浅谈高水平的氧化锌对断奶仔猪各方面的影响

锌是体内40多种金属酶的组成成分,200多种酶的激活因子,参与核酸和蛋白质合成、能量代谢、氧化还原、细胞免疫和体液免疫过程。而高锌主要用在幼龄畜禽日粮中,国内外有大量报道,早期断奶仔猪日粮中添加高锌能减少仔猪腹泻,改善生长性能,提高日增重,改善饲料报酬,本文就此做一综述。     

不同类型小肽产品对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验研究了3种不同类型的小肽产品等蛋白取代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对21d断奶仔猪的生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。选用体重近似的192头(21±1)d断奶的皮杜长大四元杂交仔猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复栏8头猪。4个处理日粮分别为:添加2%喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉的对照组和分别添加2%小肽产品A、B和C等蛋白取代血浆蛋白粉的T1、T2和T3试验组。试验期为21d。试验结果表明,添加3种不同肽产品等蛋白取代血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪的生产性能和血液生化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05),小肽产品可以部分等蛋白取代断奶仔猪日粮中的血浆蛋白粉。     

纳米氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

选用63头断奶仔猪,分为处理1组(3000mg/kg普通饲料级氧化锌)、处理2组(250mg/kg纳米氧化锌)、处理3组(500mg/kg纳米氧化锌)三个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复7头仔猪,试验期20d。结果表明:纳米氧化锌(500mg/kg)能显著提高断奶仔猪的日增重(与处理1组相比,提高9.91%),改善肉料比,有较好的经济效益。     

锌源和锌水平对断奶应激仔猪血清生化指标的影响

选用(26±2)日龄"杜长大"三元杂交断奶仔猪100头,按体质量和性别随机分成5组,每组20头,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮 2 000 mg/kg氧化锌、基础日粮 3 000 mg/kg氧化锌和基础日粮 250 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌、基础日粮 500 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。试验期14 d。断奶后于前腔静脉采血,测定部分血清生化指标水平。结果表明,高锌日粮能显著提高断奶应激仔猪体质量(AW)、平均日增重(ADG)和日采食量(ADFI),降低料重比(F/G)和断奶后腹泻率。断奶后仔猪血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)、总胆固醇(CHL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平显著或极显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),对照组仔猪血清尿素氮(SUN)含量在断奶后7 d极显著升高(P<0.01)。断奶前后,血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性无显著差异。添加高锌显著提高断奶仔猪血清ALP水平,降低血清钙(Ca)和血清磷(P)浓度,对上述其他生化指标无显著影响。     

Water extract of Artemisia ordosica enhances antioxidant capability and immune response without affecting growth performance in weanling piglets

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of water extract of Artemisia ordosica (WEAO) on growth performance, antioxidant capability and immune response in weanling piglets. Seventy‐two 28‐day‐old weanling piglets were randomly allocated into four treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and three piglets per pen (n = 18). These four treatment diets were formulated by adding 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg WEAO to the basal diet. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Body weight and feed intake were measured. Blood samples were collected to determine immune and antioxidative parameters. The experimental results showed that WEAO supplementation improved the apparent nutrient digestibility of piglets in a linear or quadratic dose‐dependent manner. In addition, dietary WEAO quadratically increased serum concentrations of cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1, IL‐4, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, soluble surface antigen CD8 (sCD8), immunoglobulins (Ig)‐A and linearly increased serum concentrations of IL‐2, IL‐6, IgG, IgM. Furthermore, dietary WEAO linearly or quadratically decreased serum concentrations of malondialdehyde but quadratically increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidative capacity. These results suggested that WEAO may prove useful as a natural phytogenic feed additive with antioxidative potential and could be incorporated into diets of piglets.     

