土壤干旱胁迫下苹果叶片膨压维持对光合速率及生长的影响

以新红星和红富士苹果叶片为试材，利用Ｐ－Ｖ分析技术研究了在水分胁迫条件下叶片细胞的膨压维持方式以及细胞膨压维持对苹果叶片的光合速率，叶面积及干物质积累等生理特性的效应。结果表明，两品种叶片在不同水分胁迫条件下细胞膨压维持能力不同，中度水分胁迫下膨压维持是以渗透调节和弹性调节并存，具有膨压维持能力，严重水分胁迫下渗透调节和弹性调节均消失，膨压维持能力丧失。细胞膨压的维持能够减少叶片叶绿素的破坏，维持     

华北景天叶片有机渗透调节物质对水分胁迫的响应

试验以华北景天为试材,采用人工控水方法,研究了不同水分胁迫强度对华北景天叶片有机渗透调节物质的影响.结果表明:在水分胁迫下,华北景天叶片中游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量变化不明显,可溶性蛋白含量变化显著.华北景天可通过可溶性蛋白的渗透调节作用,降低细胞的渗透势,维持细胞膨压,从而保证干旱条件下细胞的正常生长与代谢.所以,可溶性蛋白是水分胁迫条件下华北景天叶片细胞内重要的渗透调节剂.     

几种果树水分生理指标的比较研究

以盆栽２年生苹果、杏、桃和葡萄为试材，研究了水分逆境对果树水分关系的形响及差异。从正常灌水（田间持水量８０％）所测定的萎蔫点相对合水量（ＲＷＣｐ）、萎蔫点水势（ψｗｐ）和总体原初渗透压（ψｚ０）判断， ４种果树抗旱性的顺序是：杏、桃＞苹果＞葡萄。干旱下测定的 ３种参量所反映的结果与上述一致。４种果树正常灌水处理弹性大小的顺序是：苹果＞杏＞葡萄＞桃，最大体积弹性模量（Ｅｖ０）分别是：３８．７、４４．９、５１．７、５５．６ＭＰａ。干旱条件下使苹果、杏弹性变差，葡萄、桃弹性增大。Ｅｖ０分别是：７１．７６、９０．６７、５４．０８和４０．４８ＭＰａ，说明ＣＫ弹性好坏不能反映对长期干旱的适应性。弹性系数与膨压（ψｐ）成显著直线正相关，说明弹性越好（Ｅｖ０越小），维持ψｐ能力越强，有利于气孔开张、维持光合。Ｅｖ０小者（苹果、杏）， Ｅｖ０随ＲＷＣ降低而缓慢降低，细胞伸缩范围大。 水分协迫下，苹果、各具有明显的渗透调节作用，苹果ψｗｐ和ψｚ０分别比ＣＫ下降０．５和０．４ＭＰａ，杏分别下降 ０． ６１和 ０． ５９ＭＰａ，葡萄只具有微弱的渗透调节能力，ψｗｐ和ψｚ０分别下降 ０． １６和 ０． １３ＭＰａ，桃无渗透调节能力。多一位处理使     

梨树在自然水分亏缺下的生理反应

１９９４～１９９６年对梨树在自然水分亏缺和水分充足条件下的主要水分生理参数、气孔相对开张度（ＲＳＯＤ）、蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）和光合速率（Ｐｎ）进行了比较研究。结果表明，梨树属于低水势耐旱类型，在自然水分亏缺下，其叶水势（ψｗ）显著降低，膨压（ψｐ）明显增高，而ＲＳＯＤ、Ｔｒ和Ｐｎ则无显著变化。梨树具有明显的渗透调节和一定的弹性调节作用，在中度水分亏缺下，其渗透调节能力△π１００或△π０分别为０．４４ＭＰａ和０．７７ＭＰａ，弹性调节能力△｜β｜和△εｍａｘ分别为２．７８和３．１９。另外，在自然水分亏缺下，梨树叶片还具有较强的保水能力，反映在基本无变化的膨压消失点的相对含水量（Ｒ０）、叶表面水分散失率（ＷＬ０）和明显高于ＣＫ的一定ψｗ下的相对含水量（Ｒ）值以及无灌溉园较高的εｍａｘ或｜β｜等方面。     

