铝中毒对雏鸡大脑和小脑金属元素含量的影响

采用连续腹腔注射固定体积不同浓度梯度三氯化铝法建立不同程度的雏鸡铝中毒动物模型,利用火焰原子吸收法检测雏鸡大脑、小脑组织中金属元素铝、钙、铁、铜、锌和锰的含量.结果表明,染铝组雏鸡脑组织中铝含量高于对照组,铜、锌、锰、钙、铁含量低于对照组,组间差异显著(P<0.05,P<0.01),且存在剂量一效应关系.提示铝中毒致雏鸡大脑和小脑金属元素代谢紊乱.     

不同鸡种微量无素铁、锰、铜、锌含量比较

本试验对白耳鸡、泰和鸡、黄羽肉鸡康达尔128cs、石歧杂鸡、蛋用鸡罗曼褐cs五个鸡种胸肌肉中的微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌的含量进行比较。结果表明:在性成熟前,随着周龄增长,白耳鸡四种微量元素含量有减少趋势,而其它四个鸡种呈增加的趋势,白耳鸡微量元素含量的这种特殊性很可能与性成熟早有关。四种微量元素的含量在不同鸡种均呈铁>锌>铜>锰的规律。     

22～42日龄肉鸡铜、铁、锌、锰不同用量组合的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能和粪中铜、铁、锌、锰排泄量的影响,进而对微量元素的平衡模式进行探讨。选取940只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡,1~21日龄统一饲喂铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为16.96、166.66、46.01、60.26 mg/kg的玉米-豆粕型饲粮。试验选用22日龄、体况良好、体重接近的AA肉公鸡900只,随机分为15组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为8、125、40、60 mg/kg,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中按照均匀设计原则添加2~8 mg/kg铜、10~35 mg/kg铁、10~40 mg/kg锌、15~60 mg/kg锰组成的14种试验饲粮。测定肉鸡试验期生长性能,并于38~42日龄时采集粪样测定铜、铁、锌、锰含量。结果表明:1)饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时,对22~42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。2)由最优解分析得出,粪中铜排泄量最低为23.11 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.15、116.28、82.82、60.95 mg/kg;铁排泄量最低为438.34 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为14.78、116.81、38.15、63.72 mg/kg;锌排泄量最低为102.60 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.69、127.40、40.70、133.26 mg/kg;锰排泄量最低为159.37 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为11.07、136.97、46.13、59.05 mg/kg;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最低为218.94 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg。综上所述,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时对22~42日龄肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰任一元素的排泄量均受饲粮中其他微量元素添加量的影响,且针对不同元素最低排泄量存在不同的最佳组合;饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰的含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg时,能够满足肉鸡微量元素需要量,同时粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最小。     

变异黄芪中毒大鼠组织中微量元素含量变化

为明确疯草类有毒植物变异黄芪中毒对动物组织中微量元素含量的影响,选用60只雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组(含10%变异黄芪日粮组)和试验Ⅱ组(含30%变异黄芪日粮组),待试验组出现典型疯草中毒症状后采集各组器官,应用原子分光光度计测定其铜、铁、锰、锌含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组大鼠心、肝、脾、肾、大脑和子宫中铜、铁含量显著降低(P<0.05),而肺中铜、铁含量显著升高(P<0.05),且均呈剂量依赖性;与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组大鼠肺、肾、大脑和子宫中锰以及脾、大脑和子宫中锌含量显著降低(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组大鼠各器官锰和锌含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,变异黄芪中毒能引起大鼠组织中铜、铁、锰和锌含量不同程度的变化,推测微量元素变化可能参与其引起动物中毒的病理学过程。     

家兔全价配合饲料中微量元素铁、铜、锌、锰含量的调查分析

试验对市场上流通的家兔商品全价配合饲料进行采样,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定微量元素铁、铜、锌、锰含量,按幼龄兔、生长兔和母(种)兔等不同生理阶段以及肉用兔、獭兔和长毛兔等不同经济用途进行分类统计,探讨不同生理阶段和不同经济用途家兔全价配合饲料中微量元素铁、铜、锌、锰含量,为我国饲料企业生产家兔全价配合饲料时微量元素的添加提供参考。结果表明:微量元素铁、铜、锌、锰在家兔商品全价配合饲料中平均含量分别为689、38、94、107 mg/kg,明显高于美国NRC(1977),法国INRA(1989)和法国AEC(1993)以及国内相关研究报道。试验表明,不同生理阶段家兔和不同经济用途家兔微量元素铁、铜、锌和锰存在一定差异性,幼龄兔和母(种)兔高于生长育肥兔,獭兔和长毛兔高于肉用兔。     

