人为破碎和见光风干对干湿交替培养下土壤有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】通常恒温恒湿培养下土壤有机碳矿化强度随时间延长逐渐衰减，而干湿交替和阶段性扰动（如人为破碎、见光风干等）是否会改变这一趋势？【方法】设置多重干湿交替培养试验，并辅以人为破碎和见光风干阶段性扰动措施，分析多循环干湿交替下土壤有机碳矿化的动态特征，探讨人为破碎和见光风干对干湿交替培养下土壤有机碳矿化的影响。【结果】与恒湿（淹水和好气）处理相比，常规干湿交替每次复水和排水后对土壤有机碳矿化均有显著的激发效应，这种激发效应随着干湿交替次数增多逐步减弱，培养结束时土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别提高了72.09%和128.48%；见光风干相较于避光风干土壤有机碳矿化速率峰值和土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别提高了26.29%和16.15%，而人为破碎对土壤有机碳矿化特征无显著影响。各阶段难分解有机碳矿化的比例随着干湿交替次数逐渐增加。【结论】循环干湿交替并未改变土壤有机碳矿化强度随时间延长阶段性衰减的趋势，但衰减幅度有所减缓；见光风干阶段性扰动进一步减缓了衰减趋势，建议用于土壤有机碳矿化培养试验的土壤样品应尽量避光风干和保存。     

土壤水分和植物残体对紫色水稻土有机碳矿化的影响

采用为期62.d的实验室恒温(281)℃培养方法,研究了土壤水分和植物残体对紫色水稻土有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,紫色水稻土有机碳矿化速率在培养30.d后基本达到稳定,好气条件下土壤有机碳累积矿化量高于淹水条件,且差异达到极显著水平。用一级动力学方程对植物残体的矿化速率进行拟合表明,好气条件下,植物残体的分解速率常数(k值)大小顺序为蚕豆秸秆玉米秸秆水稻秸秆,而淹水条件则为水稻秸秆蚕豆秸秆玉米秸秆。水分状况和植物残体化学组分的差异影响紫色水稻土中有机碳的动态变化,最终导致碳累积矿化量差异。     

耕作方式对稻田土壤活性有机碳组分、有机碳矿化以及腐殖质特征的影响

以连续种植三季的稻田土壤为材料,采用大田试验的方法,研究了四种耕作方式(常耕CT、稻草还田常耕SCT、免耕NT、稻草还田免耕SNT)下稻田土壤的活性有机碳组分含量、有机碳矿化以及腐殖质特征。结果表明:在0~5cm土层,免耕(NT、SNT)和稻草还田(SCT、SNT)都能提高土壤中不同活度有机碳以及总有机碳、腐殖酸、胡敏酸的△log K以及E4/E6值,其中以SNT增加效果最为明显,而稻草还田(SCT、SNT)还能提高了土壤有机碳的日矿化量和矿化累积量;在5~20 cm土层,除中活性有机碳外,常耕耕作(CT、SCT)提高了不同活度有机碳、总有机碳、有机碳矿化累积量、腐殖酸、胡敏酸、富里酸、腐殖化度以及胡/富比,其中以SCT的作用最为明显。在短期时间内,免耕结合稻草还田,有利于表层土壤的腐殖化,增加稻田土壤中碳的固定;常耕结合稻草还田更利于5~20cm土层腐殖质的更新与活化,增加土壤中碳的固定,从而减缓新增碳对温室气体的增温效应。     

长白山不同林型土壤有机碳特征

采用野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了长白山北坡6种不同林型(阔叶林、针叶林、云冷杉、岳桦林、岳桦-苔原、高山苔原)土壤有机碳及其组分的含量,分析了土壤有机碳分布与铁铝氧化物和黏粒矿物组成之间的关系。结果表明:不同林型之间,阔叶林土壤的有机碳、胡敏素碳、颗粒有机碳、2~0.25 mm大团聚体碳和0.25~0.053 mm微团聚体碳含量最高,云冷杉土壤的易氧化碳含量最高而水溶性有机碳、胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳和颗粒有机碳含量最低;此外,岳桦林土壤的胡敏酸碳和富里酸碳含量显著高于其他林型土壤,岳桦-苔原土壤的水溶性有机碳含量显著高于其他林型土壤,而高山苔原土壤的有机碳和易氧化碳含量显著低于其他林型土壤。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳含量与非晶质氧化铝含量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),富里酸碳含量与游离氧化铝含量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),而0.25~0.053 mm微团聚体有机碳含量与2种形态氧化铝含量都呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。上述结果指出,不同林型条件下各有机碳及其组分差异显著。     

