马铃薯块茎低温糖化分子遗传学研究进展

薯片和薯条是风靡全球的马铃薯加工食品,但低温糖化长期困扰着马铃薯加工产业的发展。块茎的低温糖化是一个复杂的数量性状,分子遗传学的发展使得马铃薯数量性状的遗传定位得以实施。近年来,马铃薯低温糖化的遗传研究也取得了不错的进展,包括马铃薯遗传图谱构建和低温糖化相关性状的QTL定位,不同代谢途径上的候选基因的标记与低温糖化QTL共定位,这些研究成果将为进一步明确马铃薯低温糖化机制以及利用遗传定位候选基因标记构建马铃薯低温糖化分子标记辅助选择体系奠定基础。     

赤霉素处理对马铃薯块茎低温糖化的效果

马铃薯块茎低温糖化现象除了直接受到淀粉和糖代谢相关酶如淀粉酶、酸性转化酶的活性影响外,也可能间接受到赤霉素和脱落酸等植物激素的调控。以马铃薯品种‘大西洋’块茎为试验材料,采用50 mmo L GA_3处理12 h后置于低温((4±0.5)℃)和室温((22±1)℃)条件下贮藏10 d,测定薯块的炸片色泽、还原糖含量、淀粉酶和酸性转化酶活性,研究赤霉素对马铃薯块茎低温糖化的影响。结果表明,GA_3处理使马铃薯块茎的炸片色泽加深,还原糖含量增加121.1%;同时,GA_3处理提高了淀粉酶的活性,而对酸性转化酶的活性没有影响。由此表明,GA_3可能通过提高马铃薯块茎淀粉酶的活性而使还原糖积累,从而导致炸片色泽加深即增强了低温糖化现象。     

马铃薯抗低温糖化育种研究进展

马铃薯块茎储藏期间的低温环境可导致块茎的糖化,进而影响马铃薯炸片和炸条品质,培育抗低温糖化的马铃薯品种对于改良种质资源有着重要的意义。然而,低温糖化产生的生理学机制是一个很复杂的过程,近年国内外研究者在马铃薯低温糖化育种上取得了很大的成就,具体包括在低温糖化生理研究机制方面、育种材料的改良方面、传统育种和基因工程育种等方面,本文对这些显著成就进行综述,希望为马铃薯抗低温糖化育种提供参考。     

马铃薯抗青枯病和低温糖化体细胞杂种的鉴定

ACC-1-1和ACC-1-2再生株系由来自马铃薯二倍体栽培种(Solanum tuberosum)品系AC142-01(2n=2x=24)和二倍体野生种S.chacoense的一个无性系C9701(2n=2x=24)经原生质体融合获得,经鉴定为体细胞杂种。流式细胞仪分析和染色体计数显示,ACC-1-1为混倍体,ACC-1-2为八倍体。两个株系均能正常开花但花粉活力较低。花粉母细胞减数分裂观察显示,两个系在减数分裂各个时期均出现广泛的异常染色体行为,可能是花粉活力低的原因。青枯病接种鉴定表明,ACC-1-2对青枯病表现为高抗,而ACC-1-1表现为中感,同时这两个株系均具有"低温糖化"抗性,证明体细胞融合加上适当选择可以有效聚合有性杂交不亲和双亲的优良性状。     

烟草抗寒性生理生化研究进展

综述了低温胁迫对烟草抗寒性生理生化指标的影响，同时对烟草的抗寒性机理研究进行了展望。     

马铃薯响应干旱胁迫的生理和分子遗传机理研究现状与展望

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是全球第四大主粮作物,同时也是中国仅次于水稻、玉米、小麦的重要粮食作物。近年来,随着全球越趋加剧的气候变化,干旱发生的强度、频率和持续时间均呈大幅增加趋势,已成为限制中国乃至全球马铃薯生产关键的生态因子之一。干旱胁迫显著影响作物的生长发育,造成细胞膜损伤,孔隙度变大,细胞内含物质外渗,生理代谢失衡,影响光合作用和呼吸作用,最终影响作物产量和品质。干旱胁迫下,细胞的显微结构也受到一系列的破坏,其细胞内 O^2-(氧离子)、H₂O₂(过氧化物)、过氧化物积累,加剧过氧化程度,随之产生一系列生理生化和形态变化。干旱胁迫下,马铃薯地上生物量减小,单位面积产量、品质下降。干旱胁迫不仅从马铃薯细胞的显微结构、形态、生理代谢等方面产生影响,还在转录、翻译水平方面对马铃薯产生广泛影响。为了探究马铃薯响应干旱胁迫的生理机制,建立高效的耐旱评价体系,促进马铃薯耐旱遗传改良、基因编辑和转基因技术的运用,为马铃薯耐干旱候选基因的筛选、蛋白质功能的验证、耐旱的生理分子解析创造了条件。对马铃薯响应干旱...     

