几种生态因子对银纹夜蛾实验种群的影响

本文以主要质量指标对比了用人工半合成饲料与天然饲料饲养银纹夜蛾的结果，表明人工半合成饲料明显优于天然饲料。研究了幼虫饲养密度对存活的影响，四龄末幼虫存活率与一龄幼虫密度呈抛物线关系，化蛹率、蛹重与五幼虫密度呈直线下降关系，相对湿度、夜间光照强度、食物等对成虫生殖有显著影响。     

人工饲料对黄带犀猎蝽生长发育、繁殖及捕食效能的影响

为评价人工饲料饲养对广泛分布于我国南方的黄带犀猎蝽Sycanus bifidus的生长发育、繁殖和控害能力的影响,在室内条件下测定取食不同胶囊人工饲料的黄带犀猎蝽若虫生长发育和繁殖的相关生物学参数,并比较取食斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura胶囊人工饲料和活虫饲料的黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应和搜寻效应。结果表明,以斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料饲喂的黄带犀猎蝽若虫可完成完整世代并继续繁殖,其成虫获得率为15.0%,若虫总发育历期为107.6 d,雌、雄成虫体重分别为113.8 mg和84.7 mg,产卵前期为31.3 d,单雌产卵量为117.3粒,卵期为24.5 d,卵孵化率为90.8%;而取食胶囊人工饲料内容物为黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor匀浆液和混合匀浆液的黄带犀猎蝽若虫不能完成完整世代。取食斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料和活虫饲料的黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II型和Holling III型功能反应模型,使用斜纹夜蛾胶囊人工饲料饲养的黄带犀猎蝽对猎物的捕食效果和搜寻效应未受到明显影响,表明该人工饲料可用于黄带犀猎蝽的规模化扩繁。     

蠋蝽成虫对两种烟草害虫卵及3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应

为探究蠋蝽对两种烟草害虫烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的捕食能力,在室内可控条件下开展了蠋蝽雌雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾卵及3龄幼虫的捕食试验,利用HollingⅡ功能模型拟合蠋蝽雌雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的捕食功能反应。结果表明,蠋蝽雌成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的瞬时攻击率为:烟青虫3龄幼虫(1.056)>斜纹夜蛾卵(1.055)>烟青虫卵(1.035)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(0.973);控害效应高低为:烟青虫卵(152.21)>斜纹夜蛾卵(124.18)>烟青虫3龄幼虫(15.09)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(9.63);蠋蝽雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的瞬时攻击率为:烟青虫卵(1.060)>斜纹夜蛾卵(1.056)>烟青虫3龄幼虫(0.825)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(0.760);控害效应高低顺序为:斜纹夜蛾卵(111.16)>烟青虫卵(101.92)>烟青虫3龄幼虫(8.87)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(7.04)。随着烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾密度的增加,蠋蝽成虫的搜寻效应会逐渐下降。研究结果表明蠋蝽雌雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾具有良好的防控能力,因此,可结合害...     

甜菜夜蛾人工饲料研究

在室温26±1℃,相对湿度75％～80％的条件下,分别以3种人工饲料和天然饲料(空心菜叶)对甜菜夜蛾幼虫不同龄期进行饲养比较。结果表明,除1龄幼虫成活率偏低外,3种人工饲料对甜菜夜蛾的发育历期和发育状况与天然饲料基本相似。以黄豆粉为主成分配制的人工饲料饲喂甜菜夜蛾,其化蛹率、蛹重、产卵量和雌雄性比等均优于天然饲料,而且具有配制简便、成本低、不易霉变的特点。通过3代的继代繁殖表明,无论是人工饲料,还是天然饲料,其继代的幼虫成活率和产卵量等均明显下降。     

斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂

斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂Euplectrus laphygmae Ferrière系斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)幼虫的体外聚寄生蜂,主要将卵产到寄主幼虫体外,且能在同一寄主幼虫上产多粒卵,蜂幼虫在寄主体外生活,何建云等对其生物学特性进行了研究(见453~459页),斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂平均单雌产卵量为73.69粒,卵主要产在斜纹夜蛾幼虫的1~4腹节背面,单寄主上通常产卵1~5粒;喜寄生2、3龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫,     