有机物料施用下原生盐碱土胡敏酸结构特征

为研究不同有机物料对原生盐碱土胡敏酸官能团组成的影响,以吉林省大安市原生盐碱地为研究对象,设置空白处理(CK)、颗粒状秸秆处理(KL)、正常玉米秸秆处理(JG)、牧草处理(MC)和羊粪处理(YF),通过红外光谱与主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)相结合,研究不同有机物料施用下土壤胡敏酸红外光谱特征。结果表明,有机物料各处理与CK处理相比增加了土壤胡敏酸中脂肪碳和芳香碳的相对含量,减少了羧基碳的含量。除KL处理外,其他处理均增加了土壤胡敏酸中氨基化合物的相对含量。同时有机物料的施用增加了土壤胡敏酸的脂族碳/羧基碳和脂族碳/芳香碳比值,表征有机物料的施用使得土壤胡敏酸结构缩合度和氧化度下降,脂族性增强,芳香性降低,胡敏酸结构趋于脂族化、简单化、年轻化。对比两种秸秆处理,发现KL处理更有利于土壤新形成结构年轻化、简单化、脂族性强的胡敏酸分子。根据PCA结果,有机物料的施用是土壤中脂族性碳、芳香族碳以及氨基化合物的主要来源之一,为探讨胡敏酸官能团的来源提供依据。通过红外光谱结合PCA,发现了土壤胡敏酸官能团组成对有机物料的不同响应,为研究有机物料的施用对土壤胡敏酸性质的影响机制提供理论依据。     

干湿交替对土壤碳库和有机碳矿化的影响

水分是影响土壤活性碳库和惰性碳库周转过程的主导因子,而土壤有机碳的周转速率会对气候变化造成潜在的重要影响。以农田水稻土为供试土壤,通过培育试验研究了干湿交替过程对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,并利用两库叠加模型对土壤不同碳库及其降解动力学进行初步评估。结果表明:干湿交替激发了土壤呼吸,增加了土壤微生物代谢活性。三次湿润过程对土壤呼吸的激发量分别为119.3%、159.5%和87.3%,激发效应随干湿交替频率的增加先升高后降低。多次干湿交替后,土壤累积CO2释放量低于恒湿土壤,湿润所引起的激发的矿化量不足以弥补干旱期降低的矿化量。在湿润的数小时内,土壤溶解性有机碳含量先升高后降低。干湿交替提升了土壤活性碳库的降解速率,降低了惰性碳库的降解速率,湿润后土壤活性碳库显著增加。多次干湿交替降低了土壤真菌/细菌比,使土壤微生物群落结构发生变化,细菌成为优势种群。     

干湿交替格局对川西南干热河谷土壤碳氮释放的影响

有机碳和氮素含量低、结构性差等土壤退化特征,是干热河谷土壤退化的普遍现象,漫长旱季与集中雨季使干热河谷干湿交替格局不同于其他区域。通过监测不同干湿交替模式下培养土壤的呼吸、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性氮(DN)动态,评估干湿交替特征对干热河谷土壤有机碳和氮库退化的影响。结果显示,风干土壤再湿润对土壤呼吸具有激发效应,可使呼吸强度增加1.52~7.13倍;随着干湿交替次数的增加,激发效应随之衰减,经过多次干湿交替后(当周期为3d,则干湿交替5次)降至某一稳定水平,干湿交替周期越长(周期长于12d),土壤再湿润后导致的土壤呼吸激发效应的衰减越不明显。土壤DOC和DN含量同样受再湿润激发,但DOC和DN激发效应滞后于土壤呼吸,干湿交替多次后土壤DOC和DN随之降低并稳定低于最初水平,而随着干湿交替周期延长,DOC和DN在每个干湿交替末期含量变化不明显。这暗示干湿交替尽管可激发土壤DOC和DN释放,但是这种激发效应随干湿交替次数和周期延长而降低,因此对土壤碳氮动态的影响有限,干湿交替格局可能不是干旱河谷土壤有机碳和氮素退化的主要原因。     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。     

