猪皮下与内脏脂肪组织mRNA转录组的构建与差异分析

【目的】研究猪皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪的表型和代谢差异,找出差异转录本。【方法】选取长白母猪的皮下脂肪(背部皮下脂肪)和内脏脂肪(大网膜脂肪和肠系膜脂肪)进行表型测定及高通量转录组测序(RNA-Seq)。【结果】①背部皮下脂肪体积最大,大网膜次之,肠系膜的脂肪体积最小;与皮下脂肪相比,内脏脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量更高(P<0.01)而不饱和脂肪酸的含量相对较低(P<0.05);②转录组测序共获得30 532 913～33 479 707个唯一比对到基因组的读段(reads),鉴定了22 015个转录本,覆盖猪已注解转录本的80.2%,同时还发现4 583～4 765个新的转录本、936～1 029个可变剪切、16 559个单核苷酸多态位点(SNPs)和1 481个插入/缺失位点(INDELs)。③皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪间差异表达的基因共有183个,基因注释(GO)和代谢通路(Pathway)分析发现它们在不饱和脂肪酸合成、羧酸代谢和炎症反应过程中有重要作用。【结论】提供了猪皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪的完善转录组信息,获得了影响脂肪酸代谢的潜在候选基因,为进一步揭示皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪的功能特征与差异提供了数据基础。     

鸡HOPX基因的克隆及表达分析

前期研究发现,HOPX基因在鸡脂肪组织高表达,为了解该基因在脂肪发育过程中的作用,采用RT-PCR方法,扩增和克隆鸡HOPX基因全长CDS区,并进行序列分析;采用real-time RT-PCR和半定量RT-PCR的方法,开展了HOPX基因的组织表达谱分析、HOPX基因在东北农业大学肉鸡高、低脂双向选择品系脂肪组织发育过程中的表达差异分析以及鸡脂肪细胞分化过程中的表达分析。研究结果显示,鸡HOPX基因的全长CDS区为222 bp,编码73个氨基酸。HOPX基因在鸡的多种组织中表达,其中,在脂肪组织中的表达量最高;在高、低脂系肉鸡的脂肪组织生长发育过程中,HOPX基因的表达均随年龄增长而上升,且高脂系鸡HOPX基因的表达量高于低脂系;在鸡脂肪细胞分化过程中,HOPX基因的表达呈上升趋势。HOPX基因的表达分析结果提示,该基因在鸡脂肪组织生长发育过程中发挥作用。     

Dependence of olfactory bulb neurogenesis on prokineticin 2 signaling

Neurogenesis persists in the olfactory bulb (OB) of the adult mammalian brain. New interneurons are continually added to the OB from the subventricular zone (SVZ) via the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Here we show that secreted prokineticin 2 (PK2) functions as a chemoattractant for SVZ-derived neuronal progenitors. Within the OB, PK2 may also act as a detachment signal for chain-migrating progenitors arriving from the RMS. PK2 deficiency in mice leads to a marked reduction in OB size, loss of normal OB architecture, and the accumulation of neuronal progenitors in the RMS. These findings define an essential role for G protein-coupled PK2 signaling in postnatal and adult OB neurogenesis.     

The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars

In addition to digesting and assimilating nutrients, the intestine and associated visceral organs play a key sensing and signaling role in the physiology of energy homeostasis. The gut, the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, elements in the portal vasculature, and even visceral adipose tissue communicate with the controllers of energy balance in the brain by means of neural and endocrine pathways. Signals reflecting energy stores, recent nutritional state, and other parameters are integrated in the central nervous system, particularly in the hypothalamus, to coordinate energy intake and expenditure. Our understanding of regulatory neural circuits and the signaling molecules that influence them has progressed rapidly, particularly after the discovery of the adipocyte hormone leptin. These discoveries have led to exploration of novel routes for obesity control, some of which involve gut-derived pathways.     

Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and are associated with the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative and brain inflammatory diseases; however, the origin of adult microglia remains controversial. We show that postnatal hematopoietic progenitors do not significantly contribute to microglia homeostasis in the adult brain. In contrast to many macrophage populations, we show that microglia develop in mice that lack colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) but are absent in CSF-1 receptor-deficient mice. In vivo lineage tracing studies established that adult microglia derive from primitive myeloid progenitors that arise before embryonic day 8. These results identify microglia as an ontogenically distinct population in the mononuclear phagocyte system and have implications for the use of embryonically derived microglial progenitors for the treatment of various brain disorders.     

