Effects of dietary supplementation of Chinese medicinal herbs on polymorphonuclear neutrophil immune activity and small intestinal morphology in weanling pigs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Chinese medicinal herbs (CMH) supplementation composed of Panax ginseng, Dioscoreaceae opposite, Atractylodes macrocephala, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Ziziphus jujube and Platycodon grandiflorum, on the performance, intestinal tract morphology and immune activity in weanling pigs. Two hundred and forty weaned pigs were assigned randomly to four dietary groups including the negative control (basal diet), 0.1% CMH, 0.3% CMH and 0.114% antibiotic (Chlortetracycline calcium Complex, Sulfathiazole and Procaine Penicillin G) supplementation groups for a 28-day feeding trial. Results indicated that both CMH supplementation groups had a better gain and feed/gain than control group (CT) during the first 2 weeks of the experimental period. The 0.3% CMH had a significant decrease in the diarrhoea score in first 10 days of experimental period when compared with other groups. The CMH supplementation groups had a higher villous height, increased lactobacilli counts in digesta of ileum and decreased coliform counts in colon compared with CT. The immune activities of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs), including the respiratory burst and Salmonella-killing ability, were significantly enhanced in CMH supplementation groups at day 7 of experiment period. The CMH and antibiotic supplementations increased the nutrient digestibility such as dietary dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in weanling pigs. In conclusion, the dietary CMH supplementation improved intestinal morphology and immune activities of PMNs, thus giving rise to nutrient digestibility and reduce diarrhoea frequency in weanling pigs.     

中医"气"的概念及"补气类"中药相关生理生化作用机理的探讨

比较了"补气类"中药近50年来的现代药理实验及生理生化实验研究成果,介绍了下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴系统(HPA),认为"补气类"中药通过激动HPA使之适度兴奋而起作用,即:使机体处于可控的适度应激状态,完成相应的医学生理生化过程,实现"补气类"中药的药理作用.具体介绍了"补气类"中药对"肺虚证"、"脾虚证"和"寒证"的部分药理作用.     

中草药添加剂对奶牛产奶性能及牛奶体细胞数的影响

试验采用完全随机区组设计,将18头年龄、体重、产奶性能、胎次及泌乳阶段相似的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验1组和试验2组3个处理组,6个区组每个处理组6个重复,饲养期120 d。各处理组的粗饲料相同,均由干草、玉米秸秆、玉米青贮构成,试验1组与试验2组的精饲料在对照组基础上分别添加0.4%与0.8%的中草药添加剂。试验结果表明,添加中草药添加剂对乳干物质、非脂乳固体、乳脂率、乳糖及乳蛋白含量无明显影响,但中草药对刺激奶牛产奶和预防奶牛乳房炎的发生有一定效果,试验2组产奶量显著高于对照组(P=0.046),相对于对照组增加了20.7%,并可降低体细胞数和乳房炎的发生率。     

21种中药对奶牛乳房炎3种病原菌的体外抑菌试验

采用琼脂平板扩散法 (打孔法 ) ,选择连翘、金银花、黄芩、黄柏、鱼腥草等 2 1种中草药对从奶牛乳房炎分离出的 3种主要致病菌进行了体外抑菌试验。结果发现 ,诃子、黄芩、石榴皮等的综合效果好 ,从而为中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的科学配方筛选提供了依据     

药食同源中草药复方对山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和免疫功能的影响

试验旨在以列入《饲料原料目录》中的某些药食同源天然植物中草药为原料,研究其对山羊抗病促生长、抗氧化、提高免疫力等方面的影响.研究共开展两次试验.试验一:选取健康山羊100只,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复4只羊.对照组山羊饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加不同的中草药复方,添加量均为2％.预试期20 d,正...     

Effects of a short‐term supranutritional selenium supplementation on redox balance,physiology and insulin‐related metabolism in heat‐stressed pigs

