明,栽培稻旱作较水作生育期延长、株高降低、穗长缩短,产量降低,影响旱作水稻产量的主要因子是每穗粒数。通过抗旱力指数法和农艺性状的综合评价,认为稳定品系wd1、wd11、wd10、wd12属于中熟品种,产量稳定,综合性状优,是适宜旱作的稳定品系     

水稻和陆稻品种抗旱性综合评价

从产量性状、外部形态和生理生化3个方面多个指标中选出11项有代表性的指标,采用其旱/水比相对值（划分评分标准）和权重计分法对4个水、陆稻品种（组合）进行了抗旱性综合评价,综合评分以TANGARA最高（4.06分）明显高于其他3个品种,IAPAR9（3.33分）次之,稍高于新香优80（3.21分）,R80最低（2.59分）。表明TANGARA有较强的抗旱性,IAPAR9和新香优80抗旱性相差不大,R80较差,与生产实际表现基本一致。表明此项方法具有较强的客观性和准确性。     

Evaluating the potential for farmer and plant breeder collaboration: A case study of farmer maize selection in Oaxaca, Mexico

Formal plant breeders could contribute much to collaboration with farmers for improving crop varieties for local use. To do so outside researchers must have some understanding of local selection practices and their impact on crop populations in terms of the genetic theory underlying plant breeding. In this research we integrated methods from social and biological sciences to better understand selection and its consequences from farmers' perspectives but based on the concepts used by plant breeders. Among the households we worked with, farmers' selection practices were not always effective yet they understood the reasons for this and had no expectations for response to selection in some traits given the methods available to them. Farmers' statements, practices and genetic perceptions regarding selection and the genetic response of their maize populations to their selection indicate selection objectives different than may be typically assumed, suggesting a role for plant breeder collaboration with farmers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Root and shoot responses of upland New Rice for Africa varieties to fluctuating soil moisture conditions as affected by different levels of nitrogen fertilization

Drought cycling and soil re-watering trends due to intermittent rainfall patterns are key stress factors that influence rice growth and yield under upland cultivation conditions. However, upland rice adaptation responses to fluctuating soil moisture conditions remain poorly understood. This study investigated root and shoot responses of upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties to episodic drought and re-watering during growth. We examined root and shoot growth of NERICA 1 and NERICA 4 compared with those of IR72, an improved lowland variety, and Dular, a traditional drought-tolerant variety, in terms of soil moisture fluctuations with different levels of nitrogen fertilization under field conditions that impeded deep root development. During soil moisture fluctuation, all varieties reduced shoot dry weight compared with well-watered plants, regardless of nitrogen fertilization levels. However, total root length for the three upland varieties was enhanced by soil moisture fluctuations at moderate and high nitrogen fertilization, while that of the lowland variety was reduced. Comparing root development during water fluctuations revealed that NERICA 1 had a greater root system than NERICA 4, which was attributed to lateral root development. Furthermore, we found that NERICA varieties increase lateral root mass during soil desiccation under adequate nitrogen fertilization, while Dular and IR72 reduced their root growth rate during drought and increased it after re-watering. Both root growth patterns developed, from around maximum tillering to heading. The analysis of regression between root elongation and shoot growth with fluctuating soil moisture indicated that an enhanced root system during drought, on adequate nitrogen fertilization, can contribute to shoot growth when sufficient water becomes available, specifically around the maximum tillering to the heading growth stage of rice.     

栽培稻叶结构、水分生理与抗旱性关系研究

摘 要：增强栽培稻品种的抗旱性是稻作节水生产的重要途径。稻作种质资源抗旱相关指标的研究是改良稻作品种抗旱性的重要依据。选择抗旱性差异明显的四种类型稻作种质,采用三种干旱胁迫方式,对孕穗期植株叶片的叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率进行了考察,分析稻作种质在三种处理下各性状相互之间的内在关联及其与品种抗旱性的关系;结果表明叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率在干旱胁迫下均表现为旱稻类型高于水稻类型。轻度干旱下的叶肉厚与成熟期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-B极显著相关,与孕穗期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-H显著性相关。重度干旱下的中脉粗与DRIm2-B极显著相关,重度干旱下的叶片保水率与重度干旱产量抗旱指数DRIm2-Y显著相关,中脉粗和叶片相对含水量在四种种质类型中差异不明显;孕穗期叶肉厚和叶片保水率可分别作为稻作种质抗旱性研究和评价的两个指标。     

