荒漠区生物土壤结皮对土壤酶活性的影响

在干旱的沙漠生态系统中,生物土壤结皮对于沙丘的固定和土壤生物的维持起着相当重要的作用。土壤酶活性能敏感地指示土壤的恢复程度,是衡量沙区生态恢复与健康的重要生物学属性,而目前关于生物土壤结皮与土壤酶活性的关系研究很少。为探明生物土壤结皮对土壤酶活性的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,根据固沙时间的不同将样地分为4个不同的区进行采样(57、49、32和22 a固沙区),以流沙区(0 a)和红卫天然植被区(100 a)为对照。研究表明:人工植被固沙区的藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮均可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性(p0.05);结皮类型显著影响土壤酶的活性,发育晚期的藓类结皮下土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性显著高于发育早期的藻-地衣结皮下土壤酶的活性(p0.05);固沙年限显著影响土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性,且与这三种土壤酶活性均存在显著的线性正相关关系(p0.05);目前,生物土壤结皮可显著提高0~20 cm土层碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性(p0.05),且这种影响随土层的增加而减弱。而且,生物土壤结皮下土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性表现明显的季节变化,表现为夏季秋季春季和冬季。腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮的存在与演替提高了土壤酶的活性,生物土壤结皮有利于该区土壤及其相应生态系统的恢复。     

黄土高原生物土壤结皮研究进展与展望

黄土高原是典型的生态脆弱敏感区和世界上水土流失最为严重的地区,也是当今我国生态恢复和生态文明建设的重点区域.生物土壤结皮是细菌、藻类、真菌和孢子植物与土壤颗粒胶结而成的有机复合体,是干旱半干旱地区地表系统的重要组成部分,它们对黄土高原的水土保护、养分积累和生态恢复具有重要的生态功能.本文论述了生物土壤结皮类型与演替过程...     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和微生物量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板法和氯仿熏蒸浸提法,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥和生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的变化。结果表明:生物复混肥处理的土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、微生物群落Shannon指数(H)和微生物群落丰富度指数(S)均最高;施用生物复混肥可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,尤其是多酚化合物类和糖类;不同处理土壤微生物碳源利用特征有一定差异,生物复混肥在第1主成分上的得分值为正值,其他各处理在第1主成分上的得分值基本上为负值,起分异作用的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类。在玉米生长期间各处理土壤微生物量大致呈先升高后逐渐平稳的趋势,且土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均以生物复混肥处理最高,最高值分别为333.21mg.kg 1、53.02 mg.kg 1和22.20 mg.kg 1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落丰富度和功能多样性,显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量,有利于维持良好的土壤微生态环境。     

降雨对荒漠草原生物土壤结皮化学计量的影响

生物土壤结皮是干旱地区地表景观的基本组成部分,对生物地球化学循环具有重要影响。在中国北方荒漠化地区,生物土壤结皮化学计量在很大程度上是未知的,特别是降雨如何影响荒漠草原生物土壤结皮化学计量仍然不确定。该研究以自然降雨为对照,通过使用遮雨棚和喷灌系统控制降水输入,开展增水和减水处理野外控制性试验,研究降雨量对荒漠草原生物土壤结皮化学计量的影响。试验结果表明：1）减水处理增加了结皮层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的比率,增水处理增加了结皮层下垫面C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比率;2）减水处理增大了结皮层与下垫面之间C含量的差异,同时减小了N和P含量的差异,增水处理增大了结皮层与下垫面之间N和P含量的差异,减水处理有利于结皮层C的积累,而增水后结皮层中磷的有效性降低;3）适宜的土壤水分条件促进了结皮层及下垫面土壤微生物生物量碳（Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon,SMBC）和土壤微生物生物量氮（Soil Microbial Biomass Nitrogen,SMBN）的积累,而过高的降雨量导致土壤养分损失,不利于SMBC和SMBN的积累。相对干旱的土壤环境有利于结皮层土壤C、N的富集,为土壤微生物呼吸提供较多的营养物质,有利于SMBC和SMBN的积累。总之,在中国北方荒漠化地区,生物土壤结皮和下垫面的C∶N∶P化学计量对降雨量有不同的响应。     