Effects of dietary supplementation of modified zinc oxide on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood profiles,fecal microbial shedding and fecal score in weanling pigs

One hundred and forty piglets ((Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc, 21 day of age) with an initial weight of 6.50 ± 0.71 kg, were randomly allotted into four treatments to determine the effects of a modified form of zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial shedding and fecal score in weanling pigs. Dietary treatments were: (i) NC, negative control, basal diet containing zinc (Zn) from the premix; (ii) PC, positive control, basal diet containing Zn‐free premix + 3000 ppm ZnO; (iii) H1, basal diet containing Zn‐free premix + 3000 ppm ZnO (phase 1, days 1 to 14)/200 ppm modified ZnO (phase 2, days 15 to 42); (iv) H2, basal diet containing Zn‐free premix + 300 ppm modified ZnO (phase 1)/200 ppm modified ZnO (phase 2). During days 1 to 14, average daily gains (ADG) were higher (P = 0.04) in PC, H1 and H2 groups than that in NC group. Overall, H1 treatment increased the ADG compared with NC (P = 0.05). On day 14, the alkaline phosphatase and plasma Zn concentration were increased (P = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively) in PC, H1 and H2 treatments compared with NC treatment. On days 14 and 42, the fecal Lactobacillus counts in NC group were lowest (P = 0.01, P = 0.04 respectively) among treatments. All supplemented groups showed lower (P = 0.03) fecal score than NC treatment on days 21 and 28. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with modified ZnO increased growth rates and reduced fecal scores in weanling pig. Modified ZnO could be used as a substitute to ZnO as a growth promoter and reduce Zn excretion to the environment because of the lower dosage. [Correction added on 3 February 2015, after first online publication: the initial weight of ‘6.50 ± 1.11 kg’ has been replaced with ‘6.50 ± 0.71 kg’ in the abstract.]     

Effects of supplemental palygorskite instead of zinc oxide on growth performance,apparent nutrient digestibility and fecal zinc excretion in weaned piglets

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of palygorskite instead of zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and zinc contents in serum and feces in weaned piglets. One hundred and sixty‐five piglets (28 days of age, 7.10 ± 0.86 kg) were allotted to five treatments on the basis of weight and sex. Each treatment included three replicates of 11 piglets. The piglets were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0 mg/kg (control group), 1800 mg/kg, 2400 mg/kg, or 3000 mg/kg palygorskite or 2500 mg/kg ZnO for 28 days. There was no significant difference for incidence of diarrhea among the four treatments during the 0–14‐day feeding period. Compared with the control group, piglets offered diets supplemented with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite had higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and crude protein digestibility. Fecal digestibility of energy in 1800 mg/kg palygorskite and ZnO groups were higher (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. Both the zinc concentrations in serum and fecal zinc excretion in palygorskite groups and control group were all lower (P < 0.05) than that in the ZnO group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility and can also decrease zinc excretion in feces in weaned piglets.     

补铬对断奶仔猪代谢、免疫功能和生产性能的影响

选择(32±2)日龄、平均体重为(8.24±0.85)kg的三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪108头,随机分为3个处理,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮添加甲基吡啶铬(C r3+含量200μg/kg)和基础日粮添加酵母铬(C r3+含量200μg/kg)3种日粮。试验持续4周,猪只自由采食和饮水。结果表明,日粮补铬对仔猪血浆铬、尿素氮、葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白等含量无显著影响(P>0.05);对卵清蛋白抗体效价、猪瘟(SFV)抗体效价以及经植物凝集素(PHA)刺激后皮褶厚度(DST)的变化无显著影响(P>0.05);对仔猪平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和饲料转化效率(FCR)也均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,尚不能确定在生产实践中添加铬对仔猪免疫和生产性能的促进作用。     

断奶日龄对仔猪生产性能和消化酶活性的影响

选取遗传基础相似、体重相当来自9窝母猪的48头杜长大仔猪为研究对象。随机平均分为2组,分别于23日龄和28日龄断奶,各组分别在断奶当天,断奶后3 d、7 d、14 d宰杀取样。测定各组在断奶后2周内的生产性能以及空肠内容物和胰腺消化酶的活性。结果表明:28日龄断奶的仔猪平均日增重、日平均采食量均显著高于23日龄断奶的仔猪。断奶后仔猪空肠消化酶均有所下降,其中28日龄断奶的仔猪所受影响相对较小。     