6种寄主植物对斜纹夜蛾生长发育的影响

斜纹夜蛾(Prodenia litura Fabricius)是1种重要农业害虫。近几年,该虫在我国各地大发生的频率明显提高[1￣3],为害日趋严重。其特点主要表现为发生范围广,食性杂,世代重叠严重,不同区域及寄主间发生程度差异较大,给测报与防治工作带来一定困难。为此,笔者以寿县当地斜纹夜蛾的6种寄主植物为食料对斜纹夜蛾进行人工饲养,研究寄主植物对斜纹夜蛾生长发育的影响,旨在为开展斜纹夜蛾预测预报和综合治理工作提供理论依据。1材料与方法1.1供试虫源及食料品种供试斜纹夜蛾幼虫为室内连续饲养5代后的成虫所产卵(安徽农业大学植物保护学院昆虫饲养…     

虫螨腈对斜纹夜蛾的毒力及亚致死效应研究

【目的】长期不合理地使用化学农药导致斜纹夜蛾对菊酯类和有效磷类等杀虫剂产生抗药性,而虫螨腈是一种吡咯类杀虫剂,具有杀虫谱广、防效高、持效性好、安全等特点,其使用范围越来越广泛。【方法】采用浸叶法测定虫螨腈对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力。用不同载体以亚致死剂量LC10和LC30处理斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫,分析对其幼虫体重、化蛹率、蛹重、雌性比等指标的影响。【结果】亚致死剂量处理过的斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的生长发育受到严重抑制,主要表现在虫体质量显著下降、化蛹率和雌性比显著降低和蛹重显著减轻等。【结论】虫螨腈对斜纹夜蛾防治具有较好的效果,且防治应选在低龄幼虫期。研究结果可为合理施用虫螨腈防治斜纹夜蛾提供科学依据。     

烟碱和芸香苷对斜纹夜蛾药剂敏感性及相关酶活性的影响

以在人工饲料中添加植物次生物质的方法,研究了取食不同含量烟碱、芸香苷的斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura 3龄幼虫对银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(AucaNPV)、氟虫腈及多杀菌素的敏感性,同时测定了各处理组幼虫体内羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶的活性。结果表明:烟碱能明显提高斜纹夜蛾对3种药剂的敏感性,且与剂量成正相关;低浓度的芸香苷可增加试虫对药剂的敏感性,但随其剂量的升高敏感性降低。两种次生物质均能不同程度地抑制斜纹夜蛾羧酸酯酶的活性,但可诱导谷胱甘肽转移酶的活性。     

密度对棉铃虫化蛹及蛹重的影响

在昆虫大量人工饲养中,幼虫化蛹的数量以及蛹重将直接关系到成虫的数量和生殖力,以致影响该昆虫种群的繁殖量。据卢文华等(1986)报道,斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura(F.))雌蛹重与产卵量之间存在着直线正相关,即蛹越重,产卵量越高。据作者观察,棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera(Hübner))也有类似的现象,并且其化蛹率和蛹重似乎与密度有关。为明确棉铃虫化蛹和蛹重与密度之间的关系,确定幼虫人土化蛹的适宜密度,作者进行了初步研究,结果如下。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌对甜菜夜蛾幼虫毒力的生物测定方法

甜菜夜蛾的室内人工饲养及不同感染因素对生物测定结果的影响研究表明,用人工半合成饲料在室内可以大量饲养甜菜夜蛾,其生长发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌雄性比和产卵均表现正常。感染时间、幼虫日龄和感染温度对生物测定结果有一定影响,随着感染时间（３、５、７天）的延长,生物测定中致死中浓度ＬＣ５０显著降低,测定结果的重复性增强;而随着感染幼虫日龄（１、２、３天）的升高,ＬＣ５０有显著升高,且测定结果的重复性降低,依次为３２．１、６４．９、１７１．１μｇ／ｍｌ;随着感染温度（２２、２５、２８℃）的升高,ＬＣ５０有较显著降低;饲料的存放时间（４～８天）对生物测定的结果只有轻微影响。     