连续3年施用生物有机肥对土壤养分、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了连续3年在不同土壤中施用不同量的生物有机肥的土壤养分、微生物生物量、酶活性及棉花各器官干物质量的变化。结果表明:连续3年施用生物有机肥,3种土壤的养分、酶活性、微生物量和各器官干物质量均有不同程度的提高。随着其用量的增加,土壤养分、微生物量及脲酶活性也在增加,土壤pH则相反,土壤蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶活性表现先上升后下降的趋势,且在不同土壤施用生物有机肥10~30 g/kg时基本达到最高,过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化。高、中、低有机质含量的土壤的棉花各器官干物质量分别在施用生物有机肥10~20、20~30、40 g/kg时基本达到最高。随着施肥年限的延长,3种土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均表现为先降低后升高的趋势,土壤酶活性则变化差异较大。通过在不同有机质含量土壤中施肥与不施肥比较发现,本底有机质含量越低的土壤,施肥较不施肥的土壤养分、脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性及微生物量增加幅度越大。     

土壤微生物生物量作为红壤质量生物指标的探讨

本文测定了中国科学院红壤生态实验站内林地,不同施肥制度的红壤旱地和受有机农药污染地的土壤微生物生物量,探讨了土壤微物量作为红壤生态系统土壤质早让放和可行性。     

不同土壤和植被生境下生物结皮对土壤性质的影响

生物结皮作为干旱和半干旱地区重要的生物组分,对该区域生态过程中的生物地球化学循环产生重要的影响。以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区的生物结皮为研究对象,调查该区域2种土壤(黄绵土和风沙土)和3种植被(长芒草、油蒿和小叶杨群落,以农田为对照)生境下生物结皮对土壤性质的影响。结果表明:(1)结皮层与结皮下层0-10 cm各土壤性质指标的变化存在显著差异(p0.05);(2)3种植物群落生境下结皮层各土壤性质指标的变化差异不显著,表明结皮层内生物结皮生态功能作用是结皮层土壤性质的主导影响因素;(3)3种植物群落生境0-10 cm土层的土壤性质如C、N、C/N、Mg、Mn、δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N等指标变化存在显著差异(p0.05),但风沙土油蒿和小叶杨群落生境下所有调查的土壤性质指标间均无显著差异,这表明样地间0-10 cm土层土壤性质差异的主要是受到土壤类型自身特性的影响;(4)不同植被和土壤生境下的结皮层和0-10 cm样品间的空间排序分异明显,表明土壤性质间的差异依赖于生境下多因素的综合作用,生物结皮、土壤类型和植被是预测该区域表层土壤空间异质性的重要因素。     

生物有机肥对土壤微生物活性的影响

通过两次连续温室玉米盆栽试验,研究了施用具有调节微生物功能的生物有机肥对土壤微生物数量与活性的影响,并利用传统平板计数法与BIOLOGECO方法相结合研究生物有机肥对土壤微生物生态的影响。结果表明,与化肥相比,施用生物有机肥可显著提高土壤微生物中3大菌群的数量;AWCD值及微生物对不同碳底物利用水平的测定结果表明,施用生物有机肥可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,尤其土壤中的羧酸、胺类和其他类碳源等。表明生物有机肥的施用能增加土壤微生物利用碳源能力,改善微生物营养条件,使微生物保持较高活性,提高土壤微生物多样性。     

不同肥料类型对土壤酶活性与微生物数量时空变化的影响

采用等氮技术进行原状土柱法试验,研究了不同肥料类型对土壤酶活性和微生物数量时空变化的影响。结果表明,柱栽条件下,不同肥料类型对土壤酶活性和微生物数量的时空变化有明显影响。不同土壤深度脲酶和蛋白酶总活性均表现为肥料配施〉有机肥〉尿素;土壤脲酶活性均随土壤深度的增加而下降,0～20cm土层的土壤脲酶活性占全生育期1．2m土层总活性的50％以上,0～40cm土层占79％左右,在0～20cm和20～120cm的土层所占比例大致相当;不同土层的脲酶活性均在拔节期达到最高;在小麦生育后期,脲酶活性在不同土壤深度表现为升高的趋势。3种肥料类型处理不同土层的蛋白酶活性均在成熟期达到最大值,其次为拔节期,在拔节期和扬花期出现峰值,在抽穗期和灌浆盛期出现低谷,其最小值出现在灌浆盛期;土壤蛋白酶在20～40cm和80～100cm时出现峰值,并在20-40cm土层时活性最高。3种肥料类型处理间比较,微生物数量均表现为肥料配施〉有机肥〉尿素。在同-土层中的细菌数量以苗期最大;真菌数量以抽穗期最大;放线菌随着小麦生育期的推进数量逐渐增加,成熟期达最大值。在小麦不同生育时期,以20-40cm土层中的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量最大,0～20cm土层次之,40～120cm土层随土层深度加深数量逐渐减少。     