干旱胁迫对云南陆稻幼苗生理特性的影响

为揭示干旱胁迫对陆稻幼苗生理生化特性的影响,此研究以‘白花山’、‘旱谷’和‘小红米’3 个具有不同抗旱能力的陆稻品种为试验材料,采用PEG模拟水分胁迫法,对其5 个理化指标在水分胁迫下的变化规律进行研究。结果表明,SOD、POD与CAT等保护酶在轻度的PEG渗透胁迫下,3 个供试陆稻品种的抗氧化酶活性均表现为先升高后下降的趋势;而在严重胁迫下,大部分品种表现为先少量上升后剧烈下降或直接下降的趋势,严重胁迫T3、中度胁迫T2、轻度胁迫T1 对保护酶活力的影响表现为T3＞T1＞T2,且在各浓度的PEG模拟干旱胁迫下其保护酶的活性均表现为高抗品种‘白花山’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞低抗品种‘小红米’。MDA含量随着胁迫程度的加深以及胁迫时间延长不断上升的趋势,且上升的速度表现为低抗品种‘小红米’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞高抗品种‘白花山’。可溶性糖的总体趋势表现为高抗品种‘白花山’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞低抗品种‘小红米’、T3＞T2＞T1＞T0(CK)。由此可以看出,陆稻在干旱胁迫下通过增加渗透调解物质含量,降低水势来提高其抗旱能力;并通过增强抗氧化酶活性,提高抗氧化能力,来减轻干旱胁迫所带来的伤害。     

水、旱栽培条件下稻米主要品质性状的比较研究

以旱稻品种IRAT109的116个株系与水稻品种越富杂交构建的DH群体及其亲本，在水、旱2种栽培条件下种植，研究了稻米加工、外观、蒸煮和营养等品质性状的变化规律及其各品质性状间的相关性。结果表明，在11个稻米品质性状中，蛋白质含量、整精米率、胶稠度和碱消值等4个性状水、旱2种不同栽培条件下差异较大，说明这些性状受水分条件影响较大；粒长、粒宽、直链淀粉含量和垩白率也有一定的差异，一定程度受土壤水分环境影响。旱栽条件下稻米蛋白质含量、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值等均有不同程度的升高，其中蛋白质含量平均提高37.9%，平均增加3.02个含量百分点，而垩白率下降，稻米米粒变小，总体上旱栽稻米品质有变优趋势。糙米率、精米率和长宽比在2种栽培条件下没有差异，基本上不受土壤水分环境影响。此外，对同一品质性状在水、旱2种不同栽培条件下相关性分析，表明加工品质性状的基因与环境互作较大，外观、蒸煮和营养等品质性状比较稳定。因此，通过水稻和旱稻相互杂交，可将旱稻的抗旱基因导入外观品质、蒸煮、食用品质以及营养品质优良的目标水稻亲本中，选育出抗旱、优质的水稻或旱稻品种。     

水、旱稻根基粗和抗旱系数QTL的标记辅助选择及验证

利用水、旱稻杂交、回交所产生的4个分离群体对RIL群体定位到的抗旱相关的根基粗、抗旱系数2个QTL进行了选择验证。结果表明，根基粗、抗旱系数QTL的两侧标记在不同群体、不同的遗传背景中遗传稳定。在旱田种植条件下，YIBC1、JIBC1、JIF2 3个分离群体携带有根基粗QTL brt4.1两侧标记有利等位基因的个体与没有携带brt4.1两侧     

Farmer and formal breeding of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and the implications for integrated plant breeding

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and it is the fourth most important crop in Ethiopia. The national average yield amounts 1302 kg/ha. In order to assess the achievement in farmer breeding various types of research were undertaken. These include survey research to quantify the trend in productivity, the level of and reasons for adoption of improved varieties, yield performance and preference evaluation of farmers’ varieties (FVs) and improved varieties (IVs). As per the trend analysis over the last four decades, total production and yield per hectare has increased by 11.63 and 14.2%, respectively. However, area allocated to sorghum has decreased over years by −2.93%. The lack of consistent productivity is attributed to the fluctuation of environmental factors. Sorghum production in Ethiopia is predominantly based on varieties developed by farmers. The share of IVs is very low. FVs and IVs are adopted by 87.3 and 12.7% of the farmers, respectively. Besides, the adoption of IVs is limited to the lowland crop ecology. The comparative yield of FVs is higher than IVs by 132%. On top of yield, farmers do prefer their varieties for other multipurpose values namely feed, fuel wood and construction material. FVs under production are identified in each wereda. Farmer breeding has been successful compared to four decades of formal breeding. On the other hand, both farmer and formal breeding are not without weaknesses; a comparative balance sheet is outlined for both. Ideotypes for the three major crop ecologies are suggested and integrated plant breeding is anticipated to develop the proposed ideotypes thereby increase sorghum productivity in the region.     

