小叶锦鸡儿固沙群落土壤微生物生物活性的季节动态

为探讨科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿固沙群落土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的季节动态规律,选取6,11,24年生人工群落和天然群落为对象,研究了不同土层深度微生物生物量(C、N、P)和脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性随季节的变化特征。土壤按5层取样:0-10cm,10-20cm,20-30cm,30-40cm,40-50cm。结果表明,6～24年生小叶锦鸡人工固沙群落及天然群落土壤微生物生物量表现出明显的季节性变化,微生物生物量C和N为夏季>秋季>春季;微生物生物量P为夏季>秋季;6种土壤酶的活性也随季节发生显著变化,夏季显著高于春季和秋季。土壤微生物生物量和6种酶的活性随群落发育年限的增长而升高,但人工群落土壤的生物活性始终低于天然群落。6种土壤酶活性和微生物生物量最高值均出现在土壤表层(0-10cm),随着土层的加深生物活性逐渐降低。     

磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

为明确磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响,采用室内培养的方法,研究了经0.1、1mg.g-1和10mg.g-13个浓度磷化铝熏蒸处理后,供试土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,磷化铝处理土壤后,各个浓度的磷化铝对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量具有抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越强,但一段时间后低浓度（0.1mg.g-1）处理对土壤微生物数量的影响恢复至对照水平。磷化铝对土壤脲酶表现为抑制作用,并随浓度升高而增强;低浓度处理对土壤中的蔗糖酶活性抑制作用不明显,而高浓度（10mg.g-1）处理表现为强烈的抑制作用;各浓度处理初期对土壤过氧化氢酶表现为抑制或激活作用,但到第30d,恢复至对照水平。这说明,施入常规剂量的磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性会产生一定的影响,在经过一定时间后均可恢复至对照水平。     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物功能多样性及土壤酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板技术,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥、生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,生物复混肥处理的微生物群落平均颜色变化率（AWCD）、微生物群落Shannon指数（H）、丰富度指数（S）和Shannon均匀度指数（E）均为最高;微生物群落主成分分析表明,不同施肥处理土壤微生物群落碳源利用特征有一定差异,PC1将生物复混肥与其他处理明显区分,生物复混肥处理分布在PC1的正方向,其他处理分布在PC1的负方向;起分异作用的主要碳源有糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均以生物复混肥处理最高,分别为72.74 mg glucose·g-1·（24 h）-1和1.15 mg NH3-N·g-1·（3 h）-1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性,增强土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性。     

崇明东滩湿地沉积物反硝化酶活性对干湿交替过程的响应研究

滨海湿地周期性干湿交替过程对沉积物氮素转化产生深刻影响,以崇明东滩湿地为原型对象,采集现场沉积物及海水样,通过室内模拟方法研究了沉积物反硝化酶-硝酸还原酶(Nar),亚硝酸还原酶(Nir),羟胺还原酶(Hyr)活性对干湿交替过程的响应。结果表明,半月潮驱动下干湿交替过程中,沉积物从干燥(7%)状态变湿(46%⁴9%)使Nar、Nir活性迅速增加,较高的酶活性(NO3--N 6.449%)使Nar、Nir活性迅速增加,较高的酶活性(NO3--N 6.4⁹.6 mg 10 g-124 h-1;NO2--N 5.59.6 mg 10 g-124 h-1;NO2--N 5.5⁷.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1)至少维持24 h以上;变干过程中,当含水量降至10%左右时,Nar活性短暂升高后逐渐降至很低水平,Nir活性呈现低但稳定的变化特征。日潮驱动下的干湿交替过程中,Nar、Nir活性分别稳定的变化在NO3--N 14.7±2.1 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N 8.7±1.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1;沉积物短暂淹水期间Hyr表现出较高活性。持续淹水过程中,Nar、Nir活性变化在NO3--N 10.37.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1)至少维持24 h以上;变干过程中,当含水量降至10%左右时,Nar活性短暂升高后逐渐降至很低水平,Nir活性呈现低但稳定的变化特征。日潮驱动下的干湿交替过程中,Nar、Nir活性分别稳定的变化在NO3--N 14.7±2.1 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N 8.7±1.8 mg 10 g-124 h-1;沉积物短暂淹水期间Hyr表现出较高活性。持续淹水过程中,Nar、Nir活性变化在NO3--N 10.3¹3.9 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N6.613.9 mg 10 g-124 h-1和NO2--N6.6⁹.6 mg 10 g-124 h-1;Hyr活性随淹水时间的持续有所增加但变异性较高。滨海湿地中、低潮滩带沉积物Nar、Nir活性相似并明显高于高潮滩带沉积物的酶活性,变干过程两种酶的活性低于较高含水量时沉积物的酶活性。     

