Occurrence of Mirafiori Lettuce Virus and Lettuce Big-vein Virus in Relation to Development of Big-vein Symptoms in Lettuce Crops

Big-vein disease (BV) of lettuce has been attributed to infection by Lettuce big-vein virus (LBVV), vectored by the soil fungus Olpidium brassicae. The finding of a second soil-borne virus in lettuce, Mirafiori lettuce virus (MiLV), led to a re-investigation of the role of LBVV in big-vein disease, with evidence emerging that both MiLV and LBVV are vectored by O. brassicae, and that MiLV, not LBVV, is the cause of BV (Lot et al. (2002), Phytopathology 92: 288–293). The two viruses have coat proteins of similar size but have different morphologies and are serologically unrelated. We tested individual lettuce plants in BV-prone fields and protected crops in France and Italy for the presence of the two viruses, using DAS-ELISA and antisera specific for each virus. Both MiLV and LBVV were found at high incidence, often together but sometimes separately. Symptoms were frequently found to be associated with MiLV alone or both viruses, but rarely LBVV alone. However, no absolute correlation emerged, because sometimes MiLV was present in the absence of symptoms, and vice versa. To clarify the situation, individual lettuce plants were examined over a period of time in two further surveys. In surveys of protected crops in France, plants with big-vein were always ELISA-positive for MiLV, or else symptomless plants positive for MiLV were later seen to develop big-vein symptoms. Presence or absence of LBVV appeared to have no effect on symptom development. In surveys of open fields in Italy, all combinations were found: presence of both viruses, apparent absence of both viruses, or presence of each one alone, in plants that developed BV. At the end of the observation period, nearly all plants had BV and contained both viruses.     

Incidence of Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus in Mixtures of Susceptible and Resistant Wheat Cultivars

The multiplication of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) was studied in mixtures of two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, one susceptible (Soissons) and the other resistant (Trémie). Two seed mixtures of susceptible and resistant varieties in ratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 and their component pure stands, i.e. each variety grown separately, were grown in a field infected with SBWMV. The presence of the virus was detected using DAS-ELISA from January to May. The resistant cultivar Trémie showed no foliar symptoms nor could the virus be detected in the leaves or roots. In May, about 88% of plants of susceptible cultivar Soissons grown in pure stands were infected. At this time, the disease reduction relative to pure stands was 32.2% in the 1 : 1 mixture and 39.8% in the 1 : 3 mixture. Optical density (OD) values from ELISA of the infected plants in the two mixtures were consistently lower than that of the infected plants in cultivar Soissons in pure stands. The ELISA index (EI) calculated using three scales of OD values was 65.5% in the susceptible cultivar in pure stands. The value for this index was 19.1% in the 1 : 1 mixture and 7.9% in the 1 : 3 mixture. The plants of the resistant cultivar Trémie infected in the same field and transferred in January to a growth cabinet at 15 °C multiplied the virus and produced viruliferous zoospores. These results show that the resistant cultivar Trémie plays a role in disease reduction in the cultivar mixtures in field conditions. Possible reasons for this are discussed.     

影响大豆花叶病毒种子传毒和种子斑駁因素的研究

 本文研究了影响大豆花叶病毒种子传毒及种子斑驳的有关因素,以及种子传毒与种子斑驳的关系。结果表明,种子传毒率的高低受大豆品种,大豆花叶病毒(SMV)毒株,大豆感病早晚以及环境条件的影响。这些因素之间对种子传毒还存在交互作用。供试的12个大豆品种中,传毒率最高的为47%,最低的为25%;包括SMV Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ号3个株系群的8个毒株在东农64-3513上传毒率的变化范围为1-33%,在抗霉2号上的变化范围为9-48%;大豆在开花以前感染SMV,种子传毒率可达45%,开花以后感病,种子基本不能传毒。
种子斑驳率因大豆品种,SMV毒株不同而异,并受品种与毒株交互作用的影响。种子斑驳既不代表种子带毒,也不代表种子传毒;从感病植株上采收的大豆种子,其斑驳种子与非斑驳种子的传毒率基本相同(P>0.05),因此,不能从种子斑驳率预测种子传毒率。     