马铃薯幼苗在冷驯化期间的生理生化变化

以霜冻敏感的中薯3号和耐冻的野生马铃薯03079-435(Solanum acaule)的幼苗为试材,对其总叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量的变化进行测定。结果表明:冷驯化期间(4℃/2℃,昼/夜),两者的总叶绿素含量都呈先降后升的变化趋势;03079-435叶片的脯氨酸含量先升高后降低,总体呈升高趋势,而中薯3号叶片的脯氨酸含量逐渐降低;两个基因型的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均有所升高,中薯3号叶片的可溶性蛋白含量增加幅度明显低于03079-435。推断幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量的增加与冷驯化能力的增强密切相关。     

移栽水稻高产高效节水灌溉技术的生理生化机理研究进展

水资源匮乏威胁水稻生产的可持续发展和粮食安全。为了应对水资源紧缺和增加粮食产量,农业科学家开发了各种节水灌溉技术和生产体系。本文综述了当前移栽水稻生产上主要应用的节水灌溉技术并从水稻生长、激素、蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性等方面阐述了其生理生化机制,提出水稻高产高效节水灌溉技术存在的问题与研究展望。     

低温对马铃薯块茎呼吸及糖代谢的影响

本试验测定了两个马铃薯品种在４ ℃和１０ ℃低温贮藏条件下块茎的呼吸强度和蔗糖、还原糖的含量。 Ｎ Ｄ８６０ ２ 品种在４ ℃和１０ ℃条件下, 还原糖含量变化差异不大, 而 Ｎｏｒｃｈｉｐ 品种在４ ℃下还原糖含量远远高于１０ ℃的处理。两个品种块茎中蔗糖含量甚微。呼吸强度与还原糖含量的变化的相关性不明显。结果表明, 两个品种在低温条件下糖代谢机理不同。     

Glycoalkaloid Concentration in Potato Tubers Related to Storage and Consumer Offering

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) are unwanted potato constituents for consumers because they are highly toxic and therefore have to be controlled in the food chain. Three experiments were carried out focusing on storage aspects and on exposure to artificial light at the point of sale. The experiments showed that an elevated temperature (10 °C) during long-term storage without sprouting inhibitors led to an increase in SGA contents (up to 518 mg SGA kg⁻¹ dry matter) in two of three investigated cultivars independent of the sprouting level. Cold storage (4 °C) slightly enhanced SGA contents in two cultivars. Sprout control resulted in a tendentious decrease in SGA contents in a set of another three cultivars. Growing location and wet and cool seasons had an influence too. Moderate exposure to light resulted in an increase in SGA in autumn, but in a decrease in spring time. Again, cultivars tested responded differently. The addressed factors have to be considered when developing strategies in minimising SGA level in table potatoes.     

马铃薯不同品系贮藏期品质分析

马铃薯秋天入窖后,测定不同品系的还原糖含量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量,其结果为:还原糖含量入窖后到次年3月份逐渐升高,之后又快速下降,6-21还原糖含量最低,小白花还原糖含量最高;可溶性糖含量较稳定,只是不同品系表现趋势不同,6-21可溶性糖含量最低,1-38可溶性糖含量最高;淀粉含量也较稳定,6个品系总趋势为逐渐下降;1-38淀粉含量最高;大多数马铃薯品系的还原糖与可溶性糖呈正相关,可溶性糖与淀粉、还原糖与淀粉呈负相关。     

