云南混农林业的类型和分区

通过调查,云南省的混农林业类型归纳为6大类型:林粮间作型、果农间作型、林果混种型、材药间作型、林肥间作型、林牧间作型。根据一定的分区原则,将云南省的混农林业划分为9个区:滇西北高山峡谷混农林业区、滇东北北部中山山源混农林业区、滇东北南部中山山原混农林业区、滇西中山山原混农林业区、滇中高原盆湖混农林业区、滇东南岩溶山原混农林业区、滇中南中山宽谷混农林业区、滇南边缘中低山混农林业区、干热河谷混农林业区。并对各分区的基本情况以及适宜发展的混农林业类型进行了论述。     

混农林业与林业可持续发展

论述了混农林业的概念及其与林业可持续发展的关系 ,并通过对混农林业的主要模式、特点及其对林业可持续发展的促进作用的论述 ,充分揭示了其在林业可持续发展中的重要地位和作用。     

贫困山区脱贫致富的出路：—宁蒗县发展混农林业的情况

宁蒗县自1985年开始，实行“三三五八计划”，即在“七．五”期全县发展3万亩梅子、3万亩花椒、5万亩苹果，8万亩牧草，至92年基本实现计划，使粮食产量创历史最高纪录，农村经济收入比85年增加138．4％。实现了果粮双丰收。     

混农林业及其应用概况

概述了复合农林业崛起的历史背景及概念的演绎过程,概要介绍了混农林业在世界范围的应用情况和研究的热点问题。     

林业与畜牧业结合的种植体系——混农林业

林木成熟周期长是许多造林者头疼的问题。而混农林业能解决这个问题。混农林业包括在牧草地里种植宽间隔的林木,以实现牧草生产与木材质量的最佳结合。这样便可在林木生长期间,每年提供一定的畜产品。这种生产上的结合,在经济收益上优于林木和牧草的单独经营。新西兰、澳大利亚、美国俄勒冈州的初步研究结果证明它是可行的。有两种不同的混农林业生产方式,一种是在牧草地里种植林木,一种是在生长的林木下种植饲料作物。据报道,有人在一个已建立的牧场里种植树苗,其复合种植达到土地资源能承受的最大程度。尽管经验显示,牧草能在林木下生存,但上述的做法过于极端,很难令人接受。不要把它和文中所论述的混淆起来。     

混农林业的防护效益与结构特征研究初报

通过对六种混农林业类型防护效益与结构特征的调查和分析,初步得出:各类混农林业的防护效益与林木株数、林水平均高度关系不紧密,而与林木覆盖度、林木冠体及林木分布度关系极紧密。     

云南混农林业的类型和分区

通过调查,云南省的混农林业类型归纳为6大类型,林粮间作型、果农间作型、林果混种型、材药间作型、林肥间作型、林牧间作型。根据一定的分区原则,将云南省的混农林业划分为9个区：滇西北高山峡谷混农林业区,滇东北北部中山山源混农林业区,滇东北南部中山山原混农林业区、滇西中山山原混农林业区,滇中高原盆湖混农林业区,滇东南岩溶山源混农林业区,保南中山宽谷混农林业,滇南边缘中低山混农林业区,干热河谷混农林业区,并对各分区的基本情况以及适宜发展的混农林业类型进行了论述。     

混农林业及其研究概况

通过对混农林业概念的解释,阐述了混农林业的特征和作用,介绍了混农林业在国际国内研究现状及其类型。并浅述了混农林业生态效益、社会效益和经济效益的关系,综合了复合生态系统的社会、生态、经济效益的预测方法。     

混农林业就业在亚洲的前景

1　概况大多数亚洲国家的人口迅猛增长 ,其中多数发展中国家的农村人口超过了 70 % ,给该地区的自然资源带来了空前的困难。人们越来越期望在碎弱的旱地上生产粮食、薪材、饲料以及用材。同时 ,确保高地流域的洁净水供应 ,维持生物多样性及控制土壤过度流失等方面的压力也在不断地增加。满足这些需求与期望就必须进一步地采用混农林业技术。发展及应用混农林业系统时 ,农民是真正的专家 ,人们越来越认识到需要合格混农林业专门人才来支持及促进混农林业有效的发展。亚洲许多教育机构通过扩大对混农林业的培训及教育满足这种需要而做出了积极…     

瑞丽市发展杉木混农林业模式浅析

瑞丽市为我国杉木分布的边缘区 ,1975年在陇川林场引种杉木成功 ,深受群众喜爱 ,1980～ 1993年间共营造杉木林 6 5 0 0hm2 ,保存 5 6 0 0hm2 ,其中实行混农林业 16 6 7hm2 ,其模式为杉木 粮食 养殖→杉木 ,通过林粮间种 ,提高了成活率 ,保存率 ,提高了生长量 ,增加了收入 ,取得了良好的生态效益和社会效益。     

固氮树木与混农林系统

简述了固氮树木应用于混农林系统的研究发展过程,总结了目前所采用的主要模式,并列举了常见的、重要的固氮树木种类.     