Further identification of Hippeastrum Mosaic Virus

Infectious virus was isolated fromHippeastrum plants by density gradient centrifugation and examined with the electron microscope. The average lengths of the flexuous particles were 643±24 nm.Samenvatting Infectieus virus kon worden geïsoleerd uitHippeastrum-planten die mozaïekverschijnselen vertoonden, door middel van centrifugeren in een dichtheidsgradiënt. Het materiaal werd bekeken in een elektronenmicroscoop en gefotografeerd. De gemiddelde lengte van de buigzame staafies van hetHippeastrum-mozaïekvirus, berekend uit 600 metingen, bedraagt 643±24 nm.     

纳米材料结合的dsRNA对烟草花叶病毒侵染的抑制

基于病毒基因的外源双链RNA（dsRNA）可以在植物体内诱导RNAi,但dsRNA易降解、作用时间有限,限制了这项技术的应用。本研究以TMV衣壳蛋白（CP）基因为目的片段,体外合成dsRNA,分别与2种纳米材料壳聚糖（chitosan,CS）和层状双氢氧化物（layered double hydroxide,LDH）融合,合成CS-dsRNA和LDH-dsRNA 2种制剂。测试了2种制剂的稳定性及其对TMV的预防和治疗效果。结果表明,在4、25和37℃,30 d的稳定性测定试验中,dsRNA的量较初始值分别减少了80.01%、58.89%和59.76%,降解比较明显,dsRNA在4℃的降解速率略高于在25和37℃的降解速率;CS-dsRNA制剂中dsRNA的量较初始值分别增加了65.98%、103.82%和157%,LDH-dsRNA制剂中dsRNA的量较初始值分别增加了54.30%、58.4%和66.42%,dsRNA被CS与LDH 2种纳米材料包裹后降解率明显下降,而且随着温度的升高dsRNA的量有所增加,说明纳米材料融合的dsRNA有缓释效应。半叶法试验表明,dsRNA、CS-dsRNA和LDH-dsRNA对TMV的预防效果分别为60.12%、57.79%和55.18%,治疗效果分别为65.01%、58.40%和59.08%。本研究表明,纳米材料CS与LDH对dsRNA起到了良好的保护、缓释及提高稳定性的作用,在利用RNA干扰防治植物病毒病害中具有良好的应用前景。     

嘧肽霉素对烟草花叶病毒抑制作用研究

嘧肽霉素和烟草花叶病毒(TMV)等体积混合后接种,对心叶烟的枯斑抑制率为96.5%,对系统寄主NC89的防效为84.9%。在接种病毒前24 h喷施药剂,枯斑抑制率和对系统寄主的防效分别为75.4%和69.5%。接种病毒后24 h喷药试验表明,药剂能在一定程度上抑制进入植株体内病毒的增殖。药剂与病毒混合处理后电镜观察,病毒粒子有断裂现象,混合时间越长,破坏作用越强。嘧肽霉素对TMV具有较强的体外钝化作用,且是不可逆的。     

Spread and control of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in gladiolus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and bean yellow mosaic virus are the most prevalent viruses in gladiolus fields in Israel. Factors affecting infection were studied, as a basis for the buildup of virus-tested propagation material. Marked differences in the susceptibility of gladiolus cultivars to aphid-borne infection were observed, both in field experiments and in test aphid inoculations. Cultivars ‘Euro-vision’ and ‘Trader Horn’ were resistant, while ‘Peter Pears’ and ‘Commando’ were highly susceptible. The aphid that landed most frequently on gladiolus wasMacrosiphum euphorbiae. In test inoculationsM. euphorbiae andAphis gossypii efficiently transmitted CMV from gladiolus to gladiolus, but did not transmit CMV from four other source plants. In field experiments, only those gladioli planted close to infected gladiolus sources became infected. Oil sprays in combination with coarse nets controlled CMV infection in the field efficiently.