干旱胁迫下外源甜菜碱对苹果叶片光合及相关特性的影响

以2年生烟富3/M9T337苹果幼树为试材,用甜菜碱200mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施,研究干旱胁迫下喷施甜菜碱苹果幼树PSⅡ、渗透调节及抗氧化酶的响应。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,喷施甜菜碱促使苹果幼树叶片可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量升高,提高苹果幼树渗透调节能力;并提高SOD、CAT、APX抗氧化酶活性,减少MDA和H_2O_2积累,缓解了干旱胁迫对细胞结构的伤害;同时提高叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量,从而提高叶片光合能力。甜菜碱提高苹果幼树抗旱性的主要作用机制可能是其对渗透调节物质代谢的调节及对抗氧化酶等生物大分子物质结构的保护。     

水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除后苹果树源叶碳同化物代谢规律的研究

在苹果果实生长早期进行水分胁迫处理，研究水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除之后源叶中的不同种类碳同化物含量及相关酶活性的变化，结果表明，水分胁迫条件下源叶中总可溶性糖和还原糖积累，山梨醇含量升高；前两个干旱胁迫周期源叶中淀粉含量显著降低；水分胁迫对还原糖的影响主要是增加葡萄糖和果糖的含量，葡萄糖含量在中度胁迫时开始增加，严重胁迫时急剧升高，但果糖含量仅在轻度胁迫时显著高于对照，对蔗糖含量的影响较小。水分胁迫解除后，水分胁迫株叶片中除葡萄糖能保持一个显著高于对照的水平外，其余的糖和山梨醇均迅速地回落到正常灌溉的对照水平。同时，树体承受水分胁迫期间，源叶中的6－磷酸醛糖还原酶（A6PR）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）和淀粉酶等均有可能得到显著增加，并且水分胁迫解除后各种酶在短期内仍维持一个较高的活性。     

水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除后苹果树源叶碳同化物代谢规律的研究

在苹果果实生长早期进行水分胁迫处理，研究水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除之后源叶中的不同种类碳同化物含量及相关酶活性的变化，结果表明，水分胁迫条件下源叶中总可溶性糖和还原糖积累，山梨醇含量升高；前两个干旱胁迫周期源叶中淀粉含量显著降低；水分胁迫对还原糖的影响主要是增加葡萄糖和果糖的含量，葡萄糖含量在中度胁迫时开始增加，严重胁迫时急剧升高，但果糖含量仅在轻度胁迫时显著高于对照，对蔗糖含量的影响较小。水分胁迫解除后，水分胁迫株叶片中除葡萄糖能保持一个显著高于对照的水平外，其余的糖和山梨醇均迅速地回落到正常灌溉的对照水平。同时，树体承受水分胁迫期间，源叶中的6－磷酸醛糖还原酶（A6PR）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase)和淀粉酶等均有可能得到显著增加，并且水分胁迫解除后各种酶在短期内仍维持一个较高的活性。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对干旱胁迫下木棉幼苗地上部水分供应的影响

以接种和不接种丛枝菌根真菌木棉幼苗为试材,采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了不同干旱胁迫对不同处理下木棉幼苗的根茎叶水分特征及其生长和生理生化特征,以期探究干旱河谷中的木棉(Bombax ceiba L.)普遍存在与丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的共生系统是否是它对干旱环境适应的策略之一。结果表明:对照条件下接菌株根系干质量是未接菌株的2.2倍,重度干旱胁迫下,接菌株的根系干质量是未接菌株的2倍,接菌有助于植株根系的生长,增加根系对水分的吸收效率。接菌植株在中度干旱胁迫下避免了植株的"茎干缩",重度胁迫下减轻了"茎干缩",且接菌株茎含水率是未接菌株的1.95倍,接菌提高了植株茎干的吸水保水能力。在重度干旱胁迫下,接菌加速了植株调节体内游离氨基酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量,较未接菌株提前了约18d,且未接菌株MDA含量的最大值是接菌株的1.5倍;接菌株脯氨酸含量的最大值是未接菌株的1.4倍,接种显著增加了渗透物质含量并减少了细胞的伤害,提高了植物叶片的保水能力。可见,接种AMF可改善木棉幼苗干旱胁迫下根茎的水分供应和叶片水分维持能力,同时也增加渗透调节物质以降低水势,减少水分蒸散作用,启动调节系统提前清除细胞有害物质,减少对细胞膜的伤害,提高了木棉的抗旱性。     

葡萄对干旱的适应性

从形态学方面综述了葡萄各器官适应干旱的反应和特点;从生理学角度阐述了葡萄在干旱胁迫下气孔运动的两种适应性机制,膨压维持、渗透调节、组织弹性作用及激素的变化等.     