Agroforestry Tree Seed Production and Supply Systems in Malawi

A sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system is vital to resource-constrained smallholder farmers who depend on agroforestry to improve the productivity of their farm enterprises. Successful adoption of agroforestry hinges on the development of a sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system. This paper reviews the agroforestry tree seed supply system in Malawi, with a view to determining its sustainability and quality. Currently, more than 90% of the documented agroforestry tree seed distributed to farmers is produced by smallholder farmers collected mainly from scattered farmland trees, the remainder being produced from seed orchards and seed stands owned or controlled by research organizations. Three organizations—namely the Land Resources Centre (LRC), National Tree Seed Centre (NTSC) of the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM) and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)—were identified as major procurers of agroforestry tree seed produced by smallholder farmers. Agroforestry germplasm is distributed to farmers by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agricultural and forestry extension departments. The procurement and distribution of germplasm to farmers is in general effective. The major challenge to sustainability of agroforestry tree germplasm distribution in Malawi is dependence on donor funding. The agroforestry tree seed system is, to some extent, sustainable with regards to production, although the genetic quality of the germplasm is low. Germplasm storage facilities at national level are available and possibly adequate, but knowledge and information on effective low-cost tree germplasm storage systems at household level are limited. Sustainability could be enhanced by strengthening of grass-root organizations involved in tree seed production to institutionalize the distribution through farmer–farmer exchange. There is also a need to support the development, promotion and adoption of low-cost tree germplasm storage facilities by smallholder farmers.     

国外农林间作研究进展

本文总结了近年国外农林间作在以下几个方面的研究进展:(1)多用途树种选择方面的重点是选择适合农林间作的豆科树种;(2)农作物产量研究方面主要是在3种间作形式下如何提高农作物产量;(3)农作物生长环境方面的研究重点是林木对农田小气候的影响;(4)间作对杂草的控制作用方面的研究是如何利用林木枝叶施入农田和林木遮荫对田间杂草进行控制;(5)农林间作模型等方面的研究.     

农用林业研究的回顾与展望

农用林业作为一种可持续发展的土地利用和经营方式,其目的就在于从木本和草本植物共生、共栖的土地单元内获益;其通常的做法就是把林木以多种排列方式种植于农田和牧场。植物问的互作关系可概括为正效(互助)、负效(竞争)和零效(共存)3种;农用林业经营管理的目标可确定为高产、稳产、持续。农用林业系统相关模型的种类有描述性模型、经验性模型和预测性模型3类;模型结构包括动态过程、响应概念、组分流结构、分层理论和子模型等5种。     

Review on Agroforestry Systems in China

INTRODUCTIONChina is the most populated country in the world. Thepopulation of the mainland amounts to 1.3 billion in2004. The land area is approximately 9.6 million km2,of which the proportion of arable land is low. Thiscovers about 10% of the total land area; on the average,there is around 0.09 ha of tilled land per capita.Furthermore, the arable land is unevenly distributed inthe country. Forests cover 13.92% of the whole landarea, 134 million ha or 0.095 ha per capita (Xu Xingquanet …     

Assessing Market Potential of Agroforestry Tree Seedlings in Western Kenya

In this study, Porter’s framework is used to analyse the forces that coordinate and control the market for agroforestry tree seedlings in the Nyando basin in Western Kenya where smallholder farmers were assisted by non-governmental and research organisations to start tree seedling nurseries, with a view to fostering adoption of agroforestry in the region. In addition, financial viability of the enterprise is assessed and the resources and interventions required to improve the operators’ competitiveness and make the enterprise sustainable are identified. Primary data collected from eight nursery operators and sixty agroforestry farmers are used and supplemented with secondary information obtained from relevant literature to gain an insight into the tree seedling industry within and outside the region. The results indicate that the tree seedling industry is highly competitive and is characterised by several small-scale operators who employ similar strategies and produce and sell nearly homogenous products. Consequently, competition is based on price rather than on strategies that require capital investments such as branding, product differentiation and product promotion. The enterprise is financially viable but the gross margins, particularly those of timber tree seedlings, are sensitive to low seedling prices suggesting that competitors are exerting pressure on prices and profitability. Thus, to gain an edge over the competitors, the small-scale operators need to build competitive advantage by adopting strategies that allow them to charge higher prices for their products, maintain customer brand loyalty and understand the coordination, control and relationships within the industry.     

土壤微生物与有机农药互作关系及其应用

有毒有机农药对人体和动物具有致畸、致癌、致突变和内分泌干扰等特性及免疫毒性、生育毒性和发育毒性,土壤有机农药污染是影响环境和食品安全的重要问题,应用微生物修复有机农药污染土壤已成为国内外研究热点。本文从土壤微生物生理群、生物量及微生物修复等方面综述了土壤微生物与有机农药的相互作用关系及其应用性研究,提出了目前该领域研究所存在的问题及其重点研究方向。     

树木根系分布与结构研究方法综述

根系是树木生长发育的基础。开展树木根系分布和结构研究,有利于探究根系与地下环境的相互联系,研究根系分布与生长之间的关系,了解生物地球化学循环中的碳素平衡与循环。文中简要综述了根系研究的历史,分析了树木根系研究的传统方法及其优缺点,介绍了根系无损检测的新方法和新手段。分析认为,根系分布与结构的相关研究方法在不断进步,但新技术和新手段仍存在局限性,还有待进一步改进。     

Effect of Tree Diversity on Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Homegarden Agroforestry System of North-Eastern Bangladesh

Small-scale Forestry - Tropical agroforestry systems have immense potential to sequester carbon both in aboveground and belowground biomass and soil. Homegarden agroforestry is a popular land-use...     

林木结构—功能模型研究综述

林木结构—功能模型是指能明确表达由生理过程和环境因子调控的植物三维结构生长和变化的一类模型。它既考虑树木生长的结构发展, 又考虑树木的生理生态过程和环境之间的交互影响, 是目前植物建模领域的研究热点。文中从林木结构—功能模型构建方法入手, 以目前主要的几类结构—功能模型为例, 对组成树木结构的理想化基本单元、结构模型的建立及功能模型的同化物生产和传输分配模型进行了述评, 最后指出结构—功能模型存在的问题。