酞酸酯污染土壤微生物效应与过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征

采用室内模拟污染土壤,研究了邻苯二甲酸二(乙基-己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯两种酞酸酯类化合物对农田土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤基础呼吸与土壤过氧化氢酶活性及其反应动力学参数的影响。结果表明,DBP土壤浓度在10 mg/kg,DEHP土壤浓度在20 mg/kg以下,与对照相比,微生物生物量碳、土壤基础呼吸以及过氧化氢酶活性没有明显影响。土壤浓度为20 mg/kg的DBP处理对土壤基础呼吸有明显的激活作用。两种化合物在高浓度处理的土壤中,均对微生物生物量碳、土壤基础呼吸以及过氧化氢酶活性表现抑制效应,抑制作用随处理浓度的增加而加强,其中两种化合物土壤浓度为100 mg/kg时,在培养期内三者均没有表现出明显的恢复趋势。对过氧化氢酶Km与Vmax以及Vmax/Km等动力学参数分析表明,DBP与DEHP没有对过氧化氢酶促反应速率以及酶与底物亲和力产生明显影响。     

长期平衡施肥对潮土微生物活性和玉米养分吸收的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(NK、PK、NP)对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性、呼吸强度以及玉米养分吸收的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,NPK处理玉米根系与茎叶生物量、籽粒产量以及植株氮磷钾吸收量均大幅提高,NP处理次之,PK与NK处理则无显著影响;同一处理玉米茎叶与根系养分含量接近,而籽粒的全氮和全磷含量较高、全钾含量偏低;与NPK处理相比,缺施氮、磷或钾肥均直接导致玉米植株相应养分的明显亏缺或其他养分的过量富集,但在根系、茎叶和籽粒部位的累积情况存在一定差异。与CK相比,所有施加磷肥的处理(NPK、NP、PK)土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、脱氢酶、转化酶、脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性以及土壤微生物代谢活性和土壤基础呼吸强度均显著升高(p<0.05),土壤微生物代谢熵则显著下降(p<0.05),而缺施磷肥的NK处理除显著提高脲酶活性外(p<0.05),对其他指标均无显著影响。结果表明,氮磷钾平衡施肥在促进土壤微生物繁育和保育微生物代谢活性以及促进作物生长和保证养分吸收等方面显得非常重要,而缺素施肥中以缺施磷肥的不利影响最为突出。     

阿维菌素对蔬菜地土壤微生物及土壤酶的生态毒理效应

研究了阿维菌素对蔬菜地土壤微生物和土壤酶的生态毒理效应.实验结果表明,阿维菌素在低浓度时（1～10 mg kg^-1）对土壤脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性有轻微的激活作用,而对土壤微生物呼吸强度没有明显的影响;在高浓度时（50～100 mg kg^-1）对土壤微生物呼吸强度、脲酶活性以及脱氢酶活性均有明显抑制作用;不同浓度阿维菌素在不同程度上均会造成土壤微生物生物量的减少和过氧化氢酶活性被强烈激活.     

加工番茄连作对土壤理化性状及微生物量的影响

通过在石河子大学农学院试验站开展加工番茄连作定点微区试验,研究了不同连作处理(种植1 a、连作3 a、5 a和7 a)对新疆加工番茄土壤理化性状、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着连作年限的延长,土壤p H升高,全磷、速效磷及全钾含量呈先升后降的趋势,土壤容重无明显变化。连作7 a时土壤有机质、全氮及速效钾含量较对照分别下降了8%、21%和29%(p0.05)。土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商(q MB)呈显著下降趋势,与对照相比分别降低了52.3%、78.8%和48.2%(p0.01);微生物量磷(SMBP)呈先升后降趋势,连作3a时,SMBP含量达到最大值,是对照的1.65倍(p0.01)。土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈显著升高趋势,而脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶及磷酸酶活性的变化则相反。连作导致加工番茄产量显著下降,连作7 a时产量下降达34%(p0.01)。相关分析表明,p H、微生物量、q MB、酶活性及养分之间相关性极为密切,说明土壤微生物量和酶活性相结合,可以反映土壤质量的变化。加工番茄连作导致土壤p H和电导率升高,显著抑制了土壤微生物活性,降低了土壤肥力,最终造成产量下降,连作障碍明显。     