猪体脂肪形成的细胞学和形态学研究

通过对初生～１８０日龄的关中黑猪和长白猪背部皮下脂肪的组织形态学观察和细胞学参数的测定及其变化模式的综合分析，证明猪体脂肪形成主要是脂肪细胞的肥大作用。脂肪细胞的生长机制在不同经济类型猪种间有明显差异：①无论是脂肪细胞的肥大作用，还是脂肪细胞的增殖能力，关中黑猪都强于长白猪；②关中黑猪脂肪细胞的生长在１２０日龄以后明显加快，而长白猪则较稳定；③关中黑猪的细胞学参数表现为二相分布，而非一般的正态分布或高斯分布。     

猪CHPT1基因的发现及其表达谱分析

【目的】对猪脂肪组织RNA的Solexa测序结果进行分析整理,发现猪新转录本CHPT1基因。研究CHPT1在猪不同组织及脂肪细胞不同分化阶段的表达谱,以便为后续的基因功能研究奠定基础。【方法】取猪的背部脂肪组织提取RNA,建立cDNA文库,进行Solexa测序,对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。利用反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）及实时荧光定量PCR,克隆猪CHPT1基因的CDs区部分序列,并对其在不同组织及脂肪细胞不同分化阶段的表达谱进行分析。【结果】由Solexa测序分析结果发现,猪存在新转录本基因CHPT1,其对应的Tag表达量在180日龄大白猪与240日龄荣昌猪的脂肪组织中无明显差异,在3日龄与240日龄荣昌猪脂肪组织中表达差异达到20倍以上。克隆获得了其CDs区193 bp的cDNA序列。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,CHPT1基因在3日龄和180日龄大白猪的各个组织中均有表达,其中在肝脏和肾脏中表达量较高,且表达量有差异。3日龄与180日龄大白猪相比,肾脏和脂肪组织中CHPT1的表达量均有显著差异。在猪前体脂肪细胞的时序表达结果中,CHPT1表达量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中第2天表达量明显升高,于第6天达到最大值,之后降低。【结论】猪存在CHPT1基因,其在猪的各个组织中都有表达,对猪的脂肪沉积可能发挥着重要作用。     

Adipsin: a circulating serine protease homolog secreted by adipose tissue and sciatic nerve

Adipsin is a serine protease homolog whose primary structure was predicted from the nucleotide sequence of a differentiation-dependent adipocyte messenger RNA. Immunoblots probed with antisera to synthetic peptides identify two forms of adipsin that are synthesized and secreted by 3T3 adipocytes. These proteins of 44 and 37 kilodaltons are converted to 25.5 kilodaltons by enzymatic deglycosylation. Although adipsin is principally synthesized in adipose tissue, it is also produced by sciatic nerve and is found in the bloodstream. Because of the apparent restriction of adipsin synthesis to tissues highly active in lipid metabolism, its presence in serum, and its modulation in altered metabolic states, this molecule may play a previously unrecognized role in systemic lipid metabolism or energy balance.     

Dual origin of tissue-specific progenitor cells in Drosophila tracheal remodeling

During Drosophila metamorphosis, most larval cells die. Pupal and adult tissues form from imaginal cells, tissue-specific progenitors allocated in embryogenesis that remain quiescent during embryonic and larval life. Clonal analysis and fate mapping of single, identified cells show that tracheal system remodeling at metamorphosis involves a classical imaginal cell population and a population of differentiated, functional larval tracheal cells that reenter the cell cycle and regain developmental potency. In late larvae, both populations are activated and proliferate, spread over and replace old branches, and diversify into various stalk and coiled tracheolar cells under control of fibroblast growth factor signaling. Thus, Drosophila pupal/adult tissue progenitors can arise both by early allocation of multipotent cells and late return of differentiated cells to a multipotent state, even within a single tissue.     

生物重演律下后生生物microRNA家族起源模型

生物重演律作为一个广泛传播的理论,在诸如动物分类学和发育生物学等生物进化研究上起着重要的指导作用。该理论指出:生物在个体发育过程中总是重演其所有祖先在进化过程中的每个发育阶段,即生物的个体发育过程重演其祖先的系统发生过程。换句话说,更高等有机体的继承和发展过程可从它的一些功能组织和器官中的祖细胞等。利用这个原理对微RNA(miRNA)的进化进行研究,是利用分子生物学方法,如多序列比对等,所没有采用过的。文中利用从人类特定的组织和器官收集到的微RNA表达数据为基础,从微RNA家族的角度进行整理并计算微RNA家族与组织的组织特异性,发现了某些特定组织和非组织特异性miRNA家族,并对这些数据进行了进化分析,最后在生物重演律下引用各具有组织特异性的微RNA家族所对应的组织在解剖学上的起源描述了微RNA家族整体的进化历史。     

Metastatic hibernomas in transgenic mice expressing an alpha-amylase-SV40 T antigen hybrid gene

Mice transgenic for a hybrid gene containing the liver promoter of the mouse amylase gene (Amy-1a) fused to the SV40 tumor antigen coding region unexpected developed malignant brown adipose tissue tumors (malignant hibernomas). Expression of the alpha-amylase gene had previously been thought to be confined to the liver parotid, and pancreas; however, analysis of white and brown adipose tissue from nontransgenic mice revealed expression of the endogenous Amy-1a gene in these tissues. Gene constructs driven by the Amy-1a liver promoter thus provide a means of targeting gene expression to the adipocyte cell lineage in transgenic mice. Moreover the high frequency of metastases in the liver, lungs, spleen, heart, and adrenals of these mice provides an experimental system in which to study the development of disseminated malignancy.     

