纤维素酶曲添加剂对鹿茸产量及饲料消化率的影响

先后分3批次,对176头梅花鹿进行了增茸试验。结果,添喂纤维素酶曲组比对照组,鹿茸产量分别提高17.38%、26.78%和31.81%,平均每头增产129g。试验组采食量比对照组低7.48%,饲料消化率随纤维素酶曲添加水平的提高而提高。粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的消化率在添喂纤维素酶曲70g/头组,分别提高9.48%(P<0.01.)、7.82%(P<0.05)和8.81%(P<0.01).试验组鹿茸氨基酸和无机元素含量都有增加的趋势。血清氨基酸除胱氨酸和组氨酸外,其它氨基酸试验组均有不同程度的提高,无机元素含量除锰外,其它元素试验组均高于对照组。     

生茸期梅花鹿蛋氨酸螯合铜需要量的研究

为探讨生茸期梅花鹿日粮中铜的最适宜添加范围,将20只2岁雄性梅花鹿随机分成A、B、C、D共4组,每组5只。A组饲喂不添加铜的全价颗粒料,B、C、D组在全价颗粒料的基础上分别添加15、40、80 mg/kg蛋氨酸螯合铜。结果:梅花鹿生茸期日粮加铜,改善了营养物质消化率,除干物质外,对其他营养物质消化率影响均达到显著或极显著水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),变化趋势40 mg/kg时发生改变;梅花鹿生茸期日粮中添加铜对血液生化指标有影响,其中对血清铜蓝蛋白活性影响最为显著(P<0.05),当日粮铜添加量为40 mg/kg时,其活性达到最大值;梅花鹿日粮加铜,对血清及毛中铜含量影响显著(P<0.05);梅花鹿鹿茸产量随日粮加铜量的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在日粮铜添加量为40 mg/kg时,茸产量达到最大值;梅花鹿鹿茸氨基酸含量随日粮加铜量的增加而增加,鹿茸含铜量随铜水平的增加呈现先上升后下降状态。综合各项指标,梅花鹿生茸期日粮铜的适宜添加量为40 mg/kg。     

梅花鹿锯茸应激综合症血浆皮质醇含量的变化

２４头健康、３～４岁、体重１００～１２０ｋｇ的锯茸期梅花鹿随机分为两组，分别用木笼绳索保定法（Ａ组，ｎ＝１２）和药物保定法（Ｂ组，ｎ＝１２）进行锯茸。对血浆皮质醇含量及部分血液生化值的改变进行了测定。试验结果，Ａ组锯茸后血浆皮质醇和血糖含量较试验前呈突发性升高，然后逐渐下降，两者的改变呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９４），１～９日内各次测定值间及与Ｂ组间差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血浆ＣＯ２ｃｐ值锯茸后３～５日内呈明显下降；血Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃａ＋值均呈上升势态，１～７日内各次测定值间及与Ｂ组间均有极显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｂ组锯茸前后各项指标各次测定值间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

三种鹿红细胞LDH和SOD同工酶酶谱

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法对白唇鹿、马鹿和梅花鹿的红细胞乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）以及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）同工酶酶谱进行研究。结果发现三种鹿的红细胞中只有ＬＤＨ１一种同工酶,ＳＯＤ具有ＳＯＤ１,ＳＯＤ２和ＳＯＤ３三种同工酶。     

不同蛋白质水平对育成早期梅花鹿消化代谢的影响

为探讨不同蛋白质水平配合日粮对育成早期梅花鹿消化代谢的影响,选择4只9月龄雄性梅花鹿,按4×4拉丁方设计,进行消化代谢试验。结果表明,不同蛋白质水平配合日粮(蛋白质水平分别为10.27%、14.26%、15.61%、18.60%)对梅花鹿体重及日增重、干物质采食量及消化率、蛋白质采食量、沉积量、可消化蛋白质量、蛋白质消化率及代谢率、钙磷采食量及消化率、血液总蛋白及白蛋白浓度差异不显著(P>0.05);对血清尿素氮浓度具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。当配合日粮蛋白质水平为15.61%时,蛋白质代谢率为30.64%。蛋白质沉积量y1与蛋白质采食量x1呈正相关,二者之间的回归方程为:y1=0.394x1-27.568,R2=0.882 8,n=8(P<0.05)。     