不同种植方式下氮素营养对陆稻中旱3号和水稻扬粳9538米质的影响

以粳型陆稻中旱3号和粳型水稻扬粳9538为材料,设置裸地旱种和水种两种方式及低氮(100 kg hm^-2)、常氮(200 kg hm^-2)和高氮(300 kg hm^-2) 3种氮素水平,比较了陆稻和水稻米质的差异。结果表明,旱种高氮处理下陆稻和水稻的产量以及水种高氮处理下水稻的产量较常氮有所下降,但水种高氮处理下陆稻的产量较常氮增加;增加施氮量使陆稻的垩白粒率和垩白度均先增加后下降,两品种稻米的直链淀粉含量下降,蛋白质含量增加,而水稻在旱种方式下垩白粒率和垩白度下降,在水种方式下增加。陆稻以常氮处理及水稻以低氮处理的崩解值最高,消减值最小。旱种使陆稻外观和营养品质有所改善;陆稻和水稻旱种的其他品质指标与水种无显著差异。与水稻相比,陆稻的营养品质较优,外观和蒸煮品质稍差,其蒸煮和营养品质指标与叶片含氮率的相关程度较低。表明陆稻和水稻的米质对种植方式和氮素的响应有明显差异。对陆稻和水稻的高产优质栽培途径进行了讨论。     

不同种植方式下氮素营养对陆稻和水稻产量的影响

以粳型陆稻中旱3号和粳型水稻扬粳9538为材料, 设置裸地旱种和水种两种方式及低氮(LN, 100 kg hm^-2)、中氮（NN, 200 kg hm^-2）和高氮(HN, 300 kg hm^-2) 3种N素水平, 比较研究了氮素营养对陆稻和水稻产量形成的影响。结果表明, 旱种HN处理下陆稻和水稻的产量以及水种HN处理下水稻的产量较NN有所下降; 但水种HN处理下陆稻的产量较NN增加; 随施N量增加, 水、陆稻在两种种植方式下穗数均增加, 每穗粒数表现不一, 结实率均下降, 但陆稻降幅小于水稻, 陆稻千粒重差异不显著, 而水稻则显著下降。与水种相比, 旱种条件下陆稻的千粒重无显著变化, 而水稻千粒重则显著下降, 水、陆稻旱种的结实率均有所提高, 但陆稻的提高幅度大于水稻。与水稻相比, 陆稻不定根数少, 吸N能力低, 分蘖能力弱, 成穗数少、穗型小, 产量较低。拔节至抽穗期不定根数的增幅大, 叶片含N率下降慢, 花后叶片含N率和剑叶叶绿素（SPAD）值下降快。陆稻光合生产力对水分胁迫的负响应小, 对增施N素正响应大。表明陆稻和水稻对种植方式和N素的响应有明显差异。对陆稻和水稻的产量增产途径进行了讨论     

水、旱栽培条件下水稻叶片水势与抗旱性的相关分析及其QTL定位

为了揭示叶片水势在水稻抗旱中所起的作用及其遗传机制, 以越富和IRAT109为亲本构建了120个重组自交系, 开展叶片水势与抗旱相关性及QTL定位的研究。重组自交系及亲本群体在旱田和水田两种条件下种植, 于始穗期测量叶片凌晨水势和中午水势; 以抗旱系数作为抗旱鉴定指标。结果表明, 叶片水势在重组自交系间变异显著。相关性分析表明旱田中午叶片水势与抗旱系数及旱田单株产量呈极显著正相关, 旱田叶片水势变化与抗旱系数及旱田单株产量呈极显著负相关, 说明旱田中午叶片水势高且能保持凌晨基础叶片水势的品种更具抗旱性。共检测到6个叶片水势加性QTL, 其中旱田凌晨叶片水势2个, 分别解释表型变异的5.4%和7.9%, 旱田中午叶片水势1个, 解释表型变异的10.0%, 旱田叶片水势变化2个, 分别解释表型变异的11.6%和9.5%, 水田叶片水势变化1个。未检测到水田叶片水势加性QTL。共检测到5对上位性效应QTL, 其中旱田中午和凌晨叶片水势各检测到1对上位性QTL, 水田凌晨叶片水势上位性QTL 1对, 水田中午叶片水势上位性QTL 2对。抗旱系数共检测到3个加性QTL和2对上位性QTL。叶片水势遗传力较低, 田间直观选择效果差, 利用分子标记辅助选择将会提高选择效率。     