日粮锌源和锌水平对断奶仔猪血清及组织铜、铁、锌沉积的影响

选用临床检查健康的(26±2)日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪100头,按体质量和性别随机分为5组,每组20头,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+2000mg/kg氧化锌、基础日粮+3000mg/kg氧化锌、基础日粮+250mg/kg蛋氨酸锌、基础日粮+500mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。试验期14d。于断奶后0,7,14d,经前腔静脉采血,用原子吸收光谱仪检测血清中铜、铁、锌水平。试验结束时,每组选5头仔猪放血致死,取心、肝、肾、脑、脾、胸腺组织,测定铜、铁、锌含量。结果显示,仔猪断奶后,血清中铜、锌水平显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01);添加不同锌源和锌水平的高锌日粮能提高断奶仔猪肝、肾、脑、血清锌的含量,显著或极显著降低仔猪血清铜和心、胸腺铜以及脾铁水平(P0.05或P0.01),对血清铁及其他组织铁含量无明显影响。这表明高锌日粮能增加断奶应激仔猪体内锌水平,降低部分组织中铜、铁含量。     

氧化应激对断奶仔猪生产性能和养分利用率的影响

试验选用24头断奶仔猪随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,将过氧化物值(POV)为11.78meqO2/kg的新鲜鱼油(FFO)和POV分别为399.81、701.62、1065.74meqO2/kg的氧化鱼油(OFO)以3%的比例加入到断奶仔猪日粮中,饲喂4周,旨在建立以氧化油脂为氧化应激源的氧化应激动物模型,初探氧化应激对断奶仔猪生产性能和养分利用率的影响。结果表明,氧化应激降低试验猪只生产性能和养分利用率。与FFO组相比,以POV为1065.74meqO2/kg的氧化鱼油作用效果最明显。该过氧化程度的氧化鱼油可使平均日增重降低8.16%,饲料增重比提高9.22%(P<0.05);氮表观消化率和表观利用率分别下降21.91%(P<0.001)和30.55%(P<0.001);干物质和粗脂肪表观消化率分别降低13.05%(P<0.05)和35.18%(P<0.05)。结论:在断奶仔猪日粮中添加3%的POV为1065.74meqO2/kg的氧化鱼油可诱导氧化应激,引起生产性能和养分利用率的下降。     

大豆蛋白抗原对断奶仔猪生长性能、小肠消化酶活性及组胺水平的影响

选取88头7日龄＂杜×长×大＂三元杂交仔猪,按体质量和性别随机分成11组,每组8头。仔猪经皮下注射进行免疫,A组（对照组）注射生理盐水,大豆球蛋白（11S）B、C、D免疫组注射11S500μg/kg.w,21日龄时进行二免,23日龄C、D组分别肌肉注射11S2 500、5 000μg/kg.w;大豆球蛋白（11S）E、F组不免疫,23日龄肌肉注射11S2 500、5 000μg/kg.w。β-伴大豆球蛋白（7S）分组同11S。所有仔猪于23日龄断奶,在7、21、35日龄时空腹称重,计算平均日增重。试验结束时,每组选择5头仔猪进行屠宰,取十二指肠近端、空肠中段、回肠近段各2cm,用于测定消化酶活性和组胺水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,免疫500μg/kg.w 11S和7S可显著提高断奶仔猪平均体质量和平均日增重（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,直接致敏2 500、5 000μg/kg.w的11S和7S可显著降低断奶仔猪的平均体质量和平均日增重（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;11S可显著降低断奶仔猪十二指肠、回肠中胰淀粉酶、蛋白酶和十二指肠脂肪酶活性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,降低十二指肠、回肠组胺水平（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;而7S显著降低断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠胰淀粉酶、蛋白酶和十二指肠中脂肪酶活性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,降低十二指肠、空肠组胺水平（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。与免疫组相比,免疫后致敏5 000μg/kg.w的11S可显著降低断奶仔猪的平均体质量和平均日增重（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）、十二指肠、回肠中胰淀粉酶、蛋白酶、十二指肠脂肪酶活性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）和十二指肠、回肠组胺水平（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;致敏2 500、5 000μg/kg.w的7S差异不显著（P〉0.05）。对仔猪提前免疫大豆蛋白抗原,能显著提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和小肠中消化酶活性,降低组胺的释放,从而促进仔猪的生长,并且7S的免疫效果明显优于11S。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of fermented Ginkgo biloba L. residues on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,serum biochemical parameters and immune function in weaned piglets