不同中药渣组合好氧堆肥产物对土壤碳矿化特性的影响

为研究不同配方中药渣废弃物好氧堆肥产品品质差异及其对土壤碳素矿化的影响，设置了好氧堆肥和有机肥还田两个试验。通过工厂化条垛式好氧堆肥试验，研究了中药渣废弃物3种组合，在相同碳氮比、不同木质纤维素含量下对好氧堆肥产品品质的影响；采用土壤呼吸瓶进行室内恒温恒湿培养模拟土壤施肥效应，研究了3种有机肥施用对不同肥力土壤有机碳分解动态的影响。试验结果显示：中药渣物料的初始木质纤维素含量显著影响堆肥产品的碳氮养分转化和腐殖质组分。与初始低木质纤维素含量处理(T1)相比，高木质纤维素含量处理(T3)堆肥有机碳降解难，堆肥产品中全碳含量提高5.7%，全氮含量降低18.4%，但有利于腐殖质形成，尤其是显著增加胡敏酸组分20.9%。3种中药渣堆肥产品等碳量输入对不同肥力土壤的碳素矿化效果差异显著，高肥力土壤CO₂-C的释放速率和累积释放量均高于低肥力土壤，但有机碳的累积矿化率却低于低肥力土壤，并且高肥力土壤中添加T1堆肥产品累积矿化率显著高于添加T3堆肥产品。两个肥力土壤中有机肥中胡敏酸组分与土壤碳素矿化率之间呈显著负相关关系。因此，为提高有机肥的土壤固碳效应，可适当提高有机肥中胡敏...     

可溶性有机碳的含量动态及其与土壤有机碳矿化的关系

采用我国东部地区的黑土、潮土、黄泥土和红壤水稻土,通过室内分析和培育试验,研究了不同水分条件下可溶性有机碳含量及土壤有机碳矿化量的动态变化,分析了淹水导致可溶性有机碳含量的变化程度及其对土壤有机碳矿化量的可能影响.结果表明,可溶性有机碳含量与水土比呈直线相关关系,累计提取量随浸提时间增加,单次提取量随提取次数降低.在8周的培养期内,淹水处理的可溶性有机碳含量均显著高于好气处理,黄泥土一号高46%～117%(p＜0.05),黄泥土二号高112%～285%(p＜0.001),潴育黄泥田高21%～73%(p＜0.05).在培养的前3周(黄泥土一号)或前4周(黄泥土二号),不同水分处理的日均土壤有机碳矿化量有极显著差异(p＜0.01),其后,差异不显著;但在整个培养过程中,淹水处理的累计土壤有机碳矿化量均极显著高于好气处理(p＜0.01).培养过程中,土壤有机碳的矿化速率动态与可溶性有机碳含量的变化趋势相一致,特别是黄泥土二号,可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳日均矿化量达到极显著的相关关系(好气相关系数0.942,淹水相关系数0.975).结果还表明,两种黄泥土有机碳矿化量(包括日均矿化量和累计矿化量)的差异并不与全土有机碳含量相关,而主要是其可溶性有机碳含量明显不同所致.因此,对于原土可溶性有机碳含量较高的土壤,淹水显著提高可溶性有机碳量是导致其土壤有机碳矿化量高于好气处理的主要原因.     

洁霉素在黏土和有机质土中的吸附特性研究

抗生素一般是指由细菌、霉菌或其他微生物在繁殖过程中产生的,能够杀灭或抑制其他微生物的一类物质及其衍生物。目前,抗生素被广泛应用于人们的日常生活与水产及畜牧等产业。美国每年应用于水产养殖的抗生素达9.25×104～19.6×104 kg[1],应用于动物养殖中的抗生素每年约8.5×106～11.2×106 kg[2]。     

