猪睾丸组织的形态学观察、细胞凋亡和巴豆酰化修饰

制作睾丸组织切片,运用HE染色和细胞TUNEL染色分别观察不同发育阶段猪睾丸的形态学和细胞凋亡;提取睾丸组织蛋白,利用免疫印迹检测不同发育阶段猪睾丸蛋白的Kcr修饰水平;最后利用免疫荧光技术检测Kcr蛋白在猪睾丸组织中的定位.结果 显示,随着月龄的增长,猪睾丸精细管管腔直径增加,睾丸组织在4月龄时精细胞开始分裂,凋亡细...     

Morphological study on pigmented cells in the horse testis

One of the most attractive characteristics of a horse testis is the change of the weight during development. As the testicular weight changes and the number of Leydig cells decreases, pigments appear in interstitial tissues. In the present study, the characteristics of the pigments found in the interstitial tissues were examined histochemically and ultrastructurally. Specific stainings indicated that the pigmented granules showed almost all of the histological and histochemical characteristics of ceroid or ceroid-like pigment. The cells showed positive reaction for acid phosphatase while the pigmented cells contained a lot of lysosomes ultrastructurally. These results suggest that macrophages might phagocytize Leydig cells, and store their digested materials as ceroid-like pigment.     

Vitrification of mouse preantral follicles versus slow freezing: Morphological and apoptosis evaluation

The aim of this study was evaluation of survivability, maturation rate and apoptotic gene expression of preantral follicles after vitrification and slow freezing technique. Normal mouse preantral follicles were randomly divided into three experimental groups. In the control group, follicles were cultured immediately; in the vitrification and slow freezing groups, follicles were cultured after vitrification‐warming and slow freezing‐thawing procedures. Follicular viability was assessed by using 0.4% trypan blue, and molecular evaluation of messenger RNA levels of apoptosis‐related genes was performed by the semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR method after 3 h of culture. Oocyte maturation rates were also evaluated on day 14 of culture. Survival and maturation rate in the slow freezing group were significantly lower than those in control and vitrification groups (P ≤ 0.05). Although there was no difference in Survivin expression among the three experimental groups, Bcl‐2 expression was significantly lower in the slow freezing group compared to the other groups (P ≤ 0.05). The expression of Bax, P53, Fas and Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio in the slow freezing group was significantly higher than control and vitrification groups (P ≤ 0.05). Preantral follicle vitrification seems to be better than slow freezing as seen in the survival, maturation and expression rates of apoptotic gene variants.     

Morphological study of the effects of the GnRH superagonist deslorelin on the canine testis and prostate gland

The present study is part of a programme of research designed to evaluate the efficacy of the GnRH superagonist,deslorelin (D-Trp6-Pro9-des-Gly10-LHRH ethylamide), as a contraceptive for male dogs. Adult dogs were assigned to a completely randomized design comprising six groups of four animals. Each dog in the control group received a blank implant (placebo) and each dog in the other five groups received a 6 mg deslorelin implant. One group of deslorelin treated dogs was sacrificed on each of days 16, 26, 41, 101 and 620, and testicular and prostate tissues were collected for study by light and electron microscopy. On days 16 and 26 after implantation, we observed partial disruption of the seminiferous tubules, with early spermatids shed into the lumen. On days 41 and 101 after implantation, 90–100% of the seminiferous tubules were atrophic and aspermatogenic.On day 101 after implantation, 99% of all sections showed atrophy of the epithelium and shrinkage of epithelial height in the ductus epididymides. On days 41 and 101 after implantation, prostate tissue showed complete atrophy of the glandular epithelium (100% of sections) and an apparent increase in the relative proportion of connective tissue. At the electron microscopic level, in dogs treated with deslorelin for 41 and 101 days, the Sertoli cells were smaller and their nucleoli appeared smaller than in the control dogs. The nucleoli of the Leydig cells were atrophied and prostate glandular epithelium showed reduced epithelial height, a trophy of the nucleolus and an absence of secretory granules.Tissues collected during the recovery phase revealed a complete recovery of spermatogenesis. In conclusion, slow release implants containing deslorelin induce a striking a trophy of the testes and prostate gland by 26 days after implantation, explaining the previously reported loss of ejaculate and arrest of sperm output. At histological level,the entire process appears to be completely reversible, in accordance with data on endocrine variables and semen production.     

Morphological study of the transition of haematopoietic sites in the developing mouse during the peri-natal period

The transition of fetal haematopoietic sites in mice was examined histologically from 12.5-day embryos (E12.5) until 10 days of age (D10), and the expression of the adhesive molecules VCAM-1 and fibronectin was examined immunohistologically. Erythropoiesis occurred in the liver (E12.5-18.5), spleen (E18.5-D4) and bone marrow (D6-10), in that sequence. Even at D10, some erythropoiesis occurred in the liver, and more so in the spleen, although the active haematopoietic site was the bone marrow. Similarly, granulopoiesis of neutrophils occurred in the liver, spleen and bone marrow in turn. Granulopoiesis still occurred in the spleen at D10, but no neutrophils were found in the liver after D4. VCAM-1 appeared in the liver, spleen and bone marrow in parallel with active erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis. The co-expression of VCAM-1 and fibronectin was recognized in the endothelial cells of the sinus at the onset of haematopoiesis. This study showed that haematopoiesis in the liver, spleen and bone marrow overlapped peri-natally, although it shifted sequentially. VCAM-1 appears to be closely associated with erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis, and the co-expression of VCAM-1 and fibronectin plays a role in inducing haematopoietic stem cells to move to the tissues.     