不同灌水量对寒富苹果叶片几种糖类物质含量影响

以盆栽寒富苹果为试材,研究了不同灌水量对植株叶片几种糖类物质含量的影响.结果表明:寒富苹果叶片中山梨醇含量最高,是最重要的渗透调节物质.水分胁迫条件下山梨醇含量及其所占可溶性糖的比例均明显增加,而蔗糖含量及其所占可溶性糖比例下降,是寒富苹果叶片适应干旱环境的正常表现.每3 d灌1.5 L水可满足盆栽2 a生寒富苹果生长发育,较饱和灌水可节省1/4用水量.     

Response to drought and salt stress of lemon ‘Fino 49’ under field conditions: Water relations,osmotic adjustment and gas exchange

Drought and salinity are two of the most important factors limiting the lemon yield in south-eastern Spain. The effects of drought and salt stress, applied independently, on water relations, osmotic adjustment and gas exchange in the highest evapotranspiration period were studied to compare the tolerance and adaptive mechanisms of 13-year-old ‘Fino 49’ lemon trees, in immature and mature leaves. The study was carried out in an experimental orchard located in Torre Pacheco (Murcia). Three treatments were applied: Control, well-irrigated; drought-stress (DS), non-irrigated from 15th May to 7th July and salinity, irrigated with 30 mM NaCl from 1st March to 7th July. At the end of the experiment, only DS trees showed a decreased leaf stem water potential (Ψ_md). Under DS conditions, both types of leaf lost turgor and did not show any osmotic or elastic mechanism to maintain leaf turgor. Osmotic adjustment was the main tolerance mechanism for maintenance of turgor under salt stress, and was achieved by the uptake of Cl⁻ ions. Gas-exchange parameters were reduced by DS but not by salinity, stomatal closure being the main adaptive mechanism for avoidance of water loss and maintenance of leaf turgor. Salinity gave rise to greater Cl⁻ accumulation in mature than in immature leaves. The increase of proline in immature leaves due to DS indicates greater damage than in mature leaves.     

失水胁迫下辣椒幼苗离体叶片光合作用对弱光的响应

 以弱光耐受性不同的4个辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）自交系为试材,在人工气候室的受控环境中研究叶片短期离体失水胁迫条件下光合作用对弱光（75～100 μmol·m-2·s-1）的响应。结果表明,对于正常光照或弱光环境下的辣椒幼苗,在轻度和中度水分胁迫下,气孔限制因素是引起叶片光合速率下降的主要因素,而严重的水分胁迫使光合速率大幅度下降则是受非气孔因素的限制。在轻度和中度水分胁迫时,辣椒叶片光合作用对弱光的响应较迟缓,即弱光下光合速率随叶片相对含水量（RLWC）减小而下降的趋势相对缓慢,光合速率对水分的变化不敏感。失水胁迫下辣椒（果实味辣）对弱光的适应性强于甜椒（果实味甜）。弱光环境下生长的辣椒叶片水势较高,水合补偿点有减小的趋势。     

Effects of water and salt stresses on growth,water relations and gas exchange in Rosmarinus officinalis

Summary

Plants of Rosmarinus officinalis were submitted to water and salt stress, independently. The effects of water or salt stress on growth, water relations and gas exchange were investigated in order to understand the tolerance and adaptative mechanisms of R. officinalis to these types of stress. Under both stress conditions, plants developed avoidance mechanisms to minimise water loss based on morphological and physiological changes (e.g., reduction of plant biomass and leaf area, stomatal closure). Only under salt stress conditions were treated plants able to maintain turgor via osmotic adjustment, which was achieved by the uptake of Na⁺ and Cl^– ions. Osmotic adjustment was not observed in R. officinalis plants submitted to water stress. The results indicate that high accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^– ions was responsible for the growth reduction observed in salinised plants. However, the growth reduction observed in water-stressed plants was caused by a dehydration process.     