Hormone-sensitive lipase: sequence, expression, and chromosomal localization to 19 cent-q13.3

Hormone-sensitive lipase, a key enzyme in fatty acid mobilization, overall energy homeostasis, and possibly steroidogenesis, is acutely controlled through reversible phosphorylation by catecholamines and insulin. The 757-amino acid sequence predicted from a cloned rat adipocyte complementary DNA showed no homology with any other known lipase or protein. The activity-controlling phosphorylation site was localized to Ser563 in a markedly hydrophilic domain, and a lipid-binding consensus site was tentatively identified. One or several messenger RNA species (3.3, 3.5, or 3.9 kilobases) were expressed in adipose and steroidogenic tissues and heart and skeletal muscle. The human hormone-sensitive lipase gene mapped to chromosome 19 cent-q13.3.     

Mosaic organization of neural stem cells in the adult brain

The in vivo potential of neural stem cells in the postnatal mouse brain is not known, but because they produce many different types of neurons, they must be either very versatile or very diverse. By specifically targeting stem cells and following their progeny in vivo, we showed that postnatal stem cells in different regions produce different types of neurons, even when heterotopically grafted or grown in culture. This suggests that rather than being plastic and homogeneous, neural stem cells are a restricted and diverse population of progenitors.     

猪脂肪组织酵母双杂交文库的构建及质量鉴定

为了研究猪脂肪细胞分化的蛋白质之间的相互作用,采用LR重组反应的方法,构建猪脂肪组织酵母双杂交文库。结果显示,酵母双杂交文库的库容量为5.28×106CFU。随机挑取的24个克隆均带有插入片段,重组率100%,片段大小多数为1~2 kb,表明构建的文库质量较高。     

A single progenitor population switches behavior to maintain and repair esophageal epithelium

Diseases of the esophageal epithelium (EE), such as reflux esophagitis and cancer, are rising in incidence. Despite this, the cellular behaviors underlying EE homeostasis and repair remain controversial. Here, we show that in mice, EE is maintained by a single population of cells that divide stochastically to generate proliferating and differentiating daughters with equal probability. In response to challenge with all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the balance of daughter cell fate is unaltered, but the rate of cell division increases. However, after wounding, cells reversibly switch to producing an excess of proliferating daughters until the wound has closed. Such fate-switching enables a single progenitor population to both maintain and repair tissue without the need for a "reserve" slow-cycling stem cell pool.     

Cell cycle dependence of laminar determination in developing neocortex

The neocortex is patterned in layers of neurons that are generated in an orderly sequence during development. This correlation between cell birthday and laminar fate prompted an examination of how neuronal phenotypes are determined in the developing cortex. At various times after labeling with [3H]thymidine, embryonic progenitor cells were transplanted into older host brains. The laminar fate of transplanted neurons correlates with the position of their progenitors in the cell cycle at the time of transplantation. Daughters of cells transplanted in S-phase migrate to layer 2/3, as do host neurons. Progenitors transplanted later in the cell cycle, however, produce daughters that are committed to their normal, deep-layer fates. Thus, environmental factors are important determinants of laminar fate, but embryonic progenitors undergo cyclical changes in their ability to respond to such cues.     

牛精原干细胞研究进展

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)是雄性生殖系干细胞,位于睾丸曲细精管基膜上,既具有自我更新潜能,又具有定向分化潜能,是自然状态下出生后动物体内在整个生命过程中进行自我更新并能将基因传递至子代的惟一成体干细胞。根据国内外最新相关进展,系统评述了牛SSCs的生物学特性、分离纯化、冷冻保存、体外培养、永生细胞系的建立及移植等方面的现状及问题。     

Pregnancy-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female forebrain mediated by prolactin

Neurogenesis occurs in the olfactory system of the adult brain throughout life, in both invertebrates and vertebrates, but its physiological regulation is not understood. We show that the production of neuronal progenitors is stimulated in the forebrain subventricular zone of female mice during pregnancy and that this effect is mediated by the hormone prolactin. The progenitors then migrate to produce new olfactory interneurons, a process likely to be important for maternal behavior, because olfactory discrimination is critical for recognition and rearing of offspring. Neurogenesis occurs even in females that mate with sterile males. These findings imply that forebrain olfactory neurogenesis may contribute to adaptive behaviors in mating and pregnancy.