Heat stress (HS) disrupts redox balance and insulin‐related metabolism. Supplementation with supranutritional amounts of selenium (Se) may enhance glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and reduce oxidative stress, but may trigger insulin resistance. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of a short‐term high Se supplementation on physiology, oxidative stress and insulin‐related metabolism in heat‐stressed pigs. Twenty‐four gilts were fed either a control (0.20 ppm Se) or a high Se (1.0 ppm Se yeast, HiSe) diet for 2 weeks. Pigs were then housed in thermoneutral (20°C) or HS (35°C) conditions for 8 days. Blood samples were collected to study blood Se and oxidative stress markers. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted on day 8 of thermal exposure. The HS conditions increased rectal temperature and respiration rate (both p < .001). The HiSe diet increased blood Se by 12% (p < .05) and ameliorated the increase in rectal temperature (p < .05). Heat stress increased oxidative stress as evidenced by a 48% increase in plasma advanced oxidized protein products (AOPPs; p < .05), which may be associated with the reductions in plasma biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and erythrocyte GPX activity (both p < .05). The HiSe diet did not alleviate the reduction in plasma BAP or increase in AOPPs observed during HS, although it tended to increase erythrocyte GPX activity by 13% (p = .068). Without affecting insulin, HS attenuated lipid mobilization, as evidenced by a lower fasting NEFA concentration (p < .05), which was not mitigated by the HiSe diet. The HiSe diet increased insulin AUC, suggesting it potentiated insulin resistance, although this only occurred under TN conditions (p = .066). In summary, HS induced oxidative stress and attenuated lipid mobilization in pigs. The short‐term supranutritional Se supplementation alleviated hyperthermia, but did not protect against oxidative stress in heat‐stressed pigs.     

复方中草药饲喂时间对凡纳滨对虾消化和免疫酶活性的影响

配制4组饲料,饲料中复方中草药的添加量分别为0%(对照组)、0.1%、0.2%和0.4%,每组3个重复,连续投喂凡纳滨对虾21 d,每7 d采样检测肝脏和肠道消化酶及血清免疫酶活性的变化。实验结果表明,实验组消化酶活性基本都高于对照组,随着时间的变化呈波动趋势,0.4%组的肝蛋白酶和肠蛋白酶第7 d时最高(P<0.05);肝淀粉酶指标出现逐渐下降的趋势,而肠淀粉酶呈逐渐上升的趋势,0.2%组的肠淀粉酶活性在第7 d显著增高(P<0.05)。0.2%组的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在第14 d最高(P<0.05);过氧化物酶(POD)指标变化不明显。因此,阶段性投喂中草药对凡纳滨对虾消化酶和免疫酶有一定的促进作用,能提高对虾的消化和免疫能力。     

6种中药在鸡胚中对新城疫病毒活性的影响

为探讨大青叶、板蓝根、鱼腥草、败酱 草、虎杖、苦参6种中药的提取液在鸡胚上对 NDV活性影响,采用鸡胚法研究了6种中草 药提取液在鸡胚上对鸡新城疫病毒的作用, 即病毒和中草药在体外先作用2h再接种鸡 胚、先接种病毒再接种药、先接种药再接种病 毒,以上3种方式中各设试验对照组。分别 收取尿囊液测定血凝效价(HA)。结果表明, 板蓝根、败酱草和鱼腥草在3种方式中对 NDV的活性影响均较强。板蓝根、败酱草和 鱼腥草其中之一能作为中药复方的主药而进 一步研究,为寻找优质的抗NDV活性物质和 ND的临床防治提供理论依据。     

中药成分对培养细胞的生长和抵抗病毒感染的影响

将 5种浓度的含当归多糖 (CAPS)、黄芪多糖 (APS)、板蓝根多糖 (IRPS)、淫羊藿多糖 (EPS)、蜂胶多糖 (PPS)、淫羊藿黄酮 (EF)、蜂胶黄酮 (PF)、黄芪黄酮 (AF)、黄芪皂甙 (AS)和人参皂甙 (GS) 1 0种中药成分分别加入到已培养 48h、 1 2h前接种新城疫病毒的鸡胚成纤维(CEF)细胞单层中 ,于病毒接种后 72h用中性红染料吸收法测定CEF细胞的活性 ,以评价各中药成分对培养细胞的生长和抗病毒感染的影响。结果表明 ,EF、PPS和PF显著促进细胞生长 ,CAPS、IRPS和GS显著抑制细胞生长 ,EF、GS、PPS、AF、PF、APS和EPS 7种中药成分显著抑制病毒感染 ;部分中药成分的作用各有所长 ,且有一定的量效关系。     

Effects of milk replacer and starter diet provided as creep feed for suckling pigs on pre‐ and post‐weaning growth

This study was aimed at investigating the long‐term effects of provision of liquid milk replacer (MR) and solid starter diet (SD) during lactation on post‐weaning (PW) growth of pigs. In experiment 1, 33 cross‐bred litters were allotted to four treatments: no supplement (CON), MR ad libitum, SD ad libitum and 100 g SD/litter/day from lactation day 4 through weaning at day 21 during late fall. In experiment 2, 40 litters received MR or none in July. PW pigs received commercial diets to marketing. In experiment 1, weaning weight (WW), pre‐weaning average daily gain (ADG) and mortality (2.4%) were not influenced by creep‐feeding MR or SD. ADG was greater (P < 0.05) in the MR group versus CON during days 21–54, but did not differ across the treatments during days 54–162. In experiment 2, ADG during lactation and WW were greater in the MR group versus CON, with mortality lower in the former (5.6 vs. 10.3%). However, PW ADG to day 175 did not differ between the two groups. Results suggest that creep‐feeding MR or SD has no effect on PW growth. However, it remains possible that MR reduces PW mortality during the hot season.     