Comparison of growth,leaf water relations and gas exchange of Cistus albidus and C. monspeliensis plants irrigated with water of different NaCl salinity levels

Four-month-old potted Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis plants growing in a greenhouse were submitted to saline stress from 9 August to 2 December, using irrigation water containing 0, 70, and 140 mM NaCl. C. monspeliensis plants are more tolerant to saline irrigation water than C. albidus plants, mainly due to their capacity to resist stress with a lower plant biomass and canopy area; furthermore, they showed no leaf necrosis symptoms. Under saline stress conditions the main growth limiting factor in both species was photosynthesis. Both Cistus species responded to saline stress by developing avoidance and tolerance mechanisms. The avoidance mechanisms took place at a morphological and physiological level. Morphologically, the reduction in the canopy area can be considered a mechanisms for regulating water loss via transpiration. Treated C. monspeliensis plants showed a greater capacity to absorb water and were able to conserve it more efficiently than C. albidus plants. Tolerance mechanisms included Na⁺ and Cl⁻ inclusion and osmotic adjustment. However, the reaction of each species to osmotic adjustment was different, because in C. monspeliensis plants the osmotic adjustment was unable to prevent a decrease in leaf turgor. The curvilinear relationship between P_n and g_l observed in C. monspeliensis plants indicated stomatal limitation of photosynthesis below a leaf conductance of about 160 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹. In C. albidus plants, a linear relationship between photosynthesis and leaf conductance rather a curvilinear model was significant, indicating limitation of the photosynthetic capacity.     

Influence of water deficit and low air humidity in the nursery on survival of Rhamnus alaternus seedlings following planting

Summary

The effect of irrigation and air humidity on the water relations and root and shoot growth of Rhamnus alaternus L. during the nursery phase was considered to evaluate the resulting degree of hardening obtained by these treatments. R. alaternus seedlings were pot-grown in two greenhouses of equal characteristics. In one of these greenhouses air humidity was controlled using a dehumidifying system, while in the other one the environmental conditions were not artificially modified. In each greenhouse, two irrigation treatments were used. Thus, four different treatments were applied during the nursery phase (January-May): 1) control air humidity + control irrigation; 2) control air humidity + deficit irrigation; 3) low air humidity + control irrigation; 4) low air humidity + deficit irrigation. In May, plants of all treatments were transplanted and grown in good environmental and irrigation conditions for one month (17 May–20 June), after which they received no irrigation until the end of the experiment (14 July). Low air humidity and water deficit reduced all shoot growth parameters during the nursery phase, however the root growth was not significantly affected by air humidity and even increased under the water deficit. The reduction in leaf water potential under water stress was induced by tissue dehydration since leaf turgor potential also decreased and non-osmotic adjustment was observed. The drought effects on water relations were similar in both low and high air humidity. The leaf stomatal conductance was also reduced by both types of stress, leading to a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis at the end of the nursery phase. Both water deficit and low air humidity showed their value as nursery acclimation processes, improving the survival of seedlings following transplanting and non-irrigation conditions (establishment phase). The stomatal regulation and a shift in the allocation of assimilates from shoot to root were the acclimation mechanisms showed by R. alaternus under both types of stress. The accumulated effects in low air humidity and water deficit plants could explain the highest percentage of survival at the end of the establishment period (97%) for the combined treatment.     

重水分胁迫下苹果树茎、叶水势的变化

对田间生长的3年生苹果树(红富士/M26/八棱海棠)在土壤干旱和湿润条件下的茎及叶片水势、气孔导度和净光合的日变化进行了测定。茎水势的测定采用外围新梢的直接取样测定法,以便同剪口处叶片的水势进行比较。测定结果表明,干旱土壤条件下的叶片水势稍低于土壤湿润的树,一般仅相差0.3MPa。而二个处理之间午间茎水势的差别则高达1～1.2MPa,表现出该指标对土壤干旱十分敏感。干旱条件下叶片气孔导度和净光合与土壤湿润的树也有明显差异。研究还发现,在水分严重亏缺条件下存在茎水势低于叶水势及一定压力下枝条木质部漏气现象。对这些现象的发生条件和可能原因进行了讨论。     