有机物覆盖对核桃园土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响

【目的】 地面覆盖是重要的地面管理措施,简单省力,不仅可以提高土壤肥力,还可以促进土壤微域生态系统的可持续发展。研究核桃园有机物覆盖对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响,可为推广有机覆盖管理措施提供理论依据。 【方法】 基于核桃园连年有机物覆盖试验,采用随机区组设计,以不覆盖为对照,研究了地面覆盖有机肥、碎木屑后,土壤有机碳库、碳库管理及酶活性的变化及三者间的关系。 【结果】 1) 有机物覆盖处理提高了土壤各有机碳组分含量,随着土层的加深效应下降,覆盖有机肥效果优于覆盖碎木屑。在0—20 cm土层,覆盖有机肥处理的总有机碳含量、可溶性有机碳含量及易氧化有机碳含量分别为对照的1.66倍、1.33倍、6.99倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的稳定性有机碳含量为对照的1.42倍。2) 有机物覆盖处理在一定程度上提高了土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数、碳库指数及碳库管理指数,随土层的加深处理间差异减小。在0—80 cm土层,覆盖有机肥处理的碳库活度及碳库活度指数为对照的2.9～5.9倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的为对照的1.3～2.5倍;覆盖有机肥处理的碳库指数为对照的1.1～1.7倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的为对照的1.1～1.5倍;覆盖有机肥处理的碳库管理指数是对照的3.3～9.8倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的为对照的1.6～2.8倍。3) 有机物覆盖处理提高了核桃生长期内的土壤过氧化氢酶活性、中性蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性和纤维素酶活性,覆盖有机肥处理的提高幅度为4.2%～103.0%,覆盖碎木屑的提高幅度为3.5%～47.3%。4) 土壤总有机碳含量与碳库指数、碳库活度指数、碳库管理指数均呈显著正相关,土壤脲酶活性、土壤纤维素酶活性与土壤总有机碳含量、可溶性有机碳含量及易氧化有机碳含量呈极显著正相关。 【结论】 地面覆盖有机肥、碎木屑可以提高核桃园土壤的碳库活度及土壤酶活性。      

不同有机物料对苏打盐化土有机碳和活性碳组分的影响

【目的】在大同盆地苏打盐化土上,研究不同有机物料对春玉米产量、土壤有机碳及活性碳组分的影响,明确土壤有机碳及活性碳组分与主要盐碱指标的相关关系,为苏打盐化土改良及有机物料资源化利用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016-2017年在山西省北部怀仁县开展田间定位试验,设对照(CK)、风化煤、生物炭、牛粪和秸秆5个处理,各处理有机物料施用量按照每年9000 kg/hm^2等有机碳投入量折算,收获时对春玉米进行测产。2017年春玉米收获后,采集土壤样品测定土壤有机碳总量(SOC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量,分析土壤活性碳组分占有机碳的比例、土壤有机碳及活性碳组分与盐碱指标之间的关系。【结果】与CK相比,生物炭和秸秆处理春玉米产量无明显差异,而风化煤和牛粪处理春玉米产量则分别显著提高30.2%和30.3%。添加有机物料促进了0-20 cm土层SOC累积,其中以风化煤和牛粪处理效果最佳,较CK分别提高47.6%和36.1%。在有机碳组分方面,风化煤和牛粪处理提高WSOC、EOC含量的效果显著高于生物炭、秸秆处理;风化煤、牛粪和秸秆处理的LFOC含量显著高于生物炭处理。四类有机物料处理的WSOC占总有机碳的比例差异不显著,牛粪处理的占比显著高于CK。EOC占总有机碳的比例以牛粪处理最高,风化煤次之,且二者均显著高于CK处理;LFOC占总有机碳的比例则表现为秸秆、牛粪>风化煤、生物炭> CK。此外,添加有机物料能有效降低0-20 cm土层土壤pH、电导率(EC)和碱化度(ESP),其中以风化煤和牛粪处理降幅最大。相关分析表明,土壤SOC与pH、EC和ESP呈显著负相关。【结论】通过有机物料改良效果比较,发现牛粪和风化煤处理能促进苏打盐化土有机碳累积,提高可溶性、易氧化态及轻组有机碳组分在总有机碳中的占比,降低土壤pH、EC和ESP,明显提高春玉米产量。因此,风化煤和牛粪是山西北部苏打盐化土良好的改良剂。     

Photodissolution of soil organic matter

Sunlight has been shown to enhance loss of organic matter from aquatic sediments and terrestrial plant litter, so we tested for similar reactions in mineral soil horizons. Losses of up to a third of particulate organic carbon occurred after continuous exposure to full-strength sunlight for dozens of hours, with similar amounts appearing as photodissolved organic carbon. Nitrogen dissolved similarly, appearing partly as ammonium. Modified experiments with interruption of irradiation to include extended dark incubation periods increased loss of total organic carbon, implying remineralization by some combination of light and microbes. These photodissolution reactions respond strongly to water content, with reaction extent under air-dry to fully wet conditions increasing by a factor of 3–4 fold. Light limitation was explored using lamp intensity and soil depth experiments. Reaction extent varied linearly with lamp intensity. Depth experiments indicate that attenuation of reaction occurs within the top tens to hundreds of micrometers of soil depth. Our data allow only order-of-magnitude extrapolations to field conditions, but suggest that this type of reaction could induce loss of 10–20% of soil organic carbon in the top 10 cm horizon over a century. It may therefore have contributed to historical losses of soil carbon via agriculture, and should be considered in soil management on similar time scales.     