土壤微生物生物量氮研究综述

简述了土壤微生物生物量N的含量及其影响因素、土壤微生物量N的生物有效性、影响土壤无机氮生物固定的因素及土壤微生物量N的测定，明确了土壤微生物量N在土壤N素循环转化过程中的重要作用。土壤微生物量N是土壤N素转化的重要环节，也是土壤有效氮活性库的主要部分。土壤微生物量N对作物N素的供应起着重要调节作用。土壤无机氮的生物固定对减少N素损失，提高N肥利用效率和保护环境具有积极的作用。     

Feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation for biological soil crusts formation in desert area

Practical testing of the feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation to speed up the recovery of biological soil crusts in the field was conducted in this experiment. Results showed that cyanobacterial and algal cover climbed up to 48.5% and a total of 14 cyanobacterial and algal species were identified at the termination of inoculation experiment; biological crusts' thickness, compressive and chlorophyll a content increased with inoculation time among 3 years; moss species appeared in the second year; cyanobacterial inoculation increased organic carbon and total nitrogen of the soil; total salt, calcium carbonate and electrical conductivity in the soil also increased after inoculation. Diverse vascular plant communities composed of 10 and 9 species are established by cyanobacterial inoculation on the windward and leeward surface of the dunes, respectively, after 3 years. The Simpson index for the above two communities are 0.842 and 0.852, while the Shannon-Weiner index are 2.097 and 2.053, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that cyanobacterial inoculation would be a suitable and effective technique to recover biological soil crusts, and may further restore the ecological system.     

Carbon utilization, microbial biomass, and respiration in biological soil crusts in the Negev Desert

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) and the soils directly below crusts (SDBCs) (0–5 mm) were collected in the Negev Desert (Israel) during the wet and dry seasons of 2007 and 2008, gently separated, and microbial basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon (C_mic), carbon (C) source utilization rates, and catabolic diversity were analyzed using MicroResp^TM plates. The seasonal-change patterns of these parameters were similar to those of soil organic C (C_org) in the BSCs, i.e., increases were observed during the dry seasons relative to the wet seasons. Few seasonal variations in qCO₂ and C_mic/C_org in the BSCs indicated that the increases in crustal organism basal respiration and C source utilization rates can be attributed to microbial propagation as a result of the increases in available C during the dry seasons. High frequency of rain events, with precipitation higher than 0.1 mm during spring, can enable crustal organisms to maintain photosynthetic activity and can facilitate microbial propagation and C_org accumulation in the BSCs. The seasonal dynamics of the four biotic parameters in the SDBCs were the opposite of those of the BSCs, and C source utilization rates and catabolic diversity were higher than in the BSCs during the wet seasons. Downward migration of exopolysaccharides, crustal organism cell contents, and intracellular solutes with water infiltration can increase C and nutrient availability and enhance microbial catabolic activities and propagation in the SDBCs.     

Responses of soil microbial biomass and community composition to biological soil crusts in the revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert

As a key component of desert ecosystems, biological soil crusts (BSCs) play an important role in dune fixation and maintaining soil biota. Soil microbial properties associated with the colonization and development of BSCs may indicate soil quality changes, particularly following dune stabilization. However, very little is known about the influence of BSCs on soil microbes in sand dunes. We examined the influence of BSCs on soil microbial biomass and community composition in revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert. BSCs increased soil microbial biomass (biomass C and N), microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. The effects varied with crust type and crust age. Moss crusts had higher microbial biomass and microbial PLFA concentrations than cyanobacteria-lichen crusts. Crust age was positively correlated with microbial biomass C and N, microbial PLFA concentrations, bacterial PLFA concentrations, fungal PLFA concentrations and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. BSCs significantly affected microbial biomass C and N in the 0–20 cm soil layers, showing a significant negative correlation with soil depth. The study demonstrated that the colonization and development of BSCs was beneficial for soil microbial properties and soil quality in the revegetated areas. This can be attributed to BSCs increasing topsoil thickness after dunes have been stabilized, creating suitable habitats and providing an essential food source for soil microbes.     