This study evaluated the effects of fermented Ginkgo biloba L. residues (FGBLR) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical parameters and immune function in weaned piglets. Pigs were allotted to five dietary treatments, including negative control (NC: antibiotic free basal diet), positive control (PC) (NC + 30 mg apramycin/kg) and FGBLR‐50, 100, 150 (NC + 50, 100, 150 g FGBLR/kg). Pigs in FGBLR‐100 and PC treatments showed increased final body weight, average daily gain, gain:feed and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, N and gross energy (P < 0.05) compared with NC, FGBLR‐50 and FGBLR‐150 treatments, In addition, pigs fed with FGBLR‐100 diet showed higher serum total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, hemoglobin, total iron, total iron binding capacity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione superoxide dismutase levels, and lower serum blood urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde, glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase, glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels than those fed with PC and NC diets (P < 0.05). Moreover, feeding FGBLR‐100 could increase levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA and IgM, as well as lymphocyte transformation rates, ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells and proportions of CD2+, CD4+, B, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐I and MHC‐II cells, and can decrease proportion of CD8+ cells in blood of piglets compared with PC and NC groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 10% of FGBLR showed greatest beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical parameters and immune function in weaned piglets, which were superior to antibiotic supplemental diets.     

香菇多糖对仔猪生产性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响

通过在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加香菇多糖,研究其对仔猪生产性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响。选取120头(长白×大白,体重11.34 kg左右)仔猪,随机分为4组,每组设5个重复,每个重复6头猪,试验期28 d。第Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加150 mg/kg、300 mg/kg、450 mg/kg的香菇多糖。结果显示:添加香菇多糖能够显著提高仔猪0 d~14 d、14 d~28 d及试验全期的平均日增重(ADG);试验各组的平均日采食量(ADFI)在0 d~14 d及试验全期均得到显著提高;而料重比(F/G)在各时期并没有显著降低。第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组粗蛋白(CP)消化率分别相对提高了3.16%(P<0.05)、2.64%(P>0.05)、0.13%(P>0.05),第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组粗脂肪(EE)消化率分别相对提高了1.53%(P>0.05)、1.37%(P>0.05),较第Ⅳ组分别相对提高了1.80%(P>0.05)、1.65%(P>0.05)。第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、血糖(GLU)水平较第Ⅰ组有所提高,第Ⅲ组血清尿素氮(SUN)相对降低了0.32%(P>0.05),但均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组丙二醛(MDA)含量较第Ⅰ组分别相对下降了13.22%(P>0.05)、23.42%(P<0.05)、31.54%(P<0.01),超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活力分别相对提高了4.13%(P>0.05)、13.13%(P<0.05)、24.69%(P<0.01),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力分别相对提高了5.54%(P>0.05)、10.43%(P<0.05)、12.13%(P<0.05)。     

Effects of dietary lysozyme levels on growth performance,intestinal morphology,non‐specific immunity and mRNA expression in weanling piglets

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary lysozyme levels on growth performance, gut health and non‐specific immunity of weanling piglets. A total of 150 weanling piglets were allocated to six treatments. The piglets were fed the same basel diet supplemented with 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg lysozyme as well as antibiotics for 28 days. From day 14 to day 28 of dietary treatment, piglets fed 90 mg/kg lysozyme had greater average daily gain than piglets fed control diet. During the whole experimental period, piglets fed 120 mg/kg lysozyme tended to have greater average daily gain than piglets fed control diet. Compared with piglets fed control diet, piglets fed diets containing antibiotics and 90 mg/kg lysozyme had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum and jejunum. Additionally, dietary supplementation of 60 and 90 mg/kg lysozyme as well as antibiotics enhanced the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in piglets. In conclusion, dietary lysozyme can accelerate the growth of weanling piglets by improving gut health and non‐specific immunity and supplementing 90 mg/kg lysozyme is as effective as antibiotics (20 mg/kg colistin sulphate + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin) in improving the growth performance of weanling piglets.     

