有机源锌和锰对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳和骨质量的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加有机源锌和锰替代无机锌和无机锰对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳和骨骼质量的影响。试验选择31周龄产蛋性能接近的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡616只,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复22只。基础日粮锌和锰含量分别为50和30 mg/kg,对照组饲喂基础日粮,分别添加氧化锌和硫酸锰(锌40 mg/kg,锰60 mg/kg)。处理组分别在基础日粮中添加20 mg/kg有机锌,30 mg/kg有机锰、20 mg/kg有机锌+30 mg/kg有机锰、40 mg/kg有机锌、60 mg/kg有机锰、40 mg/kg有机锌+60 mg/kg有机锰,上述含量均以相应元素计。试验共进行7周。结果显示:日粮用有机锌或锰替代50%或100%无机锌、锰对蛋鸡生产性能相关参数均无显著影响(P> 0.05)。对照组相比,有机锌或锰替代无机锌或锰的比例对32、46、60和74周龄蛋鸡蛋壳相对重量、蛋壳密度和蛋壳厚度均无显著影响(P> 0.05)。与对照组相比,30 mg/kg有机锰、20 mg/kg有机锌+30 mg/kg有机锰组的蛋壳强度显著提高(P <0.05)。40 mg/kg有机锌+60 mg/kg有机锰组较无机锌、锰组显著提高了60、74周龄及全期蛋壳强度(P <0.05)。日粮添加有机锌或锰对胫骨物理参数及胫骨和趾骨灰分含量均无显著影响。结论 :日粮添加有机锌、锰替代无机锌锰对蛋鸡产蛋性能和骨质量无影响,但可以降低蛋鸡由于年龄升高对蛋壳强度的负面影响。     

乳酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋壳质量的影响

为研究乳酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋壳质量的影响,试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取1600只360日龄的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组8个重复,每个重复50只鸡。础饲日粮为玉米-豆粕型粉状饲粮,处理1组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mg/kg一水硫酸锌(以锌计),处理2组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mg/kg乳酸锌(以锌计),处理3组饲喂基础饲粮+40 mg/kg乳酸锌(以锌计),处理4组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mg/kg锌(一水硫酸锌和乳酸锌提供的锌各一半)。结果表明,蛋鸡日粮中添加60 mg/kg乳酸锌(以锌计)能显著降低平均破蛋率、提高平均蛋壳强度(P<0.05)和明显提高平均蛋壳厚度,并且平均死亡率最低,但对蛋鸡的平均产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和平均料蛋比无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Effect of dietary supplementation of organic zinc on laying performance,egg quality and some biochemical parameters of laying hens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc methionine (Zn‐Met) supplementation on the performance, egg quality, antioxidant status and some biochemical parameters of blood serum in laying hens from 22 to 34 weeks of age. A total of 120 Hisex Brown laying hens of 22‐week‐old were randomly allocated into five treatments with six cage replicates for each (four hens/replicate). Dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet with no Zn‐Met supplementation (control group) and basal diet supplemented with 25, 50, 75 or 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg diet. No significant differences were observed on body weight, body weight gain or feed conversion ratio due to dietary Zn‐Met supplementation. However, highly significant impact was observed on daily feed intake. Egg number, egg weight and egg mass were increased in the group fed diet supplemented with the highest level of Zn‐Met (100 mg/kg of diet) as compared to other groups. All egg quality traits were statistically (p > .05 or .01) affected as a response to dietary Zn‐Met supplementation except egg shape index, shell percentage and yolk index. In comparison with the control group, dietary supplementation of 25, 50, 75 or 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg decreased serum triglyceride and LDL‐cholesterol levels. Serum cholesterol level was increased with all dietary levels of Zn‐Met in comparison with the control group. Dietary Zn‐Met supplementation increased the serum content of zinc, where the highest values were recorded with 50 and 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg diet. Dietary Zn‐Met levels did not affect the antioxidant indices in blood serum except for the activity of copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu‐Zn‐SOD). The activity of Cu‐Zn‐SOD was increased with Zn‐Met supplementations with no differences among supplemental zinc levels. It is concluded that dietary Zn‐Met supplementation reduced serum triglyceride, LDL‐cholesterol and increased Zn status and resulted in promoting antioxidant ability of laying hens, and the addition of 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg to layer diet was appropriate for improving the above parameters in addition to egg production indices and Haugh unit score.     