绿肥翻压对烟地红壤微生物及土壤养分的影响

为探讨绿肥对烟地红壤改良培肥的生物机制,试验以冬闲地为对照,研究了紫花苕绿肥翻压及麦茬翻压对烟地红壤微生物、土壤酶活性及养分含量的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压处理的土壤细菌、放线菌、土壤酶活性、土壤有机质及养分含量均高于麦茬翻压地和冬闲地,变化差异达到显著(p<0.05)或极显著水平(p<0.01),而真菌数均以麦茬地较高。绿肥翻压地分别与麦茬翻压地和冬闲地比较:在越州试验区的土壤细菌分别提高1.74×106、2.61×106cfu.g-1,放线菌提高1.35×104、0.65×104cfu.g-1,土壤脲酶提高1.5、1.68 mg.g-1,酸性磷酸酶提高2.9、3.09 mg.g-1,过氧化氢酶提高1.2、2.54 mL.g-1,多酚氧化酶提高1.91、7.58 mg.kg-1,土壤有机质提高16.36、26.22 g.kg-1,土壤碱解N提高42.52、54.31 mg.kg-1,土壤速效磷(P2O5)提高6.22、7.57 mg.kg-1;在晋宁试验区的土壤细菌分别提高2.52×106、3.95×106cfu.g-1,放线菌提高1.17×104、1.62×104cfu.g-1,土壤脲酶提高1.77、2.0 mg.g-1,酸性磷酸酶提高1.13、1.24 mg.g-1,过氧化氢酶提高1.45、2.19 mL.g-1,多酚氧化酶提高4.81、11.34 mg.kg-1,土壤有机质提高10.18、19.43 g.kg-1,土壤碱解N提高41.34、54.43 mg.kg-1,土壤速效磷(P2O5)提高4.79、5.86 mg.kg-1。     

陕北黄土高原植被恢复区土壤酶活性研究

为了解陕北黄土高原不同植被恢复类型对土壤酶活性的影响,采用完全随机区组设计田间试验的方法,以陕北黄土高原恢复19年的杏树林、沙棘林、刺槐林和草地为研究对象,以农田土壤为对照,研究不同植被恢复类型、土层和季节对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶以及过氧化氢酶活性的影响,并对酶活性与土壤理化性质关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性差异在不同人工林草地间均达到显著水平。杏树林蔗糖酶活性最高(71.15 mg g-124 h-1),沙棘林脲酶活性最高(52.29mg g-124 h-1),刺槐林过氧化氢酶活性最高(3.33 ml g-1h-1)。随着土层加深,人工林草地土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均显著降低。过氧化氢酶活性则表现为0～10 cm最低,10～20 cm土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高。蔗糖酶、脲酶以及过氧化氢酶活性表现出显著的季节性差异,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性夏季最高,脲酶冬季最高。土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾是影响酶活性的主要因素,其他各因子的影响相对较弱;蔗糖酶、脲酶与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等呈正相关关系,过氧化氢酶与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等呈负相关关系。土壤酶活性是表征植被恢复区土壤生物特性的重要指标之一。     

Substrate inputs and pH as factors controlling microbial biomass, activity and community structure in an arable soil

Our aim was to determine whether the smaller biomasses generally found in low pH compared to high pH arable soils under similar management are due principally to the decreased inputs of substrate or whether some factor(s) associated with pH are also important. This was tested in a soil incubation experiment using wheat straw as substrate and soils of different pHs (8.09, 6.61, 4.65 and 4.17). Microbial biomass ninhydrin-N, and microbial community structure evaluated by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), were measured at 0 (control soil only), 5, 25 and 50 days and CO₂ evolution up to 100 days. Straw addition increased biomass ninhydrin-N, CO₂ evolution and total PLFA concentrations at all soil pH values. The positive effect of straw addition on biomass ninhydrin-N was less in soils of pH 4.17 and 4.65. Similarly total PLFA concentrations were smallest at the lowest pH. This indicated that there is a direct pH effect as well as effects related to different substrate availabilities on microbial biomass and community structure. In the control soils, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c&9t and i17:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with soil pH. In contrast, the fatty acids i15:0, a15:0, i16:0 and br17:0, 16:02OH, 18:2ω6,9, 17:0, 19:0, 17:0c9,10 and 19:0c9,10 were greatest in control soils at the lowest pHs. In soils given straw, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 15:0 and 18:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with pH, but the concentration of the monounsaturated 18:1ω9 PLFA decreased at the highest pHs. The PLFA profiles indicative of Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant than Gram-negative ones at the lowest pH in control soils, but in soils given straw these trends were reversed. In contrast, straw addition changed the microbial community structures least at pH 6.61. The ratio: [fungal PLFA 18:2w6,9]/[total PLFAs indicative of bacteria] indicated that fungal PLFAs were more dominant in the microbial communities of the lowest pH soil. In summary, this work shows that soil pH has marked effects on microbial biomass, community structure, and response to substrate addition.     