三种鹿属动物血清淀粉酶同工酶的电泳研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对３４头白唇鹿，５８头马鹿和１１头梅花鹿的血清淀粉酶同工酶进行了比较研究。结果发现：（１）３种鹿的血清淀粉酶都有ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３种同工酶，但白唇鹿ＡＭＹ１和ＡＭＹ２同工酶的相对迁移率小于马鹿和梅花鹿；（２）３种鹿的ＡＭＹ１同工酶都有ＡＭＹ１Ｆ和ＡＭＹ１Ｓ两种表型，以ＡＭＹ１Ｆ为优势表型（分别为６４．７１％，６８．９７％和８１．８２％）；（３）白唇鹿的ＡＭＹ２同工酶存在ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ，ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ和ＡＭＹ２ＢＢ３种表型，以ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ为优势表型（５０．００％）；（４）马鹿的ＡＭＹ２同工酶存在ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ，ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ，ＡＭＹ２ＢＢ和ＡＭＹ２Ｏ４种表型，梅花鹿存在ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ和ＡＭＹ２ＢＢ两种表型，以ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ为优势表型（分别为８９．６６％和９０．９１％）。     

梅花鹿鹿茸异位生长研究

为了揭示鹿茸发生机理,阐明生茸区骨膜在鹿茸发生中的作用,选择4只1周岁雄性梅花鹿,在鹿茸发生前,通过外科手术将一侧完整的生茸区骨膜摘除并移植到额骨上。结果,摘除骨膜的生茸区没有发生鹿茸,而在被移植的额骨部位上发生了鹿茸且生长发育正常。证明了生茸区骨膜是鹿茸发生的组织基础,同时为通过异位生茸提高鹿茸产量开辟了新的途径。     

饲粮不同能量、蛋白质水平对生茸期梅花鹿的影响

本研究采用 2 (CP:2 4和 2 2 % )× 2 (GE:4.1 5和 1 6.74MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用1岁 (毛桃 )梅花公鹿 69头 ,分为四个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮能量、蛋白质水平对鹿体增重的互作效应显著 (P<0 .0 5) ,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率有极显著的影响 (P<0 .0 1 )。 1岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为1 7.37MJ/kg GE、2 2 .44% CP。平均每头鹿每天对能量和蛋白质的需要量分别为 36.84MJGE和 478g CP     

梅花鹿行为生态学及保护遗传学研究进展

梅花鹿是我国极度濒危的鹿科动物,目前仅分布于黑龙江、吉林、四川、江西等省狭窄的区域内。文章主要对梅花鹿的种群数量、行为生态学及保护遗传学研究等进行了概述,并指出目前国内学者对梅花鹿行为生态学的研究主要集中在行为节律和栖息地的研究,为了更准确地反映梅花鹿系统进化关系,必须结合形态学、动物地理学、地理信息系统及古生物学等方面进行综合分析探讨。     

不同生长阶段吉林梅花鹿血液生理生化指标分析

本试验通过研究吉林梅花鹿不同生长阶段血液生理生化指标的差异情况,旨在为梅花鹿的健康检测、疾病防治、育种等提供依据和参考。选取吉林省左家、双阳、东丰地区哺乳仔鹿93头（公37头,母56头）、育成鹿135头（公40头,母95头）、成年鹿130头（公42头,母88头）,共358头,进行13项血液生理指标、19项生化指标检测。结果显示：哺乳公鹿与哺乳母鹿各项指标总体上差异不大,仅红细胞系统指标、血糖、肌酸激酶具有显著性差异（P<0.05）;红细胞压积、红细胞平均体积、平均血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶在不同性别的育成鹿与成年鹿中差异极显著（P<0.01）。不同生长阶段公鹿天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、前白蛋白、总胆汁酸、血糖等差异显著（P<0.05）,红细胞系统、肌酸激酶、钙、无机磷、肌酐等差异极显著（P<0.01）,白蛋白、淀粉酶差异不显著（P>0.05）;不同生长阶段的母鹿淋巴细胞总数、红细胞总数、中性粒细胞总数差异显著（P<0.05）,白细胞总数、红细胞系统指标、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶、钙、无机磷等差异极显著（P<0.01）,谷氨酰转肽酶、总胆汁酸、白蛋白差异不显著（P>0.05）。以上结果说明,不同生长阶段、不同性别的梅花鹿血液生理生化指标存在较大变异,部分指标的差异可能与梅花鹿生茸、性别等生物学特性有关。对上述生理生化指标的测定,获得了不同性别的梅花鹿在不同生长阶段生理生化指标的参考范围,可为梅花鹿选种育种、疾病诊断、资源开发利用提供一定的参考,也可为野生东北梅花鹿资源保护和健康评估提供依据。     

