一株鸭源H8N4亚型禽流感病毒分离株的全基因组序列分析及致病性的研究

本研究对2012年从湖南活禽市场中分离到的一株鸭源H8N4亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)A/duck/HuN/S3160/2012(H8N4)进行全基因组序列和进化分析,并对其进行SPF鸡、SPF鸭和BALB/c小鼠的致病性试验.序列分析显示:HA裂解位点序列为339pSIEPK ↓ GLF347,为典型的低致病性AIV特征.内部基因来源较复杂,HuN/160/12的PB1、NS基因分别与A/spot-billed duck/Xianghai/427/2011 (H5N2)和A/wild bird/Korea/A81/2009(H5N2)的同源性最高,其余内部基因同源性最高的病毒株来自H2、H3、H4、H7、H10等亚型分离株,呈现明显的异源性.感染性试验结果显示,病毒在SPF鸭体内可以通过呼吸道和消化道向外排毒,并且能够在气管、肾脏、盲肠扁桃体及法氏囊检测到病毒,而不能在鸡体内有效复制及排毒.对小鼠的感染性试验结果显示,仅在鼻甲和肺检测到病毒存在,其他脏器病毒滴定结果为阴性,体重呈一过性下降,表明该病毒为低致病性AIV.     

Interspecies transmission of equine influenza virus (H3N8) to dogs by close contact with experimentally infected horses

In horse populations, influenza A virus subtype H3N8 (equine influenza virus, EIV) is a very important pathogen that leads to acute respiratory disease. Recently, EIV has emerged in dogs, and has become widespread among the canine population in the United States. The interspecies transmission route had thus far remained unclear. Here, we tested whether the interspecies transmission of EIV to dogs could occur as a result of close contact with experimentally EIV-infected horses. Three pairs consisting of an EIV-infected horse and a healthy dog were kept together in individual stalls for 15 consecutive days. A subsequent hemagglutination inhibition test revealed that all three dogs exhibited seroconversion. Moreover, two of the three dogs exhibited virus shedding. However, the dogs exhibited no clinical signs throughout the course of the study. These data suggest that the interspecies transmission of EIV to dogs could occur as a result of close contact with EIV-infected horses without clinical symptoms. Although the interspecies transmission of EIV is unlikely to become an immediate threat to canine hygiene, close contact between EIV-infected horses and dogs should be avoided during an EI epidemic.     

H3N8亚型马流感病毒RT-LAMP检测方法的建立

为了建立检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒的RT-LAMP方法,根据H3N8亚型马流感病毒HA基因序列,设计了2对LAMP引物,经过优化反应条件,建立了RT-LAMP检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒方法。结果表明,RT-LAMP方法能够在63℃恒温条件下、75min内实现目的基因片段的大量特异性扩增,通过荧光显色就可直接用肉眼判断结果。对H7N7亚型马流感病毒、马动脉炎病毒、马鼻肺炎病毒的核酸无交叉反应,具有较好的特异性;方法的灵敏度比常规RT-PCR的高10倍;该方法操作简便快速、省时省力,而且灵敏度高、特异性强,对H3N8亚型马流感病毒的检测具有实际的应用价值。     

2007年华北地区H3N8亚型马流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2007年10月,华北地区某赛马场的马同时发生了以发烧、流水样鼻汁或脓性分泌物、咳嗽等临床症状为主的疾病,疑似马流行性感冒。采集患病赛马的鼻腔分泌物,发病期和发病后14d血清,经鸡胚接种法分离病毒,并用鸡红细胞血凝抑制试验(HI)、神经氨酸酶抑制试验(NI)、病毒回归试验、血清学检测和基因序列分析对分离的病毒进行了系统鉴定。结果表明分离的毒株(A/equine/Huabei/1/2007(H3N8)为马源H3N8亚型马流感病毒,基因型属于美洲分支。我们通过动物回归感染试验建立起分离毒株的实验感染模型。     

湖北株H3N8亚型马流感病毒HA基因的序列测定及其HA蛋白遗传特性分析

2008年从湖北省分离到1株H3N8亚型马流感病毒A/equine/Hubei/6/08。以2002年美国KENTUKY株为模板设计HA基因测序引物,进行RT-PCR,然后测定该分离株的HA基因核苷酸序列。经NCBI上Blast同源性比较发现,与A/equine/Newmarket/5/2003(H3N8)同源性较高为98.7%。HA蛋白遗传进化分析表明该毒株隶属于H3N8亚型马流感病毒中的美洲系福罗里达亚系。该株与OIE现在推荐的疫苗候选株A/equine/Kentuck-y/5/2002(H3N8)HA1蛋白氨基酸序列比对发现有3处氨基酸替换位点;与OIE以往推荐的疫苗候选株A/e-quine/Kentucky/1/1994(H3N8)比对发现有11处氨基酸替换位点。研究结果表明该分离株可作为中国研制马流感疫苗的候选株。     