Effect of alleviating products with different mode of action on physiology and yield of olive under drought

Two years old self-rooted Koroneiki olive trees (Olea europaea L.) were subjected to two irrigation regimes, i.e. the fully irrigated and the severely water stressed trees, while they were treated with three alleviating products of different mode of action. The products used were the osmolyte glycine betaine, the antioxidant Ambiol and the heat and irradiance reflecting kaolin clay particles. The effects of product application and water regime on leaf characteristics, shoot and root growth, photosynthesis, leaf compatible solids (carbohydrates) concentration and yield were evaluated. All products applied, exhibited significant alleviating action, based on the relative alleviation index. Irrigated trees exhibited greater growth than drought stressed ones, while the ameliorating products maintained the water content of the leaves under drought conditions and resulted in lower leaf tissue density. On the other hand carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and intrinsic water use efficiency were significantly reduced under drought stress, while the opposite stood for intercellular CO₂. Drought stress resulted in elevated sucrose leaf concentration, while the application of Ambiol increased stachyose concentration and that of glycine betaine did the same with the mannitol concentration. Among the alleviating products tested in this experiment Ambiol and glycine betaine had a significant positive effect on leaf water content, photosynthesis and yield under both drought and well irrigated conditions.     

水分状况与大白菜光合作用关系的研究

水分状况与大白菜光合作用关系密切,正常水分条件下叶片的光合速率远大于水分胁迫条件下的,其差异随光强和CO_2浓度的增加而增加。水分胁迫使大白菜光合作用的光饱和点和CO_2的饱和点降低,补偿点升高。轻度的水分胁迫对光合作用的影响表现为气孔限制,而严重的水分胁迫则表现为非气孔限制,这是因其叶肉细胞光合活性下降所致。大白菜光合速率随叶片相对含水量(RLWC)的减少而下降,当RLWC低于86％时,光合速率出现大幅度下降。短期内空气相对湿度变化对光合速率影响不大。     

不同形态氮素对盐胁迫下番茄细胞超微结构与光合作用的影响

研究了在150 mmol ? L-1 NaCl胁迫下含铵态氮、硝态氮和硝酸铵（氮素浓度均为3 mmol ? L-1）的营养液培养的番茄幼苗生长、细胞超微结构、根系活力和光合作用参数的变化。结果表明：NaCl胁迫下,硝态氮处理叶片细胞出现伤害现象,而硝酸铵处理未见明显变化。铵态氮处理细胞超微结构明显发生破坏性变化,盐胁迫下,其伤害加剧。NaCl处理下,不同氮素形态处理下的植株生物量和根系活力均显著下降,其中硝酸铵处理的植株生物量和根系活力维持最高。NaCl胁迫下3种氮素形态处理的植株净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均显著下降,其中硝酸铵处理的Pn和Tr要明显高于其他氮素处理。NaCl胁迫下,硝态氮处理和硝酸铵处理的水分利用效率（WUE）和气孔限制值（Ls）均明显上升,而铵态氮处理显著降低。综上,盐胁迫下,硝酸铵处理下番茄幼苗可维持较好的细胞超微结构、根系活力和较高的光合作用,维持较高的生物量,从而维持较高的耐盐性。     

苹果幼苗部分根系水分胁迫对光合作用主要参数的影响

以1年生苹果组培苗为试材,用改良的Hoagland营养液加20%PEG-6000进行半根渗透胁迫(HS)处理,与仅加营养液的正常水分条件的对照(CK)和加20%PEG-6000进行全根胁迫处理(TS)进行比较,研究了根系不均匀供水条件下植株的叶片水势和光合作用主要参数的反应特点。结果表明,HS与CK之间叶片的日出前水势不存在显著差异,且显著高于TS,但日水势变化动态在大部分情况下HS显著低于CK;和CK相比较,HS处理的叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合效率显著降低,但在处理的早期显著高于TS。HS还导致叶片温度较对照显著增高。另外,试验体系中HS处理部分根系处于水分胁迫状态,而另外的根系处于良好的水分供应条件下,可用于模拟定位灌溉和分根区交替灌溉根系不均匀供水条件,对于开展相关果树生理反应及生长发育调控机制的研究提供了良好的试验体系。