Effects of pre‐slaughter showering and ventilation on stress,meat quality and metabolite concentrations of broilers in summer

Effects of pre‐slaughter showering and ventilation on stress, meat quality and energy metabolism of broilers in summer were investigated. After transport, 84 Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four treatment groups: (i) control group without ventilation and showering (C); (ii) 10 min ventilation without showering (VWS); (iii) 10 min showering without ventilation (SWV); (iv) 5 min showering and then 5 min ventilation (SV). Compared with the control group, plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities in the other three treatment groups were (P < 0.05) lower; however, the plasma glucose level did not show any significant changes among all the groups. The breast meat in the SV group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher pH_u, glycogen content, lower L*, ΔpH, drip loss, cook loss, R‐value and lactate content than the control group; however, there was no significant difference in shear force values among all the groups. In conclusion, this study indicated broilers in the SV group showed a lower stress level and greater meat quality, which suggest that showering and ventilation after transportation may be a good measure to relieve stress caused by transport under high temperature and improve the meat quality of broilers.     

32种中药水提取物的体外抗菌活性研究

本试验提取32味中草药水煎液,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定对标准大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌活性．筛选出对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较好体外抑菌活性的中草药11味,并对3株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）进行了最低抑菌浓度（MIC）的测定。结果显示：有24味中草药水煎液具有体外抑菌活性．且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效力大于大肠杆菌．以黄连和黄柏对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最好：3株MRSA对筛选的11味中草药中的10味均产生了不同程度的耐药,MIC增加2—4倍,仅香薷对MRSA的MIC减少2—4倍。     

抗传染性喉气管炎病毒中药的筛选试验

本文用细胞培养法、鸡胚培养法对42种中药进行抗传染性喉气管炎病毒的筛选试验。通过细胞病变（CPE）抑制试验对42种中药进行初步筛选，结果发现石榴皮等5种中药有抑制CPE的作用。培养细胞有20％的细胞发生病变，认为这些中药有抗ILTV的作用；应用空斑形成抑制试验对5种抗ILTV中药进行复筛，结果表明5种中药均有不同程度的抑制病毒空斑形成作用。其中以石榴皮等2种中药作用较强，空斑形成抑制率可达98％以上；应用鸡胚培养法对5种中药进行抗ILTV试验，结果发现5种中药均显著地减少了鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜上的痘疱，其中以石榴皮等2种中药抑制痘疱形成的强度最高；通过不同加药时间，观察CPE抑制情况。结果表明，在接毒前48h给药有2种中药具明显的抑制CPE。接毒同时加药以及接毒后1h加药，这5种中药均呈现明显的抑制CPE。     

中药饲料添加剂对幼兔的增重抗病效果

选择５０～６０日龄新西兰幼兔随机分成２组进行为期２０ｄ的增重抗病效果试验。结果表明,试验组平均日增重比对照组提高２２６３％,经ｔ检验２组差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）,饲料转化率提高２４２５％,差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）,该中药添加剂抗病效果明显,且经济效益可观。     

几种中草药对绵羊瘤胃发酵、抗氧化功能和营养物质消化率的影响

本研究包括2个试验。试验一,采用单因素随机区组试验设计研究了黄芪、党参、女贞子对绵羊屠宰体增重和抗氧化功能的影响。试验共4个处理,含3种中草药和1个对照组。每个处理4个重复,每个重复1只羊。中草药添加量为6 g/d。结果表明,女贞子组提高了绵羊屠宰体增重(P<0.05),改善了绵羊血液抗氧化功能,提高了谷胱甘肽还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低了血浆丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。其他组对绵羊屠宰体增重和血液抗氧化功能影响不显著(P>0.05)。试验二,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计研究了女贞子提取物对绵羊瘤胃发酵和血液生化指标的影响。试验分4个处理,女贞子提取物的添加量分别为0、100、300 mg/kg和500 mg/kg。结果表明:添加量为300mg/kg和500 mg/kg组在晨饲后2、4、6、8 h显著提高了绵羊瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸的浓度,降低了瘤胃液氨态氮的浓度和血浆尿素氮的浓度。300 mg/kg和500 mg/kg组显著提高了日粮有机物质和干物质表观消化率(P<0.05)。     

