兽药的合理使用

科学、高效、安全地使用兽药,不但能及时预防和治疗动物疾病,提高养殖效益,而且对控制和减少药物残留、提高动物产品质量具有重要意义。     

ACVIM small animal consensus statement on safe use of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics in veterinary practice

The purpose of this report is to offer a consensus opinion of ACVIM oncology diplomates and technicians on the safe use of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics in veterinary practice. The focus is on minimizing harm to the personnel exposed to the drugs: veterinary practitioners, veterinary technicians, veterinary staff, and pet owners. The safety of the patient receiving these drugs is also of paramount importance, but is not addressed in this statement. Much of the information presented is based on national recommendations by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States Pharmacopeia, and other published regulations. These directives reflect an abundance of caution to minimize exposure to medical personnel, but large‐scale studies about the consequences of long‐term occupational exposure are not available in veterinary medicine. Challenges in the delivery of optimal treatment safely and economically to veterinary patients in general practice without access to a veterinary oncologist or other specialist, because of costs or proximity, remain.     

兽药对生态环境影响的研究进展

综述了兽药对陆生和水生生态环境影响方面的研究进展，探讨了兽药对陆生植物、土壤动物、土壤微生物与原生生物等陆生生态环境的影响及对浮游类生物与微生物、鱼虾与水体甲壳动物等水生生态环境的影响及其生态毒理效应。     

兽药控/缓释剂的研究进展

本文系统地介绍了兽药控／缓释剂的特点、产生和国内外研究应用概况，分析了控／缓释剂亟待解决的问题，并对控／缓释剂的发展前景进行了展望。     

兽药长效制剂的研究进展

本文对兽药长效制剂的特点、产生与发展作以简要介绍，并着重阐述了长效制剂中最常见的两类剂型——缓释制剂和控释制剂近年来在国内外的应用情况，分析了长效制剂亟待解决的问题，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

兽药广告宣传中的中西方文化差异分析

介绍了中西方兽药广告宣传的各种表现形式,分析了中西方文化差异对兽药广告宣传的影响,提出了我国兽药广告宣传在融合中西方文化的同时,要多学习西方优秀作品的创意,使之相互融合、相互渗透的发展建议,从而推动我国优秀的兽药企业及兽药产品走向世界。     

中国与欧盟兽药管理之比较

从兽药管理法规、兽药监督管理部门、新兽药的研制、兽药注册管理、兽药生产许可证和GMP、兽药经营许可与GSP、进口兽药管理和兽药分类管理等八个方面,分别列举和比较了中国与欧盟的法律法规、行政设置和管理规定.     

利用表面等离子谐振免疫生物传感器检测动物组织中的兽药残留

表面等离子谐振免疫生物传感器已成为分析生物分子特异性相互作用的有效工具.20世纪90年代已来,有几家实验室进行了应用该技术筛选检测动物组织及体液中兽药残留的研究,结果表明该方法具有快速、准确、灵敏度高和实时检测的特点,有可能作为筛选方法用于大批量样品的兽药残留检测.本文简要介绍了这种生物传感器检测动物组织及体液中兽药残留的原理及检测某些兽药残留的性能.     

我国兽药研究开发的现状及发展趋势

分析了我国兽药研究开发的现状及发展趋势,并对新兽药开发的途径作了切合实际的说明,最后对我国兽药行业的发展提出了一些合理化建议.     

兽药缓控速释药剂型的研究进展

简要介绍了兽药缓控速释剂型的产生、发展、动力学过程及其分类,并着重阐述了兽药缓控速释药的应用现状、发展动力、研究热点与趋势,分析了兽药缓控速释剂型研究中存在的问题,旨在为广大兽医药工作者研制兽药新剂型提供参考。     

The use of veterinary medicinal products in equine practices in The Netherlands: Balancing between the law and good veterinary practice

This study investigates the present situation with respect to the use and abuse of (veterinary) medicinal products (VMPs) by equine practitioners and endeavours to substantiate the perceived discrepancies and friction between the availability of VMPs, legislation in force, code of Good Veterinary Practice and reality of day‐today equine practice. It can be concluded that practising equine medicine in The Netherlands using only authorised equine VMPs is impossible. In most cases the ‘cascade’ or list of essential substances is needed to legitimise the use or, even worse, the use is not legitimised at all. Existing differences between European Union member states in the outcome of procedures for obtaining a marketing authorisation for the same product is seen as an obstacle for the availability and development of equine VMPs needed for safeguarding the future of a professional equine veterinary healthcare.     

