苹果枝枯病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性

<正>苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)是世界上栽培最为广泛的水果之一,由于其生态适应性强、营养价值高、耐贮性好及供应周期长,相当多的国家都将其列为主要消费果品[1],而我国是世界上苹果种植面积最大、产量最高的国家[2]。我国苹果枝干病害以苹果轮纹病和腐烂病为主,近年来随着气候环境的改变,一些新的病害也逐渐产生。2017年7月对烟台市几个苹果果园调查时,发现一种新病害。该病害主要危害苹果枝条,产生褐色坏死病斑,严重时导致枝条枯死,发     

核桃枝枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

In May 2018,a new shoot dieback disease was found in several walnut orchards in Rizhao,Shandong Province.The fungal pathogen was obtained on PDA plate from diseased walnut shoots using a tissue isolation method.The purified fungal isolates formed white to grey colonies on PDA plate and three single spore isolates SDWa1-SDWa3 were obtained.Based on morphological characteristics and analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS),calmodulin (CAL),translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and β-tubulin (TUB) sequences,the fungal isolates were identified as Diaporthe nobilis,a new pathogen on walnut.The test of Koch's rule confirmed that D.nobilis was the pathogen of walnut shoot dieback.To determine optimal growing conditions for the pathogen,its biological characteristics test was conducted.The results showed that the optimal growth temperature and pH value were at 25℃ and pH 5-9,respectively.The optimum carbon source was glucose,and favourable nitrogen source was peptone.     

核桃枝枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

In May 2018,a new shoot dieback disease was found in several walnut orchards in Rizhao,Shandong Province.The fungal pathogen was obtained on PDA plate from diseased walnut shoots using a tissue isolation method.The purified fungal isolates formed white to grey colonies on PDA plate and three single spore isolates SDWa1-SDWa3 were obtained.Based on morphological characteristics and analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS),calmodulin (CAL),translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and β-tubulin (TUB) sequences,the fungal isolates were identified as Diaporthe nobilis,a new pathogen on walnut.The test of Koch's rule confirmed that D.nobilis was the pathogen of walnut shoot dieback.To determine optimal growing conditions for the pathogen,its biological characteristics test was conducted.The results showed that the optimal growth temperature and pH value were at 25℃ and pH 5-9,respectively.The optimum carbon source was glucose,and favourable nitrogen source was peptone.     

主要环境及营养因素对西瓜枯萎病菌生长的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法和产孢量测定研究了不同温度、光照、pH及碳氮源对来源于海南、河北和上海的3株西瓜枯萎病菌Fo-HN-46、Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1生长速率和产孢量的影响。结果表明:西瓜枯萎病菌菌株的适宜生长温度为20~30℃,Fo-HN-46最适生长温度为28℃,Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1最适生长温度为25℃,产孢的最适温度为28~30℃;光照对西瓜枯萎病菌生长速率无显著影响,对产孢影响显著,Fo-HN-46在黑暗条件下单位面积产孢量最高,Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1在半光照条件下产孢量最高;pH对西瓜枯萎病菌菌株的生长速率和产孢量有显著影响,pH 7~9时菌丝生长速率快,pH 8~11时产孢量高;葡萄糖、淀粉和乳糖作为碳源能够显著增加西瓜枯萎病菌的产孢量;蛋白胨作为氮源能显著促进菌丝生长,硝酸钠、酵母粉和蛋白胨均能显著增加西瓜枯萎病菌的产孢量。用最适碳源、氮源培养,Fo-HN-46生长速率大于Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1。Fo-SH-1产孢量高于Fo-HN-46和Fo-HB-12。     

燕麦叶斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确内蒙古、河北地区燕麦叶斑病病原菌种类及其生物学特性,采用组织分离法对病原菌进行分离,通过形态学特征及18SrDNA序列分析进行分类鉴定,以离体和活体叶片接种进行致病性测定,并采用十字交叉法对病原菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,共分离到3株菌株R1、H44和B8,根据形态学特征和18SrDNA序列分析将3株菌株均鉴定为燕麦内脐蠕孢菌Drechslera avenacea(M.A.Curtis ex Cooke)Shoemaker,有性态为燕麦核腔菌Pyrenophora avenae S.Ito et Kurib.。3株菌株均为致病菌,在离体和活体叶片上均能产生腐烂坏死病斑。3株菌株的菌丝在5~30℃、pH 5~11范围内均可生长,其中菌株R1和H44的最适生长温度为25℃、最适生长pH为8,菌株B8的最适生长温度为20~25℃、最适生长pH为7~8。3株菌株对碳源的利用效果中均以淀粉最好,对乳糖利用效果最差;菌株R1的最适氮源是硝酸铵,对蛋白胨和尿素利用效果最差;菌株H44和B8的最适氮源是蛋白胨,菌株H44对硫酸铵利用效果较差,3株菌株都不能利用碳酸铵,且菌株B8也不能利用尿素。     