Stabilization of organic matter in soil lysimeters

Using stationary soil lysimeters it was demonstrated that the type of phytocenose determines the processes of stabilization of organic matter and the type of litter reflects the transformation of organic matter. The maximum quantity of large aggregates at the lowest concentrations of carbon is detected in the upper horizons of soils under fallow conditions as compared to those under other communities. The maximum possible loss of carbon, as estimated by the intensity of respiration, is observed in the soils under mixed plantings, while the least was observed for agricultural lands.     

Temperature response of soil organic matter mineralisation in arctic soil profiles

Soil organic matter (SOM) in arctic and boreal soils is the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon. Increased SOM mineralisation under increased temperature has the potential to induce a massive release of CO₂. Precise parameterisation of the response of arctic soils to increased temperatures is therefore crucial for correctly simulating our future climate. Here, we investigated the temperature response of SOM mineralisation in eight arctic soil profiles of Norway, Svalbard and Russia. Samples were collected at two depths from both mineral and organic soils, which were affected or not by permafrost and were incubated for 91 days at 4, 8, 12, and 16 °C. Temperature response was investigated through two parameters derived from a simple exponential model: the intensity of mineralisation, α, and the temperature sensitivity, Q10. For each sample, SOM quality was investigated by ¹³C-NMR, whereas bacterial and fungal community structure was characterised by T-RFLP and ARISA fingerprints, respectively. When estimated from the whole incubation period, α proved to be higher in deep permafrost samples than in shallow active layer ones due to the presence transient flushes of mineralisation in deep permafrost affected soils. At the end of the incubation period, after mineralization flushes had passed, neither α nor Q10 (averaging 1.28 ± 0.07) seemed to be affected by soil type (organic vs mineral soil), site, depth or permafrost. SOM composition and microbial community structure on the contrary where affected by site and soil type. Our results suggest that deep samples of permafrost affected soil contain a small pool of fast cycling carbon, which is quickly depleted after thawing. Once the mineralization flush had passed, the temperature response of permafrost affected soil proved to be relatively homogenous among sample types, suggesting that the use of a single temperature sensitivity parameter in land surface models for SOM decomposition in permafrost-affected soils is justified.     

Managing soil organic matter – implications for soil structure on organic farms

Abstract. This paper reviews current understanding of soil structure, the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil structure and evidence for or against better soil physical condition under organic farming. It also includes new data from farm case studies in the UK. Young SOM is especially important for soil structural development, improving ephemeral stability through fungal hyphae, extracellular polysaccharides, etc. Thus, to achieve aggregate stability and the advantages that this conveys, frequent input of fresh organic matter is required. Practices that add organic material are routinely a feature of organically farmed soils and the literature generally shows that, comparing like with like, organic farms had at least as good and sometimes better soil structure than conventionally managed farms. Our case studies confirmed this. In the reviewed papers, SOM was generally larger on the biodynamic/organic farms because of the organic additions and/or leys in the rotation. We can therefore hypothesize that, because it is especially the light fraction of SOM that is involved in soil structural development, soil structure will improve in a soil to which fresh organic residues are added regularly. Thus, we argue it is not the farming system per se that is important in promoting better physical condition, but the amount and quality of organic matter returned to a soil.     

Use of organic carbon and loss-on-ignition to estimate soil organic matter in different soil types and horizons

Summary Loss-on-ignition (LOI) and the organic C content have been used to estimate soil organic matter. Organic matter is often estimated from organic C by applying a factor of 1.724. Several authors have examined the relationship between LOI, used as an estimate of organic matter, and C by simple linear regressions. In the present study, this approach was examined in relation to two sets of data. LOI overestimates organic matter in soils with significant proportions of clay minerals because of bound water, and correcting for bound water gives some LOI: C ratios of less than 1. It is concluded that differences in the nature of the organic matter in different soils and horizons make the simple regression approach unsuitable. More attention needs to be paid to studies of the nature of the organic matter.     

Spectrophotometric determination of organic carbon in soil

Abstract

A detailed study was made of the well‐known organic carbon determination that is based on measuring the absorbance of the green chromium(III) complex generated when organic matter is oxidized by potassium dichromate in acidic medium. The green chromic colour proved to be unstable, turning slowly to a violet colour. It was also found that chromic sulphate exerts a catalytic influence on the decomposition of excess dichromate. Based on this work, a modified method was developed which is simple, rapid, and very accurate when working under carefully controlled conditions.