取食不同食料对斜纹夜蛾后代抗药性的影响

测定了溴氰菊酯对斜纹夜蛾抗性品系和敏感品系取食人工饲料、棉花、大豆和烟草的后代的毒力,及其后代体内的多功能氧化酶和酯酶活性。结果表明,在抗性和敏感品系中,取食不同食料的斜纹夜蛾后代对溴氰菊酯的敏感性顺序均为:烟草<棉花<大豆<人工饲料。在抗、感品系中,无论是中肠还是脂肪体,取食棉花、烟草和大豆的斜纹夜蛾后代多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性和酯酶活性均较取食人工饲料的斜纹夜蛾后代的要高,表明这3种寄主植物对斜纹夜蛾的多功能氧化酶和酯酶的活性均有不同程度的诱导性。     

大灰食蚜蝇成虫室内饲养研究

在室内分别用油菜鲜花粉fresh pollen of rape、玉米花粉pollen of maize、大麻花粉pollen of hemp、油菜蜂花粉bee pollen from rape及玉米蜂花粉bee pollen from maize饲养大灰食蚜蝇成虫,表明大灰食蚜蝇的产卵量、孵化率、产卵前期、产卵期及成虫寿命均受花粉种类及其新鲜程度的影响。用玉米花粉、油菜蜂花粉和玉米蜂花粉饲养产卵量均显著高于大麻花粉,用油菜蜂花粉饲养产卵前期最短,用油菜鲜花粉饲养能明显延长产卵期及成虫寿命。     

大草蛉幼虫人工饲料的研究

用蝇蛆匀浆液、全脂蝇蛆粉、脱脂蝇蛆粉、酵母粉、猪肝分别作为主成分,添加生鸡蛋黄、蔗糖等配成大草蛉幼虫的人工饲料,从二龄开始饲养,以幼虫存活率、羽化率等作为评价指标,通过比较得出,含蝇蛆蛋白饲料饲养效果优于酵母粉和猪肝。3种蝇蛆蛋白饲料中,含脱脂蝇蛆粉的配方实用效果最佳,幼虫存活率达96%,羽化率达58.3%。采用均匀设计法优化饲料配方,用SAS软件进行回归分析,得到饲料中4个主要成分的最佳配比:猪肝2.0g、脱脂蝇蛆粉2.3g、蔗糖0.3g、鸡蛋黄1.7g。     

大灰食蚜蝇成虫饲养研究

实验室内用蜂花粉、花粉健美酥、10％蜂蜜水及10％蔗糖水饲养大灰食蚜蝇成虫时,证明大灰食蚜蝇的产卵量、卵的孵化率及成虫寿命均受补充营养物的影响。以蜂花粉饲养的效果为最佳,平均产卵量为970.7粒(最高2212粒),孵化率达91.4％,雌雄成虫寿命分别为19.4和17.4天。交尾次数、产卵时期对卵的孵化率均无影响。为使成虫正常产卵,除合适的补充营养外,提供蚜虫及其寄主植物也是必要的。     

叶色草蛉雌性生殖系统发育级别及在测报上的应用

系统解剖并观察了叶色草蛉雌性生殖系统，根据其在生殖过程中的解剖学变化特征，将雌性生殖系统发育分为5级，其中卵巢发育为2、3、4级的成虫分别处于产卵初期、盛期和末期；同时各级卵巢鲜重和核酸、蛋白质、磷脂及酸溶性磷故土六要生化成份含量变化测定表明，各级卵巢差异明显，3级卵巢最重，4级与2级次之，5级与1级最低，结果进一步验证了雌性生殖系统发育解剖学分级的正确性，该分级标准于1997年在山东德州市棉田进行测报应用，结果表明，田间叶色草蛉雌虫生殖系统发育级别与棉田产卵量存在较大的相关性，当雌成虫生殖系统分别发育至3级和4级的个体占50%以上时，3-4d后田间卵量则分别进入盛期和末期。     

油类和糖类对绿僵菌孢子萌发的影响

在２３－２４℃及保湿条件下培养２４小时，绿僵菌分生孢子在７种植物油油滴上的萌发率在９６％以上。在４种矿物油中，石蜡油、煤油、柴油萌发率达８６％－９９％，但在润滑油中不能发芽。对１５种碳源上观察结果，赤癣糖、麦芽糖、Ｄ－甘露糖、葡萄糖有促进孢子萌发的作用。     

Exposure to streptomycin alters oxidative and antioxidative response in larval midgut tissues of Galleria mellonella