Microbiological parameters as indicators of soil quality under various soil management and crop rotation systems in southern Brazil

The objective of this work was to identify soil parameters potentially useful to monitor soil quality under different soil management and crop rotation systems. Microbiological and chemical parameters were evaluated in a field experiment in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil, in response to soil management [no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)] and crop rotation [including grain (soybean, S; maize, M; wheat, W) and legume (lupin, L.) and non-legume (oat, O) covers] systems. Three crop rotation systems were evaluated: (1) (O/M/O/S/W/S/L/M/O/S), (2) (O/S/L/M/O/S/W/S/L/M), and (3) (O/S/W/S/L/M/O/M/W/M), and soil parameters were monitored after the fifth year. Before ploughing, CO₂-emission rates were similar in NT and CT soils, but plough increased it by an average of 57%. Carbon dioxide emission was 13% higher with lupin residues than with wheat straw; decomposition rates were rapid with both soil management systems. Amounts of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MB-C and MB-N, respectively) were 80 and 104% higher in NT than in CT, respectively; however, in general these parameters were not affected by crop rotation. Efficiency of the microbial community was significantly higher in NT: metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was 55% lower than in CT. Soluble C and N levels were 37 and 24% greater in NT than in CT, respectively, with no effects of crop rotation. Furthermore, ratios of soluble C and N contents to MB-C and MB-N were consistently lower in NT, indicating higher immobilization of C and N per unit of MB. The decrease in qCO₂ and the increase in MB-C under NT allowed enhancements in soil C stocks, such that in the 0–40 cm profile, a gain of 2500 kg of C ha⁻¹ was observed in relation to CT. Carbon stocks also varied with crop rotation, with net changes at 0–40 cm of 726, 1167 and −394 kg C ha⁻¹ year, in rotations 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Similar results were obtained for the N stocks, with 410 kg N ha⁻¹ gained in NT, while crop rotations 1, 2 and 3 accumulated 71, 137 and 37 kg of N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. On average, microbial biomass corresponded to 2.4 and 1.7% of the total soil C, and 5.2 and 3.2% of the N in NT and CT systems, respectively. Soil management was the main factor affecting soil C and N levels, but enhancement also resulted from the ratios of legumes and non-legumes in the rotations. The results emphasize the importance of microorganisms as reservoirs of C and N in tropical soils. Furthermore, the parameters associated with microbiological activity were more responsive to soil management and crop rotation effects than were total stocks of C and N, demonstrating their usefulness as indicators of soil quality in the tropics.     

Altering soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in intensively tilled two-year rotations

Information is needed on the ability of different crop management factors to maintain or increase soil C and N pools, especially in intensively tilled short crop rotations. Soil samples from field experiments in Maine were used to assess the effect of cover crop, green manure (GM) crop, and intermittent or annual amendment on soil C and N pools. These field experiments, of 6–13 years duration, were all characterized by a 2-year rotation with either sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) or potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), and primary tillage each year. Total, particulate organic matter (POM), and soil microbial biomass (SMB)-C and -N pools were assessed for each experiment. Total C and N stocks were not affected by red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) cover crop or legume GM, but were increased by 25–53% via a single application of papermill sludge or an annual manure and/or compost amendment. With the exception of continuous potato production which dramatically reduced the SMB-C and SMB-N concentration, SMB-C and -N were minimally affected by changes in cropping sequence, but were quite sensitive to amendments, even those that were primarily C. POM-C and -N, associated with the coarse mineral fraction (53–2,000 µm), were more responsive to management factors compared to total C and N in soil. The change in soil C fractions was a linear function of increasing C supply, across all experiments and treatments. Within these intensively tilled, 2-year crop rotations, substantial C and N inputs from amendments are needed to significantly alter soil C and N pools, although cropping sequence changes can influence more labile pools responsible for nutrient cycling.     