脂肪粉对蛋鸡生产性能及相关理化指标的影响

为探讨饲料中添加脂肪对蛋鸡生产性能的影响,选择300日龄褐壳蛋鸡720只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理分为6个重复;试验组分别添加1％、2％脂肪粉,观测其对蛋鸡生产性能、生理变化及经济效益的影响。结果表明：添加脂肪,可以明显提高（P〈0．05）蛋鸡产蛋率（3．51～5．23％）和蛋重（6．03～8．69％）,降低采食量（3．63～3．67％）,改善饲料报酬（13．08～16．03％）;生理指标检测结果显示,试验组血清T3、T4含量显著提高（P〈0．05）,并且有提高GH、IGF－1含量趋势（P〉0．05）;综合经济效益分析,添加脂肪可以提高蛋鸡养殖效益（16．67～26．98％）。因此,杂粕型蛋鸡饲料中添加脂肪有实际意义。     

Zinc‐bearing zeolite clinoptilolite improves tissue zinc accumulation in laying hens by enhancing zinc transporter gene mRNA abundance

A study was conducted to investigate effects of zinc‐bearing zeolite clinoptilolite (ZnCP), as an alternative for zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), on laying performance, tissue Zn accumulation and Zn transporter genes expression in laying hens. Hy‐Line Brown laying hens were allocated to three treatments, each of which had six replicates with 15 hens per replicate, receiving basal diet supplemented with ZnSO₄ (control, 80 mg Zn/kg diet), 0.23% ZnCP (40.25 mg Zn/kg diet) and 0.46% ZnCP (80.50 mg Zn/kg diet) for 8 weeks, respectively. Compared with control, hens fed diet containing 0.23% ZnCP had similar Zn content in measured tissues (P > 0.05). A higher ZnCP inclusion (0.46%) enhanced Zn accumulation in liver (P < 0.05) and pancreas (P < 0.05). In addition, ZnCP inclusion increased blood iron (Fe) content (P < 0.05). ZnCP supplementation enhanced jejunal metallothionein‐4 (MT‐4) messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance (P < 0.05). ZnCP inclusion at a higher level (0.46%) increased mRNA expression of MT‐4 in pancreas (P < 0.05) and zinc transporter‐1 (ZnT‐1) in jejunum (P < 0.05). The highest ZnT‐2 mRNA abundance in jejunum was found in hens fed 0.23% ZnCP inclusion diet (P < 0.05). The results indicated that ZnCP reached a higher bioavailability as compared with ZnSO₄ as evidenced by enhanced tissue Zn accumulation and Zn transporter genes expression.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in Moroccan laying hens farms

Increasing emergence of salmonellosis presents a threat to the effective control of foodborne disease in humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of drug susceptibility and molecular characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from laying hens (LH) in 3 Moroccan regions, Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër (RSZZ), Souss-Massa-Drâa (SMD), and the grand Casablanca (GC). A total of 351 samples were collected from 30 consumer egg laying houses at the end of the egg laying period from April to July 2011. Sixty-four out of these 351 examined samples were contaminated by Salmonella. The Salmonella isolated strains were then serotyped and tested for drug susceptibility and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of the invasion-associated genes invA and spvC and nalidixic acid resistance-associated qnr gene. The prevalence of NTS infection in LH was estimated to be 73.3%. Seven Salmonella enterica serovars were identified: Enteritidis (37.5%), Kentucky (31.2%), Infantis (10.9%), Typhimurium (6.2%), Thompson (6.2%), Agona (4.6%), and Amsterdam (3.1%). Drug susceptibility testing showed that 65.6% of Salmonella were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 25% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were positive for the invasion gene invA and 28% of them were positive for the virulence gene spvC. All nalidixic acid-resistant S. Enteritidis isolates were negative for qnr plasmid genes. Our findings clearly suggest the necessity to establish an NTS monitoring and control program for LH in Morocco.     