卡拉库尔羊妊娠母羊铜、锌、铁、锰的含量测定

为了探索微量元素对妊娠母羊营养状况的影响,选取体重相近、年龄和胎次相同的卡拉库尔羊妊娠母羊和空怀母羊各6只,清晨采取颈静脉血样和臀部毛样,利用原子吸收光谱法对铜、锌、铁、锰4种微量元素含量进行了测定(国标法)。结果表明:血清中,铜的含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05);全血中,铁、铜、锰含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05);羊毛中,铜、锰含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

小黑麦植株铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素反应的品种差异及其类型

采用盆栽试验,以31份具有不同遗传背景的小黑麦品种为材料,设置低氮和正常供氮2个氮素水平,探讨小黑麦最佳刈割时期——抽穗期时植株体内铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素反应的品种差异及其类型。结果表明,1)不同供氮条件下,小黑麦植株中铁、锰、铜、锌含量以正常供氮条件显著高于低氮条件;相同供氮条件下小黑麦植株中的铁、锰、铜、锌含量存在显著的品种差异,变异系数为14.16%～32.75%;同时各微量元素的含量受供氮水平和氮素水平与品种的互作效应的影响。2)铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素反应的敏感性存在差异,以各小黑麦品种的微量元素含量对氮素响应的敏感程度,可将其分为钝感型、中间型和敏感型3种类型。3)相关分析表明,铁含量与地上部生物量相关性不显著,锰、铜、锌含量与植株地上部生物量呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.36,0.43和0.44)。因此,可通过品种与环境的双重调节,实现高产、富含矿质元素的小黑麦饲草种植。     

日粮铁补充量对异育银鲫器官组织中铜、锌、锰含量的影响及其相关性的研究

试验通过在异育银鲫日粮中添加FeSO4·7H2O,补充量分别按照100、200、300、400、500mg/kg5个浓度梯度设计,而Cu、Mn、Zn在各试验组中分别按照3.5、30、120mg/kg添加,经过54d养殖试验,试验结果显示:①铜的主要贮存器官是肝胰脏、心脏和肾脏,分别占器官中铜总量的14.96%、14.44%、12.15%;锰在脊椎骨(11.91%)、脾脏(11.50%)、肾脏(11.12%)含量较高;锌在肠道中含量最高,平均值达到(1120.00±19.45)mg/kg,占22.28%。②日粮铁补充量与头骨中铜呈显著的正相关(R=0.88,P<0.05),与肝胰脏铜呈显著的负相关(R=-0.88,P<0.05);日粮铁补充量与鳃盖骨中锰含量呈显著正相关(R=0.91,P<0.05);日粮铁和脾脏中锌含量呈显著正相关性(R=0.93,P<0.05)。     

小麦麸水平对鸡的锌、铁、锰、铜真利用率影响

在玉米碴、玉米淀粉及大豆提纯蛋白为主的半纯合饲粮中,分别含有0(对照)、8、16、24、32及40%小麦麸,另外,分别添加硫酸锌和硫酸锰,使饲粮锌和锰含量保持一致。采用氨基酸利用率测定方法测定鸡的锌、铁、锰、铜的真利用率。结果表明,小麦麸明显影响鸡对锌、铁、锰及铜的利用。8%小麦麸足以使排泄物中铜含量增加45.5%,(P<0.05),40%小麦麸使排泄物中铜含量增加118.2%。小麦麸含量为24～40%时,排泄物中锌、铁及锰含量分别增加57.8～72.2%(P<0.05)、171.4～266.9%(P<0.05)和24.0～47.1%(P<0.05)。8～40%小麦麸导致铜真利用率降低16.0～23.6%(P<0.05),降低的程度与小麦麸水平无关。小麦麸含量为24～40%,锌和铁的真利用率显著下降,二者均为负值,由于标准误较大,统计差异不显著,锰的真利用率降低92.9～106.4%(P<0.05),所以当小麦麸含量超过24%时,应注意矿物元素给量。     

母鸡饲粮锌与钙水平对初生雏鸡体内和残壳中矿物元素含量的影响

试验研究了母鸡饲粮不同水平的锌(添加量为0、40和1000ppm)和钙(含量为3.12和4.70％)对初生雏鸡体内和残壳中9种矿物元素(钙、磷、钾、钠、镁、锌、锰、铜和铁)含量的影响。结果表明,母鸡饲粮高锌使初生雏鸡体内锌含量显著提高;当饲粮高钙高锌时,初生雏体内锰含量显著降低;当饲粮低钙高锌时,残壳中锰含量显著升高。母鸡饲粮高钙使初生雏鸡残壳锌和锰含量显著降低,使残壳钙和铜含量显著提高。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.