Although antibiotics have different molecular modes of actions, increasing evidence for their secondary effects suggests that they disturb cellular homeostasis by generating free radical intermediates that trigger lipid peroxidation, which leads to oxidative stress. Streptomycin is an antibiotic insecticide used to control pest insects and microbial diseases of agricultural crops. We investigated the biochemical basis for pro-oxidative effects of streptomycin in the midgut tissues of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) seventh-instar larvae by measuring content of the oxidative stress indicator, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and transaminases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] activities. The insects were reared from first-instar larvae on artificial diets containing 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 g streptomycin per 100 g of diets. The supplementation of streptomycin at high concentrations to the diets caused oxidative stress as evidenced by the elevation of MDA content, SOD and GPx activities, accompanied by the concurrent depletion of CAT and GST activities. The streptomycin-induced oxidative stress was also accompanied by decreases of transaminases activities in midgut tissues. We found a significant negative correlation of MDA contents with GST activities in the larval midgut tissues. These results suggest that exposure to dietary streptomycin resulted in oxidative stress which could impact midgut digestive physiology at the expense of impairment of antioxidant and transaminases enzymes in G. mellonella larvae.     

不同昆虫病原线虫—共生细菌组合的生化特性研究

本文分别以无菌的小卷蛾斯氏线虫的A24品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与格氏线虫RS92品系的共生细菌菌株,以及以无菌的嗜菌异小杆线虫的H06品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与大异小杆线虫HNA品系的共生细菌菌株建立单菌组合;测定了各组合感染期线虫的致病力、干重和体内主要生化物质的含量。结果发现,共生细菌除了对感染期线虫的致病力产生显著影响外,对线虫干重、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖原和脂肪酸等生化物质的含量也有很大的影响。     

Control of air-borne field spread of tulip breaking virus,lily symptomless virus and lily virus X in lilies by mineral oils,synthetic pyrethroids,and a nematicide in the Netherlands

The inhibitory effect on the spread of viruses in lilies viz., tulip breaking virus (TBV; nonpersistently aphid-borne, potyvirus,) lily symptomless virus (LSV; non-persistently alphidborne, carlavirus), and lily virus X (LVX; potexvirus of unknown etiology), was studied of brands of mineral oil (Luxan oil H and Duphar-7E oil) and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (l-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin), and a nematicide (aldicarb) in crops in which virus-infected plants were present as virus sources. The spread of TBV and LSV were controlled by sprays of mineral oil and insecticide, while that of LSV was also limited by the soil-applied nematicide. The spread of LVX was reduced by the insecticides and, not effectively by the mineral-oil spraying, by which data the mode of transmission may be presumed to be by an insect in the persistent or semi-persistent manner.Mixtures of mineral oil and pyrethroid were more effective in the reduction of spread of TBV and LSV than either components tested alone. The mineral oil was the most effective component in the mixtures in which pyrethroid added a slight extra effect. The addition of pyrethroid did not mask either the lower efficacy of the oil brand Duphar-7E oil, or the diminished inhibitory effect of low dosages of oil. The normal rate of mineral oil gave similar control to that of a mixture of mineral oil at half rate plus the pyrethroid at full dosage. Low rates of oil, or even synthetic pyrethroids alone may be used on cultivars which suffer of the loss of bulb weight by the use of normal or decreased rates of oil. Weekly sprays were more effective than fortnightly sprays. The rate of control by the weekly sprays ranged between 90 and 95% for Luxan oil H at half dosage plus the full rate of pyrethroid. Weekly sprayed synthetic pyrethroids alone onto the virus sources and the plants to be infected gave 60–70% control. The weight ratios tended to be slightly reduced if the half dosage of the efficient Luxan oil H was used. Factors which affect the control of the air-borne field spread of viruses by mineral oils and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in lilies are discussed.     

康氏木霉制剂对棉花和菜豆幼苗几个生理生化指标的影响

应用康氏木霉制剂后，分析测定棉花和菜豆幼苗的几个生理生化指标变化，结果表明：棉花幼苗的光合作用增强，呼吸作用不变，叶绿素含量增加；菜豆和棉花幼苗利用氮素能力增强，菜豆幼苗过氧化物酶及其同功酶活性降低，即菜豆幼苗的抗病性增强。