蛋鸡肝细胞分离及制备方法的优化

本试验旨在为蛋鸡肝脏细胞分离和制备方法进行优化。以结扎肠系膜后静脉远心端,不结扎输卵管静脉和胰十二指肠静脉的成年鸡肝细胞培养灌流法为对照组;以本试验建立的同时结扎该3条静脉的灌流方法为处理组,进行蛋鸡肝细胞培养,分别记录肝脏灌流的成功率、肝细胞数量和细胞活率。同时,分别于试验第4、24、48、144、168小时测定肝细胞培养基上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力。结果显示,优化后的方法可使蛋鸡肝脏灌流的成功率提高至100%,肝细胞数量显著增加至(1.09±0.21)×109个(P<0.05),细胞活率也显著提升至(95.3±1.3)%(P<0.05)。两种方法培养的肝细胞培养基上清液LDH活力无显著差异(P>0.05)。本试验建立的肝细胞分离和制备方法比原有方法,更适用于产蛋家禽肝细胞的分离和制备。     

不同硒源对蛋鸡生产性能和硒沉积的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加不同硒源及不同水平对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋中硒沉积量的影响。试验选择产蛋率一致的海兰褐壳蛋鸡720只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复24只鸡。试验共设计5种日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮(不添加硒),处理组分别在基础日粮中添加2个水平的无机硒(0.4和0.8mg/kg硒,亚硒酸钠)以及2个水平的酵母硒(0.4和0.8mg/kg硒),试验共进行16周。结果发现,无论日粮添加酵母硒还是无机硒,随着硒添加水平的升高,蛋鸡生产性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。从第9周到试验结束,0.4mg/kg无机硒和0.8mg/kg酵母硒组较对照组和0.8mg/kg无机硒组显著提高了蛋鸡的产蛋率(P<0.05)。试验第9周开始,对照组、0.8mg/kg无机硒组和0.4mg/kg酵母硒组产蛋率显著降低(P<0.05)。随着日粮无机硒或酵母硒添加水平的升高,鸡蛋中硒的沉积量显著线性增加(P<0.05)。从第4周开始到试验结束,无机硒或酵母硒组较对照组均显著提高了鸡蛋中硒含量(P<0.05)。在同一硒添加水平及同一时间下,酵母硒较无机硒显著提高了鸡蛋硒含量(P<0.05),随着试验时间的增加,对照组鸡蛋硒含量显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在本试验条件下,日粮硒的来源和添加水平直接影响鸡蛋硒沉积量,酵母硒较无机硒显著提高了鸡蛋硒沉积量。日粮中酵母硒的添加量可以达到0.8mg/kg,对蛋鸡生产性能无负面影响。     

The effects of formic acid-treated shrimp meal on laying performance and egg quality in aged laying hens

An experiment was carried out to measure the suitability of using formic acid-treated shrimp meal (TSM) as a protein source for aged laying hens. Shrimp meal (SM), air-dried shrimp waste was treated with 3% formic acid (w/v) at room temperature for 20 min, sun-dried, ground to pass through 1.0 mm mesh screen and then ready to use as the TSM. A total of 56 Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 85 wk of age, were placed in individual cages and assigned randomly into 7 dietary groups of 8 birds each. A control diet, diets containing 5, 10, and 15% SM and diets containing 5, 10, and 15% TSM were prepared. Diets and water were given ad libitum during the 30-d experimental period. Hen-day egg production, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were deteriorated with increasing levels of the SM in the diets (P < 0.05). In contrast, these parameters were unchanged with increasing levels of the TSM in diets and compatible with the control group. No significant improvements were observed in exterior or interior egg quality among the dietary groups, except for eggshell weight, strength and yolk color, which were significantly increased in SM and TSM groups when compared to the values in control group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that inclusion of TSM up to 15% in laying hen diets may have beneficial effects on laying performance along with improved eggshell quality and yolk color, and suggested that TSM is a promising combined source of protein and calcium in aged laying hens.     

Pharmacokinetics of tapentadol in laying hens and its residues in eggs after multiple oral dose administration

1. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of tapentadol (TAP), a novel opioid analgesic, in laying hens after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration and to quantify the concentrations of TAP residues in eggs.

2. Twenty healthy laying hens were divided into three groups: A (n = 6), B (n = 6) and C (n = 8). The study was conducted in two phases. Groups A and B received TAP by IV and PO routes at the dose of 1 and 5 mg/kg, respectively.

3. No visible adverse effects were observed after administration of the drug. TAP plasma concentrations were detectable up to 4 h following administration. Following IV administration, TAP plasma concentrations were only higher than the minimal effective concentration (148 ng/ml) reported for humans for 1 h. After single PO administration, plasma concentrations of TAP would not conform to software algorithms and the PK parameters were not calculated. TAP concentration following multiple PO doses at 5 mg/kg for 5 d was found to be higher and more persistent (12 h vs. 7 h) in yolk compared with albumen.

4. This is the first PK study on the novel atypical opioid TAP in laying hens. Further studies are required to investigate the analgesic efficacy and actual effective plasma concentration of TAP in this species.     