4株H3N2亚型猪源流感病毒HA基因的序列测定与特性分析

从广东省不同猪场分离到4株H3N2亚型猪源流感病毒A/Swine/Guangdong/01/2004、A/Swine/Guang-dong/02/2004、A/Swine/Guangdong/03/2004、A/Swine/Guangdong/04/2004.根据GenBank公布的H3N2亚型猪源流感病毒的HA基因序列,设计1对引物,运用RT-PCR方法扩增四株病毒的HA基因,并进行测序和分析.同源性分析和遗传进化分析表明本实验的4株H3N2亚型SIV HA基因核苷酸序列同源性为99.8%～99.9%,在遗传进化树中均位于同一分支上.与参考毒株的比较分析表明,4个毒株与WHO推荐的2001-2004年北半球H3N2亚型流感疫苗株A/Moscow/10/99 HA基因的核苷酸序列同源性最高为99.4%～99.5%,4个毒株与A/Moscow/10/99 HA基因在遗传进化树中位于同一个小分支上.氨基酸序列比较发现,4个毒株HA基因裂解位点处的氨基酸序列均为PEKQTR↓G,4个毒株推导的氨基酸序列中均有11个糖基化位点,4个毒株HA蛋白226位受体结合位点(RBS)处氨基酸均为异亮氨酸(Ⅰ).4个毒株HA基因的氨基酸序列、受体结合位点以及糖基化位点均与A/Moscow/10/99相应的氨基酸序列一致.本试验的4株H3N2亚型猪源流感病毒的HA基因属于以A/Moscow/10/99为代表的近代类人H3N2亚型流感病毒,在一定程度上揭示了广东省H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA基因进化与流行情况.     

Serological and virological surveillance of swine H1N1 and H3N2 influenza virus infection in two farms located in Hubei province, central China

Swine influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 have been reported in the swine population worldwide. From June 2008 to June 2009, we carried out serological and virological surveillance of swine influenza in the Hubei province in central China. The serological results indicated that antibodies to H1N1 swine influenza virus in the swine population were high with a 42.5% (204/480) positive rate, whereas antibodies to H3N2 swine influenza virus were low with a 7.9% (38/480) positive rate. Virological surveillance showed that only one sample from weanling pigs was positive by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that the A/Sw/HB/S1/2009 isolate was closely related to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses. In conclusion, H1N1 influenza viruses were more dominant in the pig population than H3N2 influenza viruses in central China, and infection with avian-like H1N1 viruses persistently emerged in the swine population in the area.     

Isolation of avian influenza virus (H9N2) from emu in China

This is the first reported isolation of avian influenza virus (AIV) from emu in China. An outbreak of AIV infection occurred at an emu farm that housed 40 four-month-old birds. Various degrees of haemorrhage were discovered in the tissues of affected emus. Cell degeneration and necrosis were observed microscopically. Electron microscopy revealed round or oval virions with a diameter of 80 nm to 120 nm, surrounded by an envelope with spikes. The virus was classified as low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV), according to OIE standards. It was named A/Emu/HeNen/14/2004(H9N2)(Emu/HN/2004). The HA gene (1683bp) was amplified by RT-PCR and it was compared with other animal H9N2 AIV sequences in GenBank, the US National Institutes of Health genetic sequence database. The results suggested that Emu/HN/2004 may have come from an avian influenza virus (H9N2) from Southern China.     

H10亚型和N8亚型禽流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中H10亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因、N8亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因序列,分别设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,建立了H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法。该法对含有H10和N8亚型AIV的模板可特异性扩增出267 bp(H10亚型AIV)、464 bp(N8亚型AIV)和693 bp(AIV)目的条带,对H10亚型AIV扩增出267、693 bp目的条带,对N8亚型AIV扩增出464、693 bp目的条带,对其他亚型AIV仅扩增出693 bp目的条带,对常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。该法对H10亚型和N8亚型AIV检测下限为10~3拷贝/μL。120份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定一致。研究建立的H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,为同时快速鉴别检测H10亚型和N8亚型AIV提供一种简便、快速和有效的方法。     

No evidence of horizontal infection in horses kept in close contact with dogs experimentally infected with canine influenza A virus (H3N8)

Background

Since equine influenza A virus (H3N8) was transmitted to dogs in the United States in 2004, the causative virus, which is called canine influenza A virus (CIV), has become widespread in dogs. To date, it has remained unclear whether or not CIV-infected dogs could transmit CIV to horses. To address this, we tested whether or not close contact between horses and dogs experimentally infected with CIV would result in its interspecies transmission.