赴德国农业实习考察报告

通过在德期间的实习和考察,充分体验了德国农场的日常经营与管理,初步了解了德国基层畜牧兽医管理的基本情况和鲜明特点,对德国的农业生产与管理有了较深的认识,这将为今后推动我国畜牧兽医管理工作起到一定的借鉴意义。     

饲用抗菌药物的使用现状及面临的问题

报道了饲料用抗菌药物的使用现状,并对使用饲料用抗菌药物引起的微生态失衡、耐药性、抗生素残留、机体免疫力低下等负效应进行了调查,还提出了开发替代品解决饲用抗菌药物负效应问题的观点。     

兽药内服制剂的微生物污染对食品动物健康及兽药临床

为考察兽药中实际存在的微生物对动物健康的影响,对山东省兽药GMP企业生产的粉散剂、颗粒剂产品的微生物污染状况进行抽样调查检测,发现不同的内服给药制剂,其微生物污染水平结果差异显著。在此基础上选择微生物限度严重超标的中药散剂,从中分离细菌、霉菌,拟定不同菌量的污染水平对健康鸡进行饲喂试验。结果表明：试验期间各用菌组试验鸡的精神状况、饮水和采食均未发现异常,试验结束后剖检各用菌液组及空白对照组鸡的心、肝、肾、肠道等,均未发现异常,各组鸡均未出现发病与死亡情况,且各组间增重无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。为进一步考察兽药被微生物污染后对临床疗效的影响,选用微生物限度严重超标的中药散剂鸡康灵微粉,开展对鸡慢性呼吸道病治疗试验,将自然感染鸡随机分为两组,每组1600只,一组鸡服用微生物限度超标的鸡康灵微粉,另一组服用辐射灭菌后的鸡康灵微粉。结果表明：两组治愈率均达90％以上,经x。检验,无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,产蛋率均恢复到90％以上。由上述试验可见,兽药不同内服制剂的微生物污染差异显著,且不同的微生物污染水平对动物健康及兽药临床疗效无显著影响,其相关性有待进一步研究。     

兽药制剂中非法添加化学药物现状及检测技术研究进展

针对目前兽药制剂中非法添加的情况,本文对近年来兽药制剂中非法添加化学药物情况,已查明用于非法添加的化学药物,以及目前用于兽药制剂中非法添加化学药物的检测技术进行综述,并对非法添加物的筛查思路提出展望。     

Policies for the vaccination of cats and dogs in New Zealand veterinary practices

AIMS: To determine current practices and attitudes towards vaccination of dogs and cats of veterinarians in New Zealand; the methods used for informing clients on which vaccines to use, and the preferred site for vaccination of cats.

METHODS: A postal questionnaire was sent to all 483 listed veterinary practices in New Zealand during February 2012. Some questions were specific to pet dogs, cats, or working farm dogs. Responses were categorised according to practice type and geographical region of the respondent. Factors associated with respondent recommendation of annual vaccination with modified live viral (MLV) vaccines were examined using logistic regression analysis. Vaccines that were considered to be essential for every animal were defined as core; those that may be recommended for animals whose location or lifestyle placed them at risk, were defined as non-core.

