烟后稻强化栽培(SRI)优势特点及关键技术

通过对烟后稻实施强化栽培(SR I)在生育期、产量、产量结构、分蘖动态、经济效益和生态效益等方面的差异分析,以及该稻作类型使用强化栽培有关技术的研究,确立了烟后稻实行SR I是一项省工、节本、增产增效的轻简型栽培方法,总结出一套以选用良种、培育壮秧、小苗移栽、单本稀植、好气灌溉、精确施肥、综合防治等技术为核心的超高产集成技术。     

Stubborn facts: Still no evidence that the System of Rice Intensification out-yields best management practices (BMPs) beyond Madagascar

For more than a decade, the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been vigorously promoted as a method for substantially improving the yield performance of conventional rice agriculture through a set of synergistic management principles that are purported to be accessible to poorer farmers and better for the environment. To evaluate the empirical basis for claims that SRI increases the yield ceiling for rice (i.e. the physiological yield potential), McDonald et al. [McDonald, A.J., Hobbs, P.R., Riha, S.J., 2006. Does the System of Rice Intensification outperform conventional best management? A synopsis of the empirical record. Field Crops Res. 96, 31–36] conducted a retrospective analysis of field experiments that had side-by-side yield comparisons of SRI and current best management practices (BMPs). In addition to studies from Madagascar where SRI was first conceived, 35 site-years of data were compiled from nine different Asian countries. Aside from one set of experiments in Madagascar where SRI more than doubled rice grain productivity with respect to BMPs (140–245% increase), we found no evidence of a yield advantage of this magnitude elsewhere. In 24 of 35 site-years, SRI yields were less than those attained with BMPs and in no case did the SRI yield exceed BMPs by more than 22%. Uphoff et al. [Uphoff, N., Kassam, A., Stoop, W., 2008. A critical assessment of a desk study comparing crop production systems: the example of the ‘system of rice intensification’ vs. ‘best management practice.’ Field Crop Res. 108 (1), 109–114] contest these findings with criticisms of our methodology and, more importantly, contend that key evidence demonstrating yield advantages for SRI over BMPs was not considered in our analysis. The assertion of key evidence that is at odds with our conclusions is false, as we detail in this response. Beyond Madagascar, there is still no empirical evidence that SRI has a unique yield advantage over current BMPs for rice. Then and now, our original article [McDonald, A.J., Hobbs, P.R., Riha, S.J., 2006. Does the System of Rice Intensification outperform conventional best management? A synopsis of the empirical record. Field Crops Res. 96, 31–36] accurately characterizes the global experience with the System of Rice Intensification.     

强化栽培条件下水稻的根系特征及其与产量形成的关系

以协优527为材料，研究了强化栽培条件下水稻的根系特征及其与产量形成的关系。结果表明，与常规栽培相比，强化栽培能明显增加从分蘖至成熟各生育时期的单株根系干重，降低齐穗后根系中可溶性糖含量，提高生育后期根系的生理活性及磷含量，特别是在籽粒灌浆结实的关键时期，SRI栽培的根系伤流强度明显高于接常规栽培。因此，强化栽培可以延缓后期根系及叶片衰老，提高结实率及千粒重，进而提高产量。     

水稻强化栽培体系适宜移栽密度探讨

水稻强化栽培体系(SRI)不同移栽密度试验结果显示,以每公顷栽9万穴的处理产量最高,增产效应明显.增产原因是该处理具有穗数优势.     

超级稻强化栽培几个关键技术问题的探讨

根据海南近几年推广应用水稻强化栽培技术的经验教训,就超级稻强化栽培在土壤选择、品种选择、秧龄、栽插密度、肥水管理、病虫害防治等几个方面进行了探讨。     

杂交水稻强化栽培增产效果及经济效益分析

为了探讨水稻强化栽培体系(SRI)应用于杂交水稻的可行性，进行了杂交水稻SRI与一般栽培方法的比较试验。结果表明，杂交水稻强化栽培具有明显的增产效应和经济效益。同时认为杂交水稻强化栽培的栽插密度不宜小于7．5万穴/hm^2；以选择分蘖力中等偏上、株型稍松散的组合为宜。     

杂交水稻强化栽培穗粒结构特点研究

以3个杂交稻组合为材料,在大田条件下研究了杂交稻强化栽培的穗粒结构特点.结果表明,与常规栽培相比,杂交稻强化栽培单株个体发育充分,成穗率高;有效穗组成发生重大变化,主茎穗和一次分蘖穗在有效穗中的比重下降,二次分蘖穗比重提高;其主茎穗和各位、次分蘖穗的经济性状均优于常规栽培.强化栽培水稻不同来源有效穗对产量的贡献大小也与常规栽培有明显不同.     