Methods

Three pairs of animals consisting of a dog inoculated with CIV (10^8.3 egg infectious dose₅₀/dog) and a healthy horse were kept together in individual stalls for 15 consecutive days. During the study, all the dogs and horses were clinically observed. Virus titres in nasal swab extracts and serological responses were also evaluated. In addition, all the animals were subjected to a gross pathological examination after euthanasia.

Results

All three dogs inoculated with CIV exhibited clinical signs including, pyrexia, cough, nasal discharge, virus shedding and seroconversion. Gross pathology revealed lung consolidations in all the dogs, and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated from the lesions. Meanwhile, none of the paired horses showed any clinical signs, virus shedding or seroconversion. Moreover, gross pathology revealed no lesions in the respiratory tracts including the lungs of the horses.

Conclusions

These findings may indicate that a single dog infected with CIV is not sufficient to constitute a source of CIV infection in horses.     

Experimental infection with H1N1 European swine influenza virus protects pigs from an infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 human influenza virus

The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. To better assess the risk posed by the A(H1N1) 2009 in the actual situation of swine farms, we sought to analyze whether a previous infection with a circulating European avian-like swine A/Swine/Spain/53207/2004 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as SwH1N1) generated or not cross-protective immunity against a subsequent infection with the new human pandemic A/Catalonia/63/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as pH1N1) 21 days apart. Pigs infected only with pH1N1 had mild to moderate pathological findings, consisting on broncho-interstitial pneumonia. However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. These later pigs also exhibited boosted levels of specific antibodies. Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains.     

一株鸭源H6N6亚型禽流感病毒的全基因组序列分析及对小鼠的感染性研究

为了解H6N6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的生物学特性,本研究对2015年在广东活禽交易市场分离的一株鸭源AIV DK/GD/S1182/2015(H6N6)进行了全基因组测序、遗传演化分析和对BALB/c小鼠的感染性试验。序列分析显示,该病毒的HA蛋白裂解位点处仅有一个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性AIV的分子特征;HA蛋白的222V和228S,可以增强病毒对α-2,6唾液酸受体的结合能力。NA蛋白颈部有11个氨基酸的缺失,这将会影响NA的神经氨酸酶活性;该病毒可能是2010年广东H6N6猪流感病毒与2014年广西AIV重组产生。小鼠感染性试验表明,该分离株不需要预先适应就能够在小鼠的肺脏内高效复制,提示该分离株具有感染哺乳动物的潜在风险。本研究对H6亚型AIV监测和相关生物学特性研究具有一定的指导作用。     

一株H5N3亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析及其对小鼠的感染性研究

为了解H5N3亚型流感病毒的生物学特性,本研究对2017年浙江省分离到的一株H5N3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)[DK/ZJ/S1368/2017(H5N3)]进行了遗传演化分析及小鼠感染性实验。遗传演化分析结果显示,该株病毒的HA蛋白裂解位点处仅含一个碱性氨基酸,属于低致病性AIV。同时,该病毒的血凝素(HA)基因与H5N7亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;聚合酶碱性蛋白2(PB2)基因和核蛋白(NP)基因与H10N7亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;碱性聚合酶蛋白1(PB1)基因与H1N1亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;酸性聚合酶蛋白(PA)基因与H6N2亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;神经氨酸酶(NA)基因与H10N3亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;基质蛋白(M)基因与H3N8亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;非结构蛋白(NS)基因与H1N1亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近。表明其基因来源复杂。小鼠感染实验结果显示,该分离株无需提前适应即可以在小鼠肺脏和鼻甲中复制,小鼠感染病毒后无明显临床症状,与对照组相比其体质量变化不明显,表明该病毒对小鼠呈低致病性。本研究通过对该H5N3亚型AIV的生物学特性的分析,发现该病毒基因来源复杂,无需提前适应就可以在小鼠体内复制,具有感染哺乳动物的潜在威胁,提示应当持续加强对H5N3亚型AIV的监测和相关生物学特性的研究工作。     