转型时期杂交水稻的困境与出路

杂交水稻技术是我国自主创新并领先于世界的重大技术, 杂交水稻技术在水稻生产中的成功应用为保障我国粮食安全做出了巨大贡献。由于杂交稻品种选育策略和种子生产与经营方式没有适应目前水稻生产的转型变化, 最近几年我国杂交稻的种植面积有下降的趋势。这并不是杂交稻技术本身的问题, 国内外的生产实践证明杂交稻仍然代表先进的水稻生产技术。如果我们尽快地调整杂交稻的育种目标, 培育出适合于轻简化和机械化水稻生产方式、综合抗性好、资源利用效率高、稻米品质优良的杂交稻组合, 通过轻简化和机械化栽培技术降低杂交稻的种子生产成本和种子价格, 我国的杂交稻有望迅速走出目前的困境。     

水、旱栽培条件下稻谷粒型和粒重的相关分析及其QTL定位

为了解水、旱栽培条件下水稻粒形和粒重的表型及QTL变化,以陆稻品种IRAT109和水稻品种越富构建的双单倍体群体为材料,系统分析了稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒重及长宽比在水、旱栽培条件下的相关性,并进行了数量性状基因位点的比较定位。结果表明,水、旱条件下,粒长与长宽比和粒重均呈极显著正相关;粒宽与长宽比呈极显著负相关,与粒重极显著正相关,4个性状在水、旱条件间相关性都达极显著正相关。其中粒长的相关系数最高,达0.817,粒宽的相关系数最低,为0.457。表明粒长受水分影响最小而粒宽受水分影响较大。粒重、长宽比介于二者之间。两种条件下共检测到14个QTLs,分布于水稻1、5、6、7、10和12染色体上,其中控制粒长的5个,LOD值为1.93~5.11,贡献率为5.97%~28.85%;控制粒宽的1个,LOD值为2.39,贡献率为12.76%;控制长宽比的3个,LOD值为2.08~4.6,贡献率为7.78%~21.89%;控制粒重的5个,LOD值为2.68~9.45,贡献率为4.1%~14.8%。其中控制粒长的qGL-5及控制粒重的qGWt-1a和qGWt-1b在水、旱条件下均能检测到,在抗旱育种中可用于分子标记辅助选择籽粒性状。QTL分析的结果进一步验证了表型分析结果,粒宽相对易受土壤水分影响,粒长、粒重和长宽比,受水分胁迫影响较小,遗传比较稳定。     

Improvement of cropping systems by integration of rice breeding: a novel genetic improvement strategy

Rice improvement is based to an increasing extent on ever-sharper genetic analysis to the detriment of classical breeding, which is disappearing. Analytical genetics are very promising, but they cannot replace integrated and finalized breeding. Little attention has been paid to improving participatory rice breeding methods for subsequent integration into sustainable cropping systems. Special methodological initiatives are required to ensure the success of this breeding-agronomy integration. This integration of inexpensive breeding methods has increased the biodiversity of rice: low temperature and drought tolerant upland rice varieties for mountain areas, and polyvalent varieties, which have the ability to grow in both rainfed or irrigated conditions, they are perfectly adapted to improved cropping systems and to beneficiaries’ needs and preferences. These preliminary results on this integration demonstrate that the present approach is relevant.     

4个水稻高产品种与巴西陆稻的耐旱性比较研究

在营养生长期与生殖生长期分别进行自然干旱与人工气候干旱处理,比较研究了4个水稻高产品种(组合)V989、汕优198、培两优特青及两优681与巴西陆稻IAPAR-9的耐旱性.结果:(1) 当叶片出现永久萎蔫时,4个水稻品种(组合)盆中土壤含水量为6.1%～8.5%,显著或极显著低于IAPAR-9盆中土壤含水量(9.2%);(2)当叶片出现永久萎蔫后3～5 d复     

北方粳稻分子育种研究进展

本文介绍了北方粳稻分子育种课题的研究情况和所取得的研究成果。目前主要进行两方面的研究，一方面为特异基因型的鉴定：主要有筛选鉴定出抗旱性材料86份，苗期抗寒性材料40份，后期抗寒性材料629份，抗稻瘟病材料28份，对筛选出的抗旱性材料进行了第二轮聚合杂交，共配组合171个。另一方面是关于遗传与生理基础研究，对穗部性状、粒形、产量和品质以及它们之间的关系进行了深入的研究。另外本文对北方粳稻分子育种材料构建过程中存在的问题进行了综合讨论，并讨论北方粳稻分子育种今后的发展方向。