不同蛋白水平日粮对DLY断奶仔猪生产性能和营养物质消化率的影响

选择30头28日龄断奶的DLY仔猪,平均体重(8.22±0.31)kg,按体重、性别、品种一致原则随机分为3个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1头猪,分别饲喂可消化赖氨酸水平相同,蛋白水平分别为17.0%、19.0%、21.0%的三种不同日粮,考察不同蛋白水平对仔猪生产性能和营养物质消化率的影响。试验结果表明:在氨基酸水平与模式一致时,日粮中蛋白水平对仔猪生长性能没有明显差异,以日粮中蛋白质水平为19%时,乳猪的生长性能最佳。     

Effects of dietary supplemental phytoncide instead of zinc oxide on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood profiles,and faecal microflora in growing pigs

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of phytoncide (PTC) instead of zinc oxide on growth performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility and faecal microflora in growing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with initial body weight 24.48 ± 1.62 kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments for a 6 weeks feeding trials, the treatments as follow: CON (base diet),ZO (CON + 0.03% Zinc Oxide), PTC1 (CON + 0.5% PTC), PTC2 (CON + 1.0% PTC). Compared to basal diet, during weeks 1–3, 3–6, and overall experimental period, the ADG of growing pigs fed phytoncide diet trend to be increased, and fed ZO diet was significantly increased (p < 0.05). During weeks 3–6 and overall experiment period, pigs fed the ZO diet showed improvement in feed intake compared to pigs fed basal diet as a trend. Compared with basal diet, the pigs receiving phytoncide diet significantly increased the digestibility of DM and reduced the concentration of aspartate transaminase in pigs receiving 1.0% phytoncide diet. These results suggested that dietary supplement of phytoncide, Korean pine extract, could be used as an alternative to zinc oxide by decreasing detoxify to soil and plants without influencing the performance of growing pigs. Further study is needed to determine the systemic estimation of the dose of phytoncide.     

Dietary supplementation with cellooligosaccharide improves growth performance in weanling pigs

Nondigestible oligosaccharides are not digested in the small intestine, but are fermented by bacteria colonizing in the large intestine. Physiological effects of non‐digestible oligosaccharides have been considered to be conferred by the fermentation of bacteria colonizing in the large intestine. Because cellooligosaccharide is a non‐digestible oligosaccharide, various physiological effects are expected. However, physiological functions of cellooligosaccharide are not well understood. This experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of dietary supplementation with cellooligosaccharide on the growth performance in weanling pigs. The result showed that average daily gain was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed a diet supplemented with cellooligosaccharide than in pigs without cellooligosaccharide. There was a tendency to increasing average daily feed intake in pigs with cellooligosaccharide, though the significant difference was not detected (P = 0.18). Feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility of feces and ileum were not changed by feeding cellooligosaccharide. In addition, blood urea nitrogen was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet supplemented with cellooligosaccharide than in pigs without cellooligosaccharide. The concentrations of acetic and iso‐valeric acids in the cecum of pigs fed the diet with cellooligosaccharide tended to be higher (P < 0.10) than those without cellooligosaccharide. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with cellooligosaccharide improves growth performance in weanling pigs.     

断乳仔猪腹泻药物的防治效果试验

选择32日龄断乳的健康仔猪120头,分为4组,进行腹泻药物预防效果试验,分别为利高霉素组,庆大霉素、阿莫西林组,恩诺沙星、阿莫西林组,金霉素＋阿莫西林组;同时,再选用庆大霉素,磺胺嘧啶＋地塞米松,恩诺沙星进行药物治疗试验。结果表明,金霉素、阿莫西林组预防效果最佳（仔猪下痢预防有效率为71．7％）,其次是恩诺沙星、阿莫西林组（预防有效率57.2％）;而在3种治疗药物中,以庆大霉素治愈率最高（94.3％）,其次为恩诺沙星（84．0％）和磺胺嘧啶＋地塞米松（77.3％）。     

精胺对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究精胺对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清生化指标的影响,选用30头(21±2)d断奶的健康、体重相近的仔猪,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,断奶当天起,分别每天口腔灌服0,300,600,900和1 200μmol的精胺,连续灌服3 d,试验期为14 d。结果表明:灌服900和1 200μmol的精胺,可显著提高仔猪的平均日采食量(P<0.05);在断奶后第7天,与对照组相比,灌服900和1 200μmol两组血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性分别降低了24.11%和23.17%(P<0.05),血清尿素氮含量分别增加了50.31%和49.69%(P<0.05);在断奶后第14天,与对照组相比,灌服900和1 200μmol两组DAO活性分别降低了16.80%和21.14%(P<0.05),而其他血液指标含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。