杂交水稻中熟组合强化栽培体系(SRI)研究初报

在川西稻麦生态区进行水稻强化栽培体系（SRI）研究，首先要考虑结合耕作制度，选用具有较强感温性的杂交中稻中熟组合，通过迟播，旱育秧，幼龄（2叶）单苗稀植（9.0万穴/hm^2)，控水等措施，全生育期131-132d，穗粒结构合理，比相同组合常规栽培增产6.4%-16.3%。比迟熟组合汕优63的SRI栽培增产3.8%-10.5%。可扩大示范与深入研究。     

水稻强化栽培体系在两熟制杂交中稻上的改进应用初探

针对四川盆地水稻生产实际，把水稻强化栽培体系的基本原理同国内水稻栽培新技术密切结合，形成了集免耕、超稀植、集中施肥、秸秆覆盖、湿润灌溉于一体的两熟制杂交水稻强化栽培模式。介绍了这一模式的技术要点，对其高产高效原理进行了分析。     

单季稻强化高产栽培方式对稻纵卷叶螟发生的影响

为实现精准施药和农药减量控害目标,笔者于2007～2008年对浙江省天台县单季稻强化与常规两种栽培方式稻纵卷叶螟发生情况进行观察比较。结果表明,强化区与常规区稻纵卷叶螟蛾峰消长基本一致,全年共3个峰次,但蛾量略有差异,四(2)代蛾量强化区较常规区高136%,五(3)代与六(4)代蛾量强化区较常规区低24.8%和8.0%,虫苞与虫量调查,6月中下旬三(1)代强化区较常规区分别高8.3%和100%,四(2)代强化区较常规区分别低38.7%和22.3%,五(3)代强化区较常规区分别低34.6%和34.5%。     

水稻强化栽培体系不同秧龄移栽对产量的影响

水稻强化栽培体系不同秧龄试验结果显示,水稻强化栽培技术幼苗以13～18 d秧龄移栽为好,秧苗起发快,低节位分蘖多,有效穗多,穗型大,产量较高;且移栽时易操作,省工节本.     

Assessment of System of Rice Intensification(SRI) and Conventional Practices under Organic and Inorganic Management in Japan

The system of rice intensification(SRI) is a production system that involves the adoption of certain changes in management practices for rice cultivation that create a better growing environment for the crop.This system was compared with conventional practices and assessed under organic and inorganic management.SRI practices showed significant response in root number,number of effective tillers per hill,days to flowering and harvest index.In addition,SRI was found effective in minimizing pest and disease in...     

A conceptual framework for eco-friendly paddy farming in Taiwan,based on experimentation with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methodology

This paper reviews the constraints and challenges of paddy farming in Taiwan. Based on those evidences, a set of eco-friendly rice farming practices raised by SRI principles are proposed from exploratory SRI trials conducted in Taiwan. The trials show that even with less exact leveling in the SRI field than is ideally provided, the average yield for SRI was higher than for CP; with an aerobic soil situation, the combination of biocontrol agent application and SRI management was seen to give better rice blast control; and the highest paddy yield was obtained from single-seedling transplants from potted nursery trays which protect the young seedlings’ roots from shock or twisting, compared with the planting of more numerous seedlings grown on flat nursery trays by a mechanical rice transplanter. In conclusion, a conceptual framework for eco-friendly paddy farming is formulated to encourage farmers to practice SRI principles. Among the participants in this collaboration, a co-operating group of SRI farmers is organized under investor sponsorship to guarantee the quality and safety of food, integrating an inspection service and food-source traceability from field to market with the production process. It is seen that in Taiwan, SRI principles can be adopted by local farmers without need for additional premiums through eco-friendly collaboration that can raise simultaneously the productivity of land, capital, and irrigation water. In addition, this collaboration can take advantage of increasing consumer demand for safe food with fewer chemicals and for supporting a greater level of biodiversity.     

强化栽培下水稻穗分化期叶片光合速率与水分利用率的研究

 用超级杂交稻两优培九、Ⅱ优7954和国稻1号作为研究材料，比较SRI水稻穗分化期不同移栽密度叶片光合速率和水分利用率。结果表明，SRI水稻稀植后能保持一定的叶面积指数，随着移栽密度从1.95×105丛/hm2下降到0.75×105丛/hm2，群体透光率增加，各叶位(第9叶至第13叶)叶片的光合速率和水分利用率明显提高，蒸腾速率降低，抽穗整齐度下降，第9叶和第10叶的光合速率和水分利用率提高的幅度较大。在试验条件下，水稻强化栽培的产量在移栽密度为165×105丛/hm2 时最高。     

水稻害虫管理专家系统的设计与实现

水稻害虫管理专家系统(ESRICE)系用知识工程语言NEW ,编译BASIC 和dBASEⅢ 等构筑。系统共由13个子系统组成。各子系统可对不同代次的褐飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟的种群动态进行监测,并提供决策方案。系统耦联了外部教学模型以帮助用户回答咨询过程中系统提出的问题,或进一步确认是否需要化防及其用药时间。应用表明,该系统在水稻害虫管理上已达到专家水平。     