马铃薯不同贮藏阶段干物质变化规律研究初报

马铃薯贮藏期间(温度在1～4℃范围内)干物质含量变化呈"V"形趋势,马铃薯贮藏期间干物质含量变化与当地的气温变化一致,随着气温升高而升高,随着气温降低而降低,在1月份气温最低时马铃薯干物质含量也最低。     

Sugar-Starch Metabolism and Antioxidant Potential in Potato Tubers in Response to Different Antisprouting Agents During Storage

Single applications of different antisprouting agents like hot water treatment, spearmint oil and clove oil were carried out on potato cultivar “Lady Rosetta” to compare their efficacy with that of synthetic chloro isopropyl N-phenyl carbamate (CIPC). The tubers were stored at ambient storage conditions (25?±?2 °C) for 81 days to assess changes in their sugar-starch concentrations and antioxidant potential. Antioxidant potential in the tubers was assessed as their total phenolic concentrations and radical scavenging activities. In addition, the enzymatic activities were also determined in order to evaluate the possible depletion of these antioxidants as substrate during storage. Results revealed significant response of stored potatoes to all antisprouting agents compared with the control (P?≤?0.05). CIPC and clove oil applications maintained tuber dormancy almost twice as long (81 days) as observed in the control (45 days). Application of spearmint oil and hot water treatment maintained tuber dormancy for almost 2 months. However, it was associated with an increased percentage sprouting during the last weeks of storage. At the end of storage, the highest starch (16.83%) and lowest sugar (0.99%) concentrations were estimated after CIPC application and maximum total phenolic concentration (143.57 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g), and highest antioxidant activity (39.73%) were found after clove oil application. Enzymatic activities were not statistically different between CIPC and clove oil application during most of the storage period. Results showed that efficient replacement of CIPC with clove oil in the premium potato cultivar might be useful; this may avert related food safety and environmental issues and would also ensure organic potato storage.     

The Effect of High Temperature during Storage on the Vigour of Potato Mother Tubers

The aim of this work was to assess the impact of high temperature during storage and of de-sprouting before planting on the vigour of potato mother tubers of 24 potato cultivars. The study was conducted in the years 2006–2007 in the Jadwisin Branch of the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Poland. Vigour was assessed by a field method and evaluated on a nine-point scale. It was found that mother tubers of five cultivars had maintained their growth vigour despite the high temperature in the period from autumn until the time of planting. There was no correlation between the length and mass of the emerging sprouts, plant height, mass of the above-ground part of plants, the LAI index, and the vigour of potato mother tubers. This characteristic was also not dependent on the length of the growing season of the individual cultivars.     

马铃薯块茎休眠及休眠调控研究进展

系统介绍了马铃薯块茎休眠的总体特征以及休眠块茎在细胞生理学方面的研究进展.同时还论述激素对马铃薯块茎休眠的调节作用,并提出了一些打破休眠的方法。     

Demand for Processed Potato Products and Processing Quality Potato Tubers in India

Potato processing in India has shown a tremendous growth in the recent past, creating a proportionate increase in demand for processing quality potatoes. Reliable annual demand estimates of processing quality potato tubers in India were not available; hence, the current study was undertaken to provide such estimates. The study was based on a survey of 442 households in the state Maharashtra in India, which was regarded to be representative for India in the consumption of processed potato products. The annual expenditure on potato products during 2006–2007 in Maharashtra was estimated to be INR 5,254 million (€ 93.82 million), which was equivalent to 28,148 Mg of physical processed potato products and 83,333 Mg of processing quality potato tubers (0.38% of national potato production during 2006–2007, i.e. 22.09 million Mg). When the estimates were generalised to a national level, the requirement of processing-quality potato tubers in 2006–2007 was equal to 4.04% of national potato production. The forecasted annual demand of potato products in Maharashtra during 2011–2012 was 75,375 Mg and the corresponding demand of processing quality potato tubers was 230,760 Mg (0.75% of the estimated national potato production during 2011–2012, i.e. 30.89 million Mg). When generalised at national level, the demand of processing quality potato tubers during 2011–2012 was found to be 8% of the estimated national potato production.     

作物抗旱性生理生化机制的研究现状和进展

根据现有文献资料，从渗透调节、细胞膜的结构和功能、自由基学说、干旱胁迫下特异蛋白的产生及其生理功能等方面综述了作物抗旱性生理生化机制的研究现状和进展。