羊肚菌菌盖干腐病病原菌鉴定及培养特性研究

菌盖干腐病是羊肚菌Morchella spp.出菇后发生最严重的病害之一,常给羊肚菌生产造成较大损失.为明确引起贵州六盘水地区羊肚菌菌盖干腐病致病菌种类,采用单孢分离法从六盘水地区3个羊肚菌栽培点的菌盖干腐病样品上分离到9个菌株.基于形态学及ITS和LSU基因序列分析将9个菌株鉴定为长孢卵单隔孢霉Diplo(o)spo...     

交枝顶孢霉杀柑橘全爪螨活性及其生物学特性研究

为了明确交枝顶孢霉Acremonium implicatum CQBBW8的杀螨活性及其生物学特性,采用触杀毒力法检测CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨的致死率,通过单因素试验测试不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH及紫外线对CQBBW8菌株生长、产孢及其分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)的校正致死率为54.42%,LC_(50)为1.2×10~6个/mL,LT_(50)值为5.175 9d。最佳生长和产孢培养基分别为PDA和SEA;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源为甘露醇和蛋白胨,产孢最适碳源和氮源为可溶性淀粉和氯化铵;最适生长温度为25℃,最适产孢和分生孢子萌发温度为30℃;最适生长和产孢pH为6.0,最适萌发pH为7.0;紫外线对菌丝生长影响不明显,对产孢影响较大,紫外线照射时间越长,孢子萌发率越高。综上,CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨有较强的毒力,对营养需求不高,环境适应性较强,具有开发为杀螨真菌制剂的潜力。     

陕西苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.)不同分离株的生物学特性与致病性研究

 本研究从陕西分离得到61株苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.),选取在PDA培养基上菌落特征差异明显的7个分离株,对其生物学特性及致病性进行研究。结果表明:各分离株在PDA、PSA、PMA和PEMA培养基上菌落生长较好,但在PDA上的菌落颜色和产孢情况差异很大。各分离株均能在5~32℃生长,但对35℃以上高温的适应性差异较大;所有分离株均能在pH4~9的条件下生长,最适pH为5~6;光照对各分离株的菌落生长有明显的促进作用。各分离株均可在Cza-pek培养基及供试的其它碳、氮源培养基上生长,其中以葡萄糖、麦芽糖和酵母膏为最佳碳、氮源。采用烫伤接种的方法,分别以菌饼和分生孢子悬浮液接种苹果离体枝条,两者均可侵染发病,但各分离株致病力差异显著,其中菌落颜色为黄褐色的菌株致病性强。因此,根据菌落颜色、致病性和生物学特性可将这7个分离株划分为3个类群:Ⅰ型为黄褐色强致病类群,但各分离株的产孢量有差异;Ⅱ型为乳白色不产孢的弱致病类群;Ⅲ型为灰褐色易产孢弱致病类群。其余54株分离物均属于Ⅰ型,这些结果说明陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌具有多样性和致病性分化现象。     

香石竹枯萎病菌的生物学特性研究

对尖孢镰刀菌石竹专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi)的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,菌落在所供试的培养基上均能够生长,能有效地利用各种碳氮源,以蛋白胨为氮源和可溶性淀粉为最适合碳源。菌落在4～35℃范围均能生长,最适合温度为25℃。在pH 2～9的范围内都能生长,最适合pH 6。全光照条件下生长得最好,全黑暗的条件下生长得最慢。孢子的致死温度为65℃,10 min。生物学特性显示,该菌是一类对营养需求不高,对环境适应力强的病原菌。     

龙船花赤枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性测定

采用离体接种法对龙船花叶部病害的一种真菌进行了鉴定和生物学特性测定。结果表明,致病性测定与田间症状相似。通过对病原菌形态学、rDNA-ITS和β-微管蛋白序列的综合分析,确定该病原菌为龙船花拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis ixorae)。生物学特性测定表明,菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发最适温度为25℃,最适pH分别为6和7;光照更有利于菌丝生长;碳源以可溶性淀粉和D-甘露糖、氮源以硝酸钠最利于菌丝生长;分生孢子在液态水中萌发率最高,为85.3%;菌丝致死温度为50℃10 min,分生孢子致死温度为50℃20 min或55℃5 min。