H3N8亚型马流感病毒间接ELISA抗体检测方法建立及应用

为建立马流感血清学ELISA诊断方法,本研究以马流感病毒中国分离株A/马/新疆/07(H3N8)通过SPF鸡胚培养和增殖,收取含病毒尿囊液经蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化后作为ELISA包被抗原,首次在我国建立了检测H3N8亚型马流感抗体的间接ELISA诊断方法。试验的最佳反应条件为:最佳抗原稀释度7μg/mL,封闭液5%脱脂乳,血清稀释度1∶100,二抗稀释度1∶10000,稀释液PBS(pH7.4),血清反应时间1.5h,二抗反应时间1h。通过本方法对555份临床样品进行检测并与血凝抑制(HI)试验检测结果比较,证明本方法特异、敏感,具有良好的稳定性和可重复性,适于马流感的流行病学调查和监测工作。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒新疆株NS基因的克隆和序列分析

根据已发表的H5N1禽流感病毒NS基因全序列设计了1对引物，对4株禽流感病毒新疆株的NS基因进行了RT—PCR扩增，并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上，分别获得了全长为817、851、854、854bp的全基因序列。序列分析结果表明，新疆毒株间的核苷酸同源性为97．8％～98．9%，氨基酸同源性为96．5％～98．7％，与广东、香港和东南亚等不同地区的11个毒株比较，同源性为90．0％～99．4％；与来自野禽、猪等不同种类的11个流感毒株比较，同源性为81．4％～99．3％。系统进化树分析表明，新疆株独立分支。     

Novel human H7N9 influenza virus in China

Outbreaks of H7N9 avian influenza in humans in 5 provinces and 2 municipalities of China have reawakened concern that avian influenza viruses may again cross species barriers to infect the human population and thereby initiate a new influenza pandemic. Evolutionary analysis shows that human H7N9 influenza viruses originated from the H9N2, H7N3 and H11N9 avian viruses, and that it is as a novel reassortment influenza virus. This article reviews current knowledge on 11 subtypes of influenza A virus from human which can cause human infections.     

云南2株H4N6亚型禽流感病毒株的分离与鉴定

采集家禽喉气管作为检测样品,用甲型流感病毒M基因检测引物进行RT-PCR检测,确定样品为甲型流感病毒感染。用已建立的PCR法检测H5、H9亚型及新城疫结果为阴性。在9日龄鸡胚中进行病毒分离培养,收集48 h后死亡鸡胚尿囊液进行血凝和血凝抑制试验,有血凝效价但不能被H5、H7、H9和新城疫阳性血清抑制。为进一步确定病毒的亚型,用甲型流感病毒血凝素基因通用引物进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆及测序,将测得的HA基因序列与血凝素亚型标准序列进行比对,同源性为34.9%～87.3%,与H4亚型的同源性为87.3%;设计神经氨酸酶基因测序引物,将所测序列与神经氨酸酶亚型标准序列进行比对,同源性为47.7%～90.8%,与N6亚型的同源性高达90.8%。通过进行HA和NA基因序列比对,可以确定试验所分离到的2株甲型流感毒株为H4N6亚型禽流感病毒。     

Evolution of highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza viruses in Mexico

Highly pathogenic H7N3 influenza A viruses have persisted in poultry in Mexico since 2012, diversifying into multiple lineages that have spread to three Mexican states, as of 2016. The H7N3 viruses segregate into three distinct clades that are geographically structured. All 2016 viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs and have an extended 24‐nucleotide insertion at the HA cleavage site that was acquired from host 28S ribosomal RNA.     

一株H10N7亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

2013年,从秦皇岛野鸟林鹬体内分离到一株H10N7亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),命名为A/Wood Sandpiper/Qinhuangdao/660-662/2013(H10N7)[简称WSP/QHD/660-662/2013(H10N7)]。本研究对该分离株的全基因序列进行测定,并对其进行致病性研究。基因组序列分析表明:该病毒的HA蛋白裂解位点为334PELMQGRGL343,属于低致病性AIV的分子特征,其HA基因与A/Duck/Hunan/S11205/2012(H10N3)的相似性达到97.90%,NA基因与A/Domestic Duck/Republic of Georgia/1/2010(H10N7)的相似性达到97.46%,内部基因与H9N2等多亚型AIV的相应基因节段具有较高的相似性,推测该分离株可能为一株多亚型流感病毒的重组株。对动物致病性试验结果显示:该病毒可以感染哺乳动物模型BALB/c小鼠,并且仅能够在鼠的肺脏和鼻甲骨粘膜上皮细胞中复制,表明该病毒分离株对小鼠也呈现低致病性。