不同秸秆还田方式对和田风沙土土壤微生物 多样性的影响

秸秆还田是有效利用秸秆资源的重要途径,能够提高土壤养分含量、调节土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性,但目前还缺乏不同秸秆还田方式对新疆沙化土壤肥力和微生物多样性影响的系统报道。为探索新疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升模式,于2010—2012年在和田风沙土土壤上设置秸秆直接还田(NPKS)、过腹还田(NPKM,15.0 t×hm~(-2))和炭化还田(NPKB1,2.5 t×hm~(-2);NPKB2,15.0 t×hm~(-2))定位试验,研究不同秸秆还田处理对和田风沙土土壤养分、微生物数量、土壤酶活性和Biolog碳源利用的影响。结果表明:1)与单施化肥(NPK)相比,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高风沙土土壤养分含量,其中NPKM处理效果最好,其次是NPKB2处理,NPKS和NPKB1处理分别为第3和第4。2)不同秸秆还田方式对土壤微生物数量影响差异显著,均增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌和生理菌群的数量,与NPK处理相比,细菌数量NPKB2处理最高,放线菌数量NPKM处理最高,分别显著提高了413.16%和574.19%。但NPKB1和NPKB2处理对生理菌群数量的提升效果好于NPKS处理和NPKM处理。土壤酶活性,不同秸秆还田方式总体好于NPK处理,NPKM处理的提升效果最好。3)Biolog碳源利用分析表明不同秸秆还田方式均能提高风沙土土壤微生物活性和丰富度指数。主成分分析表明,不同秸秆还田方式土壤微生物群落明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为羧酸类和糖类。聚类分析显示NPKB2和NPKM处理之间、NPKB1和NPKS处理之间土壤微生物功能相似。由此可以看出,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高和田沙化土壤微生物活性和功能多样性,但不同方式的增效不同。从3年定位试验结果看,秸秆过腹还田和炭化还田的效果较好,秸秆直接粉碎还田有增加土传病害的风险。该结果将为南疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升提供一定的理论指导。     

Crop yield and soil fertility response to reduced tillage under organic management

Conservation tillage (no-till and reduced tillage) brings many benefits with respect to soil fertility and energy use, but it also has drawbacks regarding the need for synthetic fertilizers and herbicides. Our objective was to adapt reduced tillage to organic farming by quantifying effects of tillage (plough versus chisel), fertilization (slurry versus manure compost) and biodynamic preparations (with versus without) on soil fertility indicators and crop yield. The experiment was initiated in 2002 on a Stagnic Eutric Cambisol (45% clay content) near Frick (Switzerland) where the average annual precipitation is 1000 mm. This report focuses on the conversion period and examines changes as tillage intensity was reduced. Soil samples were taken from the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths and analysed for soil organic carbon (C_org), microbial biomass (C_mic), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and earthworm density and biomass. Among the components tested, only tillage had any influence on these soil fertility indicators. C_org in the 0–10 cm soil layer increased by 7.4% (1.5 g C_org kg⁻¹ soil, p < 0.001) with reduced tillage between 2002 and 2005, but remained constant with conventional tillage. Similarly, C_mic was 28% higher and DHA 27% (p < 0.001) higher with reduced than with conventional tillage in the soil layer 0–10 cm. In the 10–20 cm layer, there were no significant differences for these soil parameters between the tillage treatments. Tillage had no significant effect on total earthworm density and biomass. The abundance of endogeic, horizontally burrowing adult earthworms was 70% higher under reduced than conventional tillage but their biomass was 53% lower with reduced tillage. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) yield decreased by 14% (p < 0.001) and 8% (p < 0.05), respectively, with reduced tillage, but sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) yield was slightly higher with reduced tillage. Slurry fertilization enhanced wheat yield by 5% (p < 0.001) compared to compost fertilization. Overall, C_org, C_mic, and DHA improved and yields showed only a small reduction with reduced tillage under organic management, but long-term effects such as weed competition remain unknown.     

Temporal response of soil biochemical properties in a pastoral soil after cultivation following high application rates of undigested sewage sludge

Soil biochemical properties were measured annually between 1995 and 1999 in soil from an 8-ha site that had received over 1,000 wet tonnes ha^–1 undigested sewage sludge, 1–4 years earlier. Basal respiration generally declined with time and was usually greatest in the untreated control area. This trend was attributed to a similar trend in soil moisture content. In contrast, microbial biomass C increased with time and also generally increased with sludge treatment age. Microbial biomass C, and to a lesser extent sulphatase activity, accurately predicted the order of sludge application to the site. This was perceived as a function of time since tillage and pasture establishment, with activities increasing in parallel to the build up of C residues in the soil, and not an effect of sludge or its composition. Except immediately after sludge application, there was no effect on N mineralisation and nitrification. None of the biochemical properties was strongly correlated with heavy metal concentrations. Our results suggest that there was little effect on soil biochemical properties, either adverse or beneficial, of adding raw sewage sludge to this site. Although a companion study showed considerable mobility and plant uptake of heavy metals, this difference could mainly be attributed to a different sampling strategy and the effects of intensive liming of the site.     