日粮中长期添加大豆黄酮对产蛋鸡产蛋性能及有关内分泌的影响

试验旨在探讨日粮中长期添加大豆黄酮对产蛋高峰期蛋鸡采食和生产性能的影响及有关内分泌机制。40羽180日龄产蛋鸡,均分为2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+大豆黄酮(6mg/kg),试验期为150d。结果显示:试验组蛋鸡采食量、产蛋率、只日蛋重、每枚蛋重均显著提高,料蛋比显著下降;血清17β-雌二醇、T3、T4水平均显著提高,而血清瘦素(leptin)水平有下降的趋势。试验结果表明,大豆黄酮可调控血液激素水平而提高产蛋鸡生产性能,并使产蛋高峰期得到延长。     

葛根粉对林地蛋鸡产蛋性能和脂代谢的影响

文章旨在评估药用原料对林地饲养蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和脂代谢相关指标的影响.试验将570只产蛋率接近的40周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复38只鸡.在林地饲养条件下,蛋鸡每天有1个小时开放活动时间(各重复均有特定划分的区域),试验8周内自由采食以玉米和豆粕为主的日粮,3组日粮分别添加0、50和100?...     

Effect of expanded cottonseed meal on laying performance,egg quality,concentrations of free gossypol in tissue,serum and egg of laying hens

Three hundred and sixty Hy‐Line Brown hens, 40 week of age, were allocated to five treatments, each of which included four replicates of 18 hens. After an expanded process of cottonseed meal (CSM), free gossypol content in CSM was decreased from 1.24 to 0.40 g/kg. The dietary treatments were corn‐soybean meal based diets including 6% CSM and 6%, 8% and 10% expanded cottonseed meal (ECSM). Hens fed 8% ECSM had higher (P < 0.05) laying rate and average egg weight than those fed 6% CSM. The albumen height and Haugh unit in the control group, 6% and 8% ECSM groups were superior (P < 0.05) to other treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM resulted in severe (P < 0.05) egg yolk discoloration. Free gossypol (FG) concentrations in yolk and albumen and tissues of the 6% CSM group were greater (P < 0.05) than those in any ECSM treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM and 10% ECSM had the highest (P < 0.05) FG concentrations in the liver compared with those in the kidney and muscle, and higher (P < 0.05) FG residues in yolk than those in albumen. In conclusion, FG in CSM can be reduced by 68% through an expanded process and ECSM can be available in laying hens at up to 10% of the total diet and an appropriate replacement of soybean meal with ECSM may improve performance in laying hens.     

日粮添加甜菜碱对夏季高温蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血液理化特征的影响

本研究旨在评估夏季高温时日粮添加甜菜碱对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及骨骼和血液理化特性的影响.试验将480只产蛋性能一致的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡随机分为2组,每组240只,每组10个重复(24只/重复).对照组饲喂基础试验日粮,处理组蛋鸡饲喂基础试验日粮+150?mg/kg甜菜碱,试验为期8周.结果:日粮添加150?mg/kg甜菜碱对...     

Comparison of behavior, physical condition and performance of laying hens in four molting methods

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the welfare level of hens in four molting methods by comparing their behavior, physical condition and performance. In total, 96 White Leghorn layers (72 weeks of age) were used. The four molting methods consisted of 10 days of feeding and the first 3 days of water withdrawal WFW); 10 day feed withdrawal (WF) followed by ad libitum access to a layer diet from day 11, 28 days of restricted feeding (RF) and 28 days without withdrawing their feed (NW). The RF and NW hens were fed a low energy diet. The WFW and WF hens showed two clear phases of behavior during the 10‐day fasting period. Explorative and stereotyped behavior increased for WFW and WF hens just after their fast. Standing‐resting then increased for WFW and WF hens while lying‐resting decreased. In contrast, RF and NW hens did not show clear behavioral changes during the 28‐day molt period. The weight loss of the NW hens was more gradual compared with the other three methods. No significant differences were seen in any productive trait among the four methods during the postmolt period. In conclusion, the welfare level of RF and NW, especially NW, was higher compared with WFW and WF.     