Biological and microbial activity in biological soil crusts from the Tabernas desert,a sub-arid zone in SE Spain

The ecology and functional role of biological soil crusts (BSCs) in arid and semi-arid zones have been extremely well studied. However, little is known about the biochemical properties related to the number and activity of the microbiota that form the crusts, even though information about these properties is very important for understanding many of the processes that affect the formations. In this study, several properties related to the activity and number of microorganisms (biomass-C, basal respiration, dehydrogenase activity and nitrogen mineralization potential) were determined at different depths (crusts, 0–0.5 cm; middle, 0.5–3 cm and deep, 3–5 cm layers) in two types of crusts (predominated by cyanobacteria and by lichens) in the Tabernas desert (Almeria, SE Spain). The absolute values of the above-mentioned properties and the values expressed relative to the total organic carbon (TOC) content were both much higher in the crust layers than in the surface horizons of soils under Mediterranean or Atlantic climates. A large part of the TOC in the BSCs was contained in the microbiota and another large part was readily metabolized during incubation of the crusts for 10 days at 25 °C. The net nitrogen mineralization rate was also high, and ammonification predominated in the crust layers, whereas nitrification predominated in the middle and deep layers. In all types of BSCs, the microbiota colonized the deep layers, although with greater intensity in the lichen-dominated BSCs than in the cyanobacterial BSCs. The results also indicate that hydrolytic enzymes are not stabilized on soil colloids and their activity depends only on the active microbiota.     

Evolution of soil respiration depends on biological soil crusts across a 50-year chronosequence of desert revegetation

Despite intensive study in recent decades, soil respiration rate (Rs) and its evolution accompanying vegetation succession remain perplexing. Using a 50-year chronosequence of sand-fixing revegetation in the Tengger Desert of China, we took intact soil columns of 20 cm in depth, incubated them at 12 levels of soil water content (0–0.4 m³ m^?3) and at nine temperatures (5–45°C) in a growth chamber, and measured Rs. The results showed that Rs increased rapidly 15 to 20 years following revegetation but stabilized after 25 years. Rs for soils covered with moss crusts were markedly higher than those covered with algal crusts. Further, Rs correlated significantly with sand content (negatively) and fine particle contents (positively), and increased exponentially with increased soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) contents. Soil texture had a stronger influence on Rs than did SOM and TN. Also, Rs increased linearly with increased coverage and depth of biological soil crusts, which had a more pronounced influence on Rs than did soil physicochemical properties. Our results suggest that the capacity of carbon sequestration likely increases during the 50-year period after revegetation because the linear increase in SOM outweighs the limited sigmoidal increase in Rs.     

放牧对荒漠草原植物生物量及土壤养分的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,探讨放牧对荒漠草原植物多样性、 生物量及土壤养分特征的影响。结果表明, 放牧对荒漠草原植物群落多样性、 均匀度和丰富度影响显著。植物群落多样性和均匀度随着放牧强度的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在轻度放牧达到最大值。同围封禁牧相比,重度、 中度和轻度放牧草地的植物地上和地下部生物量显著降低,分别降低了43.8%、 42.0%、 15.4% 和 27.7%、16.2%、11.9%。土壤有机碳随着放牧强度的增加而降低,而土壤全氮含量随着放牧强度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。围封禁牧草地土壤有机碳比重度放牧增加了18.1%,而土壤全磷、 速效磷和全钾含量分别降低了 21.1%、 51.9% 和 11.0%。土壤有机碳含量对植物群落地上和地下部生物量的影响大于土壤全氮、 全磷、 全钾、 速效磷和速效钾。放牧干扰下荒漠草原土壤环境及其养分含量,能在一定程度上反映植物群落多样性和生物量的变化。     

黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响

黄土高原地区,坡面土壤水分是生态建设的关键问题。以黄土高原坡耕地人为管理方式为背景,在室内人工模拟降雨条件下采用等高耕作和人工掏挖两种措施,并且设计直线坡作为对照,研究不同耕作措施下土壤结皮的形成特征,同时从降雨-入渗的角度研究两种类型结皮(结构结皮和沉积结皮)对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明:土壤结皮阻碍坡面土壤水分入渗,结皮坡面产流时间早,且土壤累积入渗量明显低于无结皮坡面;采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行优化模拟的结果表明蒋定生模型适用于描述本研究坡面土壤水分入渗的特征;耕作措施造成的微地形对土壤结皮的类型有很大影响,在洼地径流携带泥沙堆积形成沉积结皮,地势较高处降雨雨滴直接打击形成结构结皮。研究两种类型结皮发现,沉积结皮相对于结构结皮密度高且孔隙度低,并且两种类型结皮对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响存在差异,沉积结皮平均减渗效应为37.13%,结构结皮平均减渗效应为19.79%,因此,沉积结皮更大程度影响坡面土壤水分入渗。