Immunohistochemical study of osteopontin in boar testis

The expression of osteopontin (OPN) in boar testis was studied. Western blot analysis detected 66- and 32-kDa OPN immunopositive bands in the testes of adult boars. In postnatal piglets, the 66-kDa OPN band was detected in the testes, but not the 32-kDa band. In the newborn testis, OPN immunostaining was seen in gonocytes and in some supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules, as well as in interstitial Leydig cells. In the adult boar testis, OPN immunoreactivity was detected in seminiferous tubules with varying intensities. Intense OPN immunostaining was seen in the residual bodies and acrosomes in the spermatids while, occasionally, OPN immunostaining was seen in spermatogonia and various stage of spermatocytes but in few Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules. In addition, Leydig cells in adult boars were weakly immunostained with OPN. These findings suggest that OPN is detected in the majority of germ cells and is involved in spermatogenesis in boar testis.     

HSP70在小鼠睾丸中定位与表达研究

1974年，Tissiers利用SDS凝胶电泳技术首次证明，热应激能诱导果蝇体内产生一组蛋白质，他把因环境温度升高诱导细胞合成的这组蛋白质，称为热激蛋白(HSPs)。HSPs是动物在不良因素作用下所产生的一组特殊蛋白质，任何应激均可诱导机体的HSPs合成增加，它能使动物迅速适应环境的变化，保护机体不受或少受损害。有研究表明，HSPs在正常细胞内也有表达。HSP70家族成员众多，它们在进化上高度保守，种属间同源性高，可分为热诱导型和非热诱导型。     

抗氧化酶在硝基苯中毒小鼠睾丸细胞凋亡中的作用

将10周龄雄性昆明小鼠随机分为硝基苯染毒组（26mg／kg、52mg／kg、105mg／kg）、花生油溶剂对照组、生理盐水对照组。对各组试验小鼠进行处理后，于第30d检测小鼠血清和睾丸中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT的活性及MDA含量，并通过DNA Ladder条带和透射电镜检测睾丸细胞的凋亡。结果，染毒组血清及睾丸中SOD、GSH—Px、CAT的活性显著或极显著（P〈0.01或P〈0．05）低于溶剂对照组，MDA含量显著或极显著（P〈0．01或P〈0，05）高于溶剂对照组，染毒组均显示DNA Ladder条带；电镜下细胞核皱缩，异染色质边聚，呈现典型凋亡现象。结果表明，硝基苯中毒能够诱使睾丸发生氧化应激，进而导致睾丸细胞发生凋亡，抗氧化酶在睾丸细胞凋亡中具有一定的作用。     

Distribution of the sex chromosome during mouse spermatogenesis in testis tissue sections

During mammalian spermatogenesis, spermatogenic cells undergo mitotic division and are subsequently divided into haploid spermatids by meiotic division, but the dynamics of sex chromosomes during spermatogenesis are unclear in vivo. To gain insight into the distribution of sex chromosomes in the testis, we examined the localization of sex chromosomes before and after meiosis in mouse testis sections. Here, we developed a method of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes for the X and Y chromosomes to obtain their positional information in histological testis sections. FISH analysis revealed the sex chromosomal position during spermatogenesis in each stage of seminiferous epithelia and in each spermatogenic cell. In the spermatogonia and leptotene spermatocytes, sex chromosomes were distantly positioned in the cell. In the zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes at prophase I, X and Y chromosomes had a random distribution. After meiosis, the X and Y spermatids were random in every seminiferous epithelium. We also detected aneuploidy of sex chromosomes in spermatogenic cells using our developed FISH analysis. Our results provide further insight into the distribution of sex chromosomes during spermatogenesis, which could help to elucidate a specific difference between X and Y spermatids and sex chromosome-specific behavior.     

Effects of in utero exposure to nonsteroidal estrogens on mouse testis.

Male mice exposed in utero to alpha-zearalanol (zeranol) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) were analyzed postnatally to evaluate the possible changes on their testicular morphology as part of an examination of the effects of transplacental exposure to non-steroidal estrogens on sensitive tissues. Pregnant NMRI mice were injected subcutaneously with ethyl oleate (0.1 mL) alone (negative control) or with 150 micrograms/kg of body weight of zeranol or DES (positive control) on days 9 and 10 of gestation. Experimental and control male offspring were euthanized at days 45 (n = 47), 90 (n = 44), 180 (n = 40) and 365 (n = 26) after birth and their gonads were examined by light and electron microscopy. The results suggested that prenatal zeranol or DES exposure induced more severe and earlier (at 45 d) testicular abnormalities than in negative control (at 6 mo). These age-related alterations were characterized by regressive changes in the germinal epithelium and Sertoli's cells as well as foci of Leydig's cells around atrophied seminiferous tubules and dysplasia of the rete testis epithelium. On the contrary, the presence of Leydig's cells with immature morphology and their arrangement in sheet could be attributable exclusively to estrogen treatment. The presence of no neoplasm was confirmed.     