白唇鹿,马鹿和梅花鹿血清碱性磷酸酶同工酶的酶谱

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶圆盘电泳法对白唇鹿,马鹿和梅花鹿血清碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）同工酶的酶谱及其多态性进行了比较研究,结果：（１）３种鹿都具有ＡＬＰＡ,ＡＬＰＢ,ＡＬＰＣ和ＡＬＰＤ４种同工酶,它们的相对迁移率分别为４０．０３％,３４．９２％,１４．２９％和６．３５％;（２）ＡＬＰＢ同工酶存在ＡＬＰＢ和ＡＬＰＯ两种表面而构成多态性;（３）３种鹿的ＡＬＰ表型分面睡基因频率存在种间差异。     

“复方增茸剂”对梅花鹿茸中各种氨基酸含量的影响

选择体质、体型、健康状况、产茸性能相近的梅花鹿 5 0头 ,随机分为 2组即试验组与对照组 ,将“复方增茸剂”混于试验组梅花鹿饲料中 ,每日饲喂 1次 ,连续饲喂 70d ,观察“复方增茸剂”对鹿茸中氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明 ,应用“复方增茸剂”后 ,试验组鹿茸中各种氨基酸的含量明显高于对照组。     

梅花鹿的锯茸应激反应过程

本文通过对梅花鹿锯茸后行为的观察及锯茸前后血液生理变化的分析，证明受锯茸鹿也存在和其它动物一样的应激反应过程，表现出应激反应的三个阶段。锯茸前的拨鹿、保定及锯茸是引发鹿应激反应的应激源，受应激刺激的鹿行为上表现为喜躲避于阴凉处，运动减少，精神萎靡，采食量减少或拒食，大量出血，约经一天后才能恢复正常状态；血液生理变化为ＲＢＣ、嗜酸性细胞、血小板数量增多，血凝时间缩短，与未受锯茸刺激鹿比较差异均机显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），其它血液生理指数没有明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。因鹿应激反应过程中出血较多，能量消耗较大，采食减少或拒食，故影响再生茸的尽快生长，所以鹿锯茸时应尽量减轻应激反应过程。     

激光照射对雄性梅花鹿睾酮,雌二醇含量影响的试验

本文以８头雄性梅花鹿为材料，应用输出功率１７ｍｗ，能量密度为５７．７２Ｊ／ｃｍ２的氦氖激光对其中４头进行照射试验；应用放射免疫测定法测其外周血清中睾酮、雌二醇含量的变化。结果表明：激光照射能够影响梅花鹿外周血清中性激素水平，使睾酮和雌二醇水平显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），睾酮降低４１．２５％，雌二醇降低４３．５５％。     

鹿坏死杆菌病的诊断和治疗

平山野生动物实验场鹿场１９９３年３月至９月间，成年梅花鹿和马鹿、４月龄仔鹿先后发病。共计死亡３４只。经流行病学调查、临床症状、病理剖检和细菌学检查，确诊本病系由坏死杆菌（Ｆｕｓｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｎｅｃｒｏｐｈｏｒｕｍ）引起的坏死杆菌病。用大剂量青霉素、链霉素、氨基比林治疗效果良好，并有预防作用。     

Effect of ensiled hop (Humulus lupulus L.) residues on plasma acetate turnover rate in sheep

An isotope dilution method using [1‐¹³C]sodium acetate was applied to determine the effect of feeding ensiled hop (Humulus lupulus L.) residues on plasma acetate turnover rate in six adult crossbred sheep. The sheep were fed 63 g/kg body weight (BW)^0.75/day of either mixed hay of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and round bale silage at 3:1 ratio (Hay‐diet), or another where round bale silage was replaced by ensiled hop residues (Hop‐diet) with a crossover design each of a 3‐week period. The isotope dilution method was performed on day 21 of each dietary treatment. Dry matter digestibility was similar between diets, and nitrogen (N) digestibility was lower (P = 0.001) for Hop‐diet than Hay‐diet. However, N retention did not differ between diets. Plasma acetate concentration was lower (P = 0.04) for Hop‐diet than Hay‐diet, and the turnover rate of plasma acetate did not differ between diets. Plasma concentration of lactate and non‐esterified fatty acids were similar between diets. Hop‐diet was found almost comparable to Hay‐diet on plasma acetate turnover rate in the present experimental conditions. Therefore, it could be concluded that hop residues partially could be used as an alternative to traditionally used round bale silage for rearing sheep.     