中药复方对热刺激大鼠空肠热休克蛋白70的影响

为探讨中药复方的抗热应激机理,以大鼠为热应激模型,热应激条件为41℃,2 h。用Real-time PCR和ELISA方法检测了中药复方对热刺激后空肠组织中Hsp70的表达。结果显示,高温刺激后大鼠空肠组织中Hsp70的mRNA和蛋白表达均升高(P0.01),且中药组Hsp70表达高于热应激组(P0.01),说明中药复方能通过诱导Hsp70的表达来抵抗高温对机体造成的热刺激。     

Influence of transport conditions and pre‐slaughter water shower spray during summer on protein characteristics and water distribution of broiler breast meat

This study investigated the effects of pre‐slaughter transport during summer and subsequent water shower spray on broiler meat quality and protein characteristics. Arbor Acres broiler chickens (n = 126, 42 days old, mixed sex, 2.5‐3 kg) were randomly categorized into three treatments: (i) control group without transport (C); (ii) 30 min transport (T); and (iii) 30 min transport followed by 10 min water shower spray and 20 min lairage (T/W). Each treatment consisted of six replicates with seven birds each. Ambient temperature was 32‐35°C during transportation. Results indicated that transport during high ambient temperature denatured myosin and sarcoplasmic proteins, led to decreased protein solubility and resulted in glycogen phosphorylase precipitated to the myofibrillar fraction. Furthermore, meat quality in the transport group showed a pale, soft and exudative (PSE)‐like syndrome. Water shower spray during lairage after transport reduced the degree of protein denaturation and lessened the deterioration of meat quality.     

Effect of probiotic bacteria‐fermented medicinal plants (Gynura procumbens,Rehmannia glutinosa,Scutellaria baicalensis) as performance enhancers in growing pigs

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of mixed fermented medicinal plants (FMP) obtained from exudates of Gynura procumbens, Rehmannia glutinosa and Scutellaria baicalensis fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis, respectively, on growth performance in growing pigs in order to assess the feasibility of using FMP as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), such as tiamulin. A total of 150 growing pigs (body wieght 25.50 ± 2.50 kg) were used in a 6 weeks experiment and randomly divided into five groups with six replicates of five growing pigs each. The treatments were NC (basal diet), basal diet with 33 ppm tiamulin (PC), basal diet with FMP 0.05% (FMP 0.05), basal diet with FMP 0.1% (FMP 0.1) and basal diet with FMP 0.2% (FMP 0.2). Overall, body weight gain, feed conversion rate, the digestibility of dry matter and gross energy, noxious gas emission all improved with FMP supplementation as compared to NC. Taken together, these results suggest the feasibility of using FMP as an alternative to AGP for enhancing the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excreta noxious gas emission of growing pigs.     

20种中草药体外抑菌活性研究

采用管碟法分别测定蒲公英、艾叶、鱼腥草等20种中草药水提物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及沙门氏菌的体外抑菌效果。结果表明,除鱼腥草对所有实验菌种无抑菌作用外,其余药物对其中一种或多种病菌有抑菌作用,其中以黄连的抑菌效果最佳。     

Effects of oxidative stress induced by high dosage of dietary iron ingested on intestinal damage and caecal microbiota in Chinese Yellow broilers

The objective of this trial was to test the effects of oxidative stress induced by a high dosage of dietary iron on intestinal lesion and the microbiological compositions in caecum in Chinese Yellow broilers. A total of 450 1‐day‐old male chicks were randomly allotted into three groups. Supplemental iron (0, 700 and 1,400 mg/kg) was added to the basal diet resulting in three treatments containing 245, 908 and 1,651 mg/kg Fe (measured value) in diet respectively. Each treatment consisted of six replicate pens with 25 birds per pen. Jejunal enterocyte ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that a high dosage of dietary iron induced oxidative stress in broilers. Dilated endoplasmic reticulum (ER), autophagosome formation of jejunal enterocytes and decreased villi were caused by this oxidative stress. Compared to the control, concentration of the malondialdehyde (MDA) in jejunal mucosa in the 908 and 1,651 mg/kg Fe groups increased by 180% (p < .01) and 155% respectively (p < .01); activity of copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) increased in jejunum (p < .01); and the concentration of plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased by 34.9% (p < .01) in birds fed 1,651 mg/kg Fe. Gene expression of nuclear factor, erythroid‐derived 2‐like 2 (Nrf2) and zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), in the higher dietary Fe groups was enhanced (p < .05). Species of microbial flora in caecum increased caused by oxidative stress. The PCR‐DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) dendrograms revealed different microbiota (65% similarity coefficient) between the control and iron‐supplemented groups (p < .05). These data suggest high dosage of iron supplement in feed diet can induce oxidative stress in Chinese Yellow broilers, and composition of microbiota in the caecum changed. It implied there should be no addition of excess iron when formulating diets in Chinese Yellow broilers.