Comparative energy and economic analyses of conventional and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods of rice production in Thai Nguyen Province,Vietnam

The consumption of energy inputs in agricultural production has been increasing rapidly during the past decades. However, given the limitations and costs of non-renewable energy, increasing production while using the least energy possible has become a major concern of most nations. Prompted by this concern, we conducted a face-to-face survey of 90 farming households in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam, to find out how energy is being used in agriculture and, specifically, in their rice production. Through analysis of energy input–output balances, combined with economic efficiency analysis, a comparison was made of conventional and SRI methods of rice production. The study found that applying the SRI method can save around 23% of energy inputs, while increasing energy outputs by 11%. Economic benefits per hectare also rise by more than 8 million dong (USD 364) compared to those under the conventional cultivation system. The study also showed conflicts between the energy and economic balances for manual compared with machine ploughing operations. This study contributes to providing an overview of energy consumption in rice cultivation at the household level. Its findings can help stakeholders to assess current policies and make better decisions on the uses of energy in agricultural production. In addition, the comprehensive approach taken here to analysing energy use and efficiency could expand the analysis and comparison of energy uses at sectoral or activity level—still a new field in Vietnam and many other countries.     

苏北地区水稻秧池有机肥培肥对秧苗素质及产量的影响

为了明确水稻秧池培肥技术对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响,以便为苏北地区水稻机插秧技术推广应用提供参考,通过大田随机区组试验,设置不施肥(CK)、复合肥+尿素(CF+N)、二铵+尿素(TF+N)、复合肥+尿素+有机肥(CF+N+O)、二铵+尿素+有机肥(TF+N+O)5个处理,研究水稻秧池有机肥培肥对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,TF+N处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加13.52%、20.14%、10.19%、9.09%、5.00%;CF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加7.29%、10.72%、13.64%、2.50%;TF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽分别显著增加11.21%、13.07%、9.38%、13.64%。在产量方面,与CK相比,TF+N处理的穗数、穗粒数、理论产量和实际产量分别显著增加4.56%、8.91%、14.13%、11.60%,CF+N+O处理的实际产量显著增加9.63%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,短期内有机肥培肥秧池效果不显著;二铵配施尿素培肥秧池效果最好,水稻产量最高。     

不同硅肥对水稻产量和抗病性的影响

为研究硅肥对水稻产量及抗病性的影响,特选取五种不同比例的硅肥进行对比试验。结果表明:水稻施用硅肥可增产0.73﹪～12.55﹪,使褐变穗病情指数下降9.16﹪～21.06﹪。综合效果看,"森屿牌"硅肥300㎏/hm2做底肥效果最好,增产955.35㎏/hm2,增产率为12.55﹪,增效1 624.10元/hm2。     

Factors Causing the Variation in the Temperature Coefficient of Dark Respiration in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The temperature coefficient (Q₁₀) of dark respiration in rice gradually decreased in continuous darkness, fluctuating as the circadian rhythmic variation in dark respiration. The solar radiation (MJ m^-2) on the day of measurement and the nitrogen concentration in the culture solution hardly affected the Q₁₀ value. However, the plants exposed to high-intensity light (260W m^-2) for two weeks showed a higher Q₁₀ of dark respiration than those exposed to low-intensity light (70W m^-2). The seasonal variation in Q₁₀ value was not observed. The average Q₁₀ value during the growth stage measured at 15 to 25°C, 20 to 30°C, and 25 to 35°C was 2.14, 1.76, and 1.56, respectively. High crop yield in the regions where the day/night temperature difference is large may be partly explained by the high Q₁₀ at low night temperature. Thus, the Q₁₀ may be an important physiological factor determining high crop yield.     

Irrigation management transfer (IMT) and system of rice intensification (SRI) practice in the Philippines

SRI practices can usually increase the yield of paddy without using special varieties of rice or chemicals. High yield of paddy can be simply achieved through the combination of transplanting single seedlings about 8–10 days old with just two leaves on 40 cm × 40 cm spacing, providing organic fertilizer, and intermittent irrigation. No pesticides are applied. Historically, integrated management of water and crop (particularly rice) in the Philippines, had its beginning with the Spaniards, but more formal events were recorded in the 1950s by Margate (1954) in “Rice: 100 Cavans (50 kg/cavan) per Hectare.” This was followed by the Water Management Manual released in the 1970s by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and National Irrigation Administration (NIA). Recently, the Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project (SPISP), a joint ADB–NIA effort, has commenced trials with the system of rice intensification (SRI) practice. One of the most specific features of SRI is the intermittent irrigation system which requires assured water supply at necessary timing. It is easier to attain assured water supply on timely manner through irrigation management transfer (IMT) which encourages the empowerment of fair water distribution. This article analyzes the merit of IMT for SRI.