Dietary mannitol increased the absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats

The effect of mannitol on bone‐related mineral absorption and retention and the mechanism was investigated in this study. Fourteen 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats in experiment 1 and same number and age cecectomized Wistar male rats in experiment 2 were divided into two subgroups of seven animals, respectively, fed diets containing 0 or 4% mannitol for 28 days. Mineral balance tests were determined twice during days 8–12 and days 22–26, and the rats were slaughtered on day 28 both in experiment 1 and experiment 2. The whole caecum and colon were collected with the content to analyse tissue weight, content weight, content's pH and moisture, organic acids' concentration and mineral levels. In experiment 1, Ca absorption and retention and Mg absorption were significantly increased by mannitol feeding during days 8–12. Caecal total weight, tissue weight and content weight were increased, the pH of caecum and colon was reduced, and the concentrations of caecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were modified by mannitol feeding. In experiment 2, during days 8–12 and days 22–26, Ca absorption and retention were significantly lowered by mannitol feeding in cecectomized rats; however, mannitol feeding decreased Mg absorption during days 8–12, but did not impact Mg retention. Colonic total weight, tissue weight and content weight were significantly increased, and colonic pH was reduced by mannitol feeding. In conclusion, dietary mannitol increased the absorption of Ca and Mg and the caecum markedly contributed to this promoting effect of mannitol.     

Effect of feeding garlic leaf on microbial nitrogen supply,kinetics of plasma phenylalanine,tyrosine and protein synthesis in sheep

The objective of the present study was to assess the feeding effects of garlic leaf on microbial N supply (MNS), turnover rates of plasma phenylalanine (PheTR) and tyrosine (TyrTR) and whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) in sheep. The sheep were fed either mixed hay (Hay‐diet, as control) or hay plus garlic leaf diet (GL‐diet, at a ratio of 9:1) in a crossover design each for a 21 day period. The isotope dilution method using [²H₅]Phe and [²H₂]Tyr was performed on the 21st day of each dietary treatment. Nitrogen intake remained similar between the diets and N absorption and N digestibility were higher (P < 0.05) in the GL‐diet than Hay‐diet. Total purine derivatives excretion and MNS were greater (P < 0.05) in the GL‐diet than the Hay‐diet. Plasma PheTR tended to be higher (P = 0.06) during GL feeding and TyrTR did not differ between the diets. Further, WBPS tended to be greater (P = 0.05) for the GL‐diet compared with the Hay‐diet. Hence, the present results suggest that garlic leaf may have positive effects on N metabolism by influencing MNS in sheep and could be used as a potential ruminant feed in the future.     

Effect of dietary calcium level and source on mineral utilisation by piglets fed diets containing exogenous phytase

Calcium and phosphorus are essential minerals, closely linked in digestive processes and metabolism. With widespread use of low P diets containing exogenous phytase, the optimal dietary Ca level was verified. The 40‐day study evaluated the effects of Ca level (4, 7 and 10 g/kg diet) and Ca source (Ca from CaCO₃ and from Lithothamnium calcareum) on mineral utilisation in 72 piglets (7.9 ± 1.0 kg BW) fed an exogenous phytase containing diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg. Measured parameters were growth performance, stomach mineral solubility, bone breaking strength and urinary, serum and bone mineral concentration. The apparent total tract digestibility of minerals was also assessed in the two diets with 7 g Ca/kg, using 12 additional pigs. Regardless of Ca source, increasing dietary Ca impaired feed conversion ratio, increased urinary pH, increased serum and urinary Ca, decreased serum and urinary P, decreased serum Mg and increased urinary Mg, increased serum AP activity, decreased bone Mg increased bone Zn. Bone breaking strength was improved with 7 compared to 4 g Ca/kg. Compared to CaCO₃, Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum increased serum Mg and with, 10 g Ca/kg, it limited body weight gain. The dose response of Ca in a diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg and including exogenous phytase indicated that: (i) a low dietary Ca was beneficial for piglet growth, but was limiting the metabolic use of P; (ii) a high dietary Ca level impaired P utilisation; (iii) the optimal P utilisation and bone breaking strength was obtained with a dietary Ca‐to‐digestible P ratio of 2.1 to 2.4:1; (iv). Increasing dietary Ca reduced Mg utilisation, but not Zn status, when fed at adequate level. Finally, Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum had similar effects on Ca and P metabolism as CaCO₃, but impaired growth when fed at the highest inclusion level.     

氨化玉米秸秆对梅花鹿幼鹿营养物质消化率和增重的影响

为了解不同浓度的氨化玉米秸秆对梅花鹿幼鹿营养物质消化率和生产性能的影响。选择健康、年龄一致、体重约20kg的梅花鹿幼鹿12头,随机分成4组,每组3头,精饲料饲喂量相同,分别饲喂用0％（对照）、3％、4％、5％尿素氨化玉米秸秆和原料玉米秸秆各50％（自由采食）的粗饲料,结果表明：梅花鹿食用尿素氨化玉米秸秆,显著提高各种营养物质的消化率,对梅花鹿幼鹿增重效果显著（P〈0．05）。