Albendazole treatment in laying hens: Egg residues and its effects on fertility and hatchability

This work characterized the egg residual concentrations of albendazole (ABZ ) and its sulphoxide (ABZSO ) and sulphone (ABZSO ₂) metabolites and evaluated their effect on egg fertility and hatchability after ABZ treatments to laying hens. Seventy hens were allocated in groups: Group‐1 was the control without treatment; Group‐2 received a single ABZ oral dose (10 mg/kg); Group‐3, ‐4 and ‐5 were treated with ABZ in medicated feed over 7 days at 10, 40, or 80 mg kg^?1 day^?1, respectively. Eggs were analyzed to determine the ABZ /metabolite level by HPLC or subjected to incubation to evaluate the fertility and hatchability. Only ABZSO and ABZSO ₂ metabolites were quantified in egg after ABZ single oral administration with maximum concentrations of 0.47 ± 0.08 and 0.30 ± 0.07 μg/ml, respectively. ABZ and its metabolites were found in eggs after 7‐day ABZ treatments. The egg residue exposure estimated as AUC s (areas under the concentration vs . time curve) were 100.5 (ABZ ), 56.3 (ABZSO ) and 141.3 μg hr g^?1 (ABZSO ₂). ABZ administration did not affect the egg fertility at any dosages. Egg hatchability was not affected by ABZ treatment at 10 mg/kg in medicated feed, but it decreased when the dose was 4–8 times higher. These results should be considered when ABZ is used for deworming laying hens.     

The effects of phytase and xylanase supplementation on performance and egg quality in laying hens

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phytase and xylanase and their interaction on laying hen performance, egg quality, phosphorus (P) digestibility, phytate breakdown, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and peptide YY concentration.

2. Two hundred and forty hens were allocated to cages at 22 weeks of age based on a 3 × 2 arrangement with phytase (0, 300 or 1500 FTU/kg) and xylanase (0 or 12 000 BXU/kg) as factors.

3. Phytase increased hen-day production (P < 0.05), daily egg mass (P < 0.05) and P digestibility with increasing levels of phytase (P < 0.001). Phytase fed at 1500 FTU/kg reduced IP6 and IP5 and increased myo-inositol concentration in gizzard digesta (P < 0.05). Phytase fed at 300 FTU/kg reduced IP6 in ileal digesta (P < 0.05); however, IP6 and IP5 were further reduced and myo-inositol increased when phytase was added at 1500 FTU/kg (P < 0.05).

4. Xylanase improved feed efficiency when phytase was fed at 300 FTU/kg (P < 0.05). In the absence of phytase, xylanase reduced dry matter and Ca digestibilities (P < 0.05).

5. Neither phytase nor xylanase had an effect on peptide YY or caecal VFA concentrations.     

硫酸锰和甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳颜色的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同锰源对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳颜色的影响。试验1在基础日粮(不含锰)中分别添加60、80、100、125 mg/kg硫酸锰(以锰计),125 mg/kg硫酸锰组蛋鸡蛋重显著高于其他组(P<0.05),100、125 mg/kg组蛋壳颜色指数显著好于60、80 mg/kg组;试验2(基于试验1的试验结果),在基础日粮中,试验组分别添加125 mg/kg硫酸锰、100 mg/kg硫酸锰+25 mg/kg甘氨酸锰、80 mg/kg硫酸锰+45 mg/kg甘氨酸锰(以锰计)。试验结果表明:有机锰组合对改善产蛋鸡后期生产性能无显著影响,蛋壳颜色指数也无显著影响(P>0.05),但有提高蛋壳颜色指数的趋势。     

高效液相色谱荧光检测法检测鸡蛋中甲砜霉素残留

建立了用高效液相色谱荧光检测法检测鸡蛋中甲砜霉素残留量的方法。样品经碱性乙酸乙酯提取,饱和正己烷脱脂,氮吹仪吹干浓缩后,以乙腈-磷酸二氢钠溶液（0.01mol/L,含0.005mol/L L十二烷基硫酸钠和0.1%三乙胺）（35∶65）为流动相,流速为1.0mL/min,荧光检测激发波长为224nm,发射波长为290nm。甲砜霉素在0.025～5.0mg/L质量浓度范围内,本方法线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 7。当甲砜霉素添加水平为15～500μg/kg时,该方法平均回收率为86.35%～93.76%,相对标准偏差为4.21%～7.89%,日内相对标准偏差为4.84%～6.62%;日间相对标准偏差为8.92%～10.83%。甲砜霉素最低检测限为1.5μg/kg（S/N=3）,最低定量限5μg/kg（S/N=10）。所建立的方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于鸡蛋中甲砜霉素残留的高灵敏度检测。