RESULTS: There were 204 useable returns, equivalent to a response rate of 42.2%, distributed across the country. Annual vaccination with MLV vaccines of dogs was recommended by 54/198 (27.3%) respondents, and of cats by 107/181 (59.1%) respondents. Factors associated with the recommendation of annual administration of MLV vaccines to dogs included being a companion animal practice, a desire for policies on vaccination to be left to individual clinics, and having one veterinarian in the practice. Administration of the final vaccination for puppies was recommended at ≥14 weeks old by 55/185 (29.7%) respondents, and for kittens at ≥13 weeks old by 42/183 (23%) respondents. Of respondents that administered MLV vaccines annually, 62/103 (60.2%) believed reducing the frequency of vaccination would reduce income, and 52/103 (50.5%) considered it would have a negative effect on animal health. Advice to enable clients to decide which non-core vaccines were administered was given by 181/199 (91%) respondents. Factors considered when recommending a vaccine included consideration of risk to individual patients (190/203; 93.6%), requirements of boarding kennels/catteries (165/203; 81.3%) and clinic vaccination policy (142/203; 70%). The preferred site for administering MLV vaccines to cats was the dorsal neck or inter-scapular region (137/198; 69.2%). Amongst respondents, 18 wanted disease surveillance information to allow for truly informed decisions to be made about vaccination.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Veterinarians can now compare their own vaccination practices and attitudes with those of veterinarians nationally, and internationally. There is a need for national surveillance information and for continued education of the public and commercial kennel and cattery owners for optimal vaccination strategies to be developed.     

动物试验替代方法在兽用疫苗检验中的应用概况

介绍了动物试验替代方法的含义及其在国内外的发展情况,并从实验动物替代法、血清学替代法和疫苗抗原定量法三方面重点介绍了动物试验替代方法在兽用疫苗检验中的应用情况、优势和意义,以期为兽用疫苗检验替代方法研究提供参考。     

Clinical presentation and disease prevalence of captive central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) at veterinary clinics in Australia

Central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) are one of the most popular reptile pets in Australia and around the world. Diseases, including metabolic bone disease, periodontal disease, and gastrointestinal endoparasites commonly affect captive animals. To determine the common reasons these lizards were presented to the veterinarian and to establish the prevalence of disease seen in captive P. vitticeps in Australia, this retrospective study evaluated the clinical records of three exotic pet veterinary hospitals. Records from 724 P. vitticeps were analysed, with 70 reasons for presentation and 88 diseases identified across 1000 visits to the veterinarian. Lethargy was the most reported reason for presentation (n = 181). The gastrointestinal tract (18.25%) and skin (18.25%) were the equally most commonly affected organ systems, followed by the musculoskeletal system (15.17%). Endoparasites were the most common single disease process (n = 103), followed by metabolic bone disease (n = 65), skin wounds (n = 59) and periodontal disease (n = 48). Of the patients that presented for routine preventive health examinations (n = 159), 45.30% received some form of intervention to treat or prevent disease. Many of the conditions that were identified by the veterinarians in this study are traditionally correlated with suboptimal husbandry and may be easily prevented. This study identified the common reasons for presentation to the veterinarian and the prevalence of disease in captive P. vitticeps in Australia, providing the first extensive retrospective analysis of objective reference literature for central bearded dragon owners and aspiring reptile veterinarians.     

基于文献计量分析的我国黄芪、当归、党参在畜牧与动物医学领域的研究

目的：了解国内黄芪、当归、党参等3类中草药在＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域的研究状况,为后续研究提供参考。方法：运用文献计量学与计算机统计分析的研究方法,以国内3种中草药在＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域研究的期刊文献为样本,进行文献学特征、文献主题内容的分析与研究。结果：当归是3种中草药中＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域研究最早、时间跨度最大的中药材;3种中草药的主要饲喂或治疗对象有鸡、猪、牛、鼠、犬等;主要饲喂或用药类型有单药、组方、提取物、注射液、散剂、汤剂等;主要对症有增强免疫机能、生长性能、生产性能、治疗前胃疾病等。结论：在国内,高校是3种中草药＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域研究最主要机构,3种中草药在＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域应用范围较广、应用技术日趋成熟,普遍遵循着扶正祛邪、调节阴阳平衡的中兽医治疗原则。     

加拿大兽药管理体系及其对我国的启示

全面概述了加拿大的兽药管理体系,包括加拿大的兽药定义、主要管理机构及其职责和任务、兽药管理的法律法规和主要内容等,进而对加拿大在兽药管理制度及体系方面的改革和完善进程做一简要介绍,为我国兽药法制化管理的进一步发展提供了可借鉴的信息。