川西平原土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷含量特征及其影响因素分析

本文通过区域调查采样和统计分析,探讨了川西平原土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、土壤微生物生物量氮（MBN）和土壤微生物生物量磷（MBP）含量特征及其对气候、海拔、母质和土地利用等因素的响应,揭示了其关键影响因素,以期为川西平原地区土壤质量管理提供参考。结果表明,不同土壤类型的MBC、MBN和MBP含量表现为冲积土显著高于水稻土、潮土和黄壤（P<0.05）,潮土MBC/MBN显著高于水稻土。气候和海拔的影响为：MBC、MBN和MBP含量随着≥ 0℃积温、≥ 10℃积温、年均温和年均降水量的增加呈指数减少,而随干燥度和海拔增加呈线性增加。不同成土母质中,MBC、MBN和MBP含量均为灰色冲积物显著高于老冲积物。不同土地利用方式下,三者含量为草地显著高于水田和旱地,水田、旱地和林地差异不显著。皮尔森相关分析和冗余分析表明,MBC和MBN均与≥ 0℃积温、年均温呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与海拔呈极显著正相关关系,MBP与母质呈现极显著负相关关系。逐步回归分析表明,MBC主要受年均温、干燥度、年均降水量和母质的影响;MBN主要受海拔、干燥度和年均降水量的综合影响;MBP主要受母质、年均温、≥ 10℃积温和年均降水量的调控。因此,川西平原土壤MBC、MBN、MBP能灵敏地反映不同采样点气候的变化,可为该区气候变化下土壤碳、氮、磷的响应预测提供参考。     

Temperature response of soil organic matter mineralisation in arctic soil profiles

Soil organic matter (SOM) in arctic and boreal soils is the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon. Increased SOM mineralisation under increased temperature has the potential to induce a massive release of CO₂. Precise parameterisation of the response of arctic soils to increased temperatures is therefore crucial for correctly simulating our future climate. Here, we investigated the temperature response of SOM mineralisation in eight arctic soil profiles of Norway, Svalbard and Russia. Samples were collected at two depths from both mineral and organic soils, which were affected or not by permafrost and were incubated for 91 days at 4, 8, 12, and 16 °C. Temperature response was investigated through two parameters derived from a simple exponential model: the intensity of mineralisation, α, and the temperature sensitivity, Q10. For each sample, SOM quality was investigated by ¹³C-NMR, whereas bacterial and fungal community structure was characterised by T-RFLP and ARISA fingerprints, respectively. When estimated from the whole incubation period, α proved to be higher in deep permafrost samples than in shallow active layer ones due to the presence transient flushes of mineralisation in deep permafrost affected soils. At the end of the incubation period, after mineralization flushes had passed, neither α nor Q10 (averaging 1.28 ± 0.07) seemed to be affected by soil type (organic vs mineral soil), site, depth or permafrost. SOM composition and microbial community structure on the contrary where affected by site and soil type. Our results suggest that deep samples of permafrost affected soil contain a small pool of fast cycling carbon, which is quickly depleted after thawing. Once the mineralization flush had passed, the temperature response of permafrost affected soil proved to be relatively homogenous among sample types, suggesting that the use of a single temperature sensitivity parameter in land surface models for SOM decomposition in permafrost-affected soils is justified.     

Effect of cinnamic acid on soil microbial characteristics in the cucumber rhizosphere

In order to elucidate the effect of allelochemicals on soil microbial characteristics in the cucumber rhizosphere, the soil microbial biomass and respiration, community functional diversity and RAPD marker diversity as affected by exogenous cinnamic acid were studied. Exogenous cinnamic acid increased soil microbial respiration and the metabolic quotient, but decreased soil microbial biomass-C. Soil microbial community functional diversity and genetic diversity (as indicated by RAPD markers) were also significantly altered by exogenous cinnamic acid. These results suggest that allelochemicals can change soil microbial genetic diversity, biological activity and microbial metabolic activity, which alter soil microbial ecology and accordingly affect the growth of cucumber with accumulation in the soil of allelochemicals.