The expression and localization of inhibin isotypes in mouse testis during postnatal development

Inhibin, which is important for normal gonadal function, acts on the pituitary gonadotropins to suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. The level and cellular localization of the inhibin isotypes, α, β_A and β_B, in the testis of mice were examined during postnatal development in order to determine if inhibin expression is related to testicular maturation. Mouse testes were sampled on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 3, 6, 18, 48 and 120, and analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Western blot analysis showed very low levels of inhibin α, β_A and β_B expression in the testes at days 1 to 6 after birth. The levels then increased gradually from PND 18 to 48-120, and there were significant peaks at PND 48. Inhibin α, β_A and β_B were detected in testicular cells during postnatal development using immunohistochemistry. The immunoreactivity of inhibin α was rarely observed in testicular cells during PND 1 to 6, or in the cytoplasmic process of Sertoli cells surrounding the germ cells and interstitial cells during PND 18 to 120. Inhibin β_A and β_B immunoreactivity was rarely observed in the testis from PND 1 to 6. On the other hand, it was observed in some spermatogonial cells, as well as in the interstitial space between PND 48 and PND 120. We conclude that the expression of inhibin isotypes increases progressively in the testis of mice with increasing postnatal age, suggesting that inhibin is associated with a negative feedback signal for FSH in testicular maturation.     

Renal lesions in MRL mice

Female MRL-Mp-lpr/lpr mice spontaneously develop autoimmune disease at three to five months of age and die most commonly from immune complex glomerulonephritis. Kidneys of two-month-old females appeared nearly normal by electron microscopy, and glomerular deposits of IgG an complement component 3 (C3) barely were detectable. In five-month-old females, immunofluorescence revealed numerous deposits of IgG and C3; glomerular mesangial cells were hypertrophic and hyperplastic and contained electron-dense material. There were subepithelial and subendothelial deposits of electron-dense material with swelling of epithelial cell cytoplasm. This disease has many features similar to the immune complex glomerulonephritis observed in New Zealand Black and White hybrid mice and in man.     

Morphological and biochemical aspects of apoptosis,oncosis and necrosis

Recent investigations have demonstrated the need for a precise differentiation of various forms of cell death such as apoptosis, oncosis, necrosis and programmed cell death. Apoptosis is marked by cellular shrinking, condensation and margination of the chromatin and ruffling of the plasma membrane with eventually breaking up of the cell in apoptotic bodies. Cell death marked by cellular swelling should be called oncosis, whereas the term necrosis refers to the morphological alterations appearing after cell death. Apoptosis and oncosis are therefore pre-mortal processes, while necrosis is a post-mortal condition. The term programmed cell death refers to the 'fixed' pathway followed by dying cells, whether or not with the characteristic morphology of apoptosis. Three mechanisms are actually known to be involved in the apoptotic process: a receptor-ligand mediated mechanism, a mitochondrial pathway and a mechanism in which the endoplasmic reticulum plays a central role. All three mechanisms activate caspases which are responsible for the characteristic morphological changes observed during apoptosis. A review of the different methods used for detecting apoptotic cells demonstrates that most of these techniques are not entirely specific.     

磺胺喹噁啉对小鼠睾丸的病理损害及生精细胞凋亡作用

按毒理学方法给雄性小鼠灌喂不同剂量磺胺喹噁啉,检测对小鼠睾丸的病理学损害,探讨其对雄性小鼠生殖器官产生的可能危害,采用DNA Ladder条带和TUNEL法检测了磺胺喹噁啉对生精细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明：1／30LD50组和1／20LD50组精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞基本正常,仅少部分核出现形状不规则的现象。而1／10LD50组和1／10LD50组则病理变化明显,表现为部分曲精小管上皮细胞减少、分层不明显;各级生精细胞细胞膜部分破损、有细胞质溶解现象,核体积皱缩或轮廓不清,核膜有溶解,细胞内线粒体嵴减少或外膜破损;成熟的精子细胞数量减少或从支持细胞上脱落。小鼠睾丸DNA Ladder条带检测结果表明磺胺喹噁啉对诱导生精细胞凋亡没有明显的作用,原位末端标记法检测磺胺喹噁啉各用药组小鼠生精细胞凋亡指数均有所增加,但较对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,也没有表现出明显的正相关变化。说明大剂量使用磺胺喹噁啉会对小鼠睾丸产生器质性的损害,但对睾丸生精细胞凋亡没有明显的诱导或抑制作用。