农业废弃物堆肥平面翻堆技术的应用

目前地方政府以及农场对农业废弃物堆肥非常重视,但是由于堆肥过程中通风供氧不易控制的问题,使得堆肥产品质量与经济效益无法达到理想的效果;而通过机械曝气可较为有效地为堆肥过程通风供氧,有利于动态好氧发酵,加速农业废弃物中有机物的转化.为此,通过介绍翻堆机的使用,论述了在我国目前的经济及技术状况下,使用翻堆机来曝气是一个比较现实的选择.     

好氧堆肥技术发展现状与应用

好氧堆肥技术是畜禽粪便等固体废弃物处理的常用方法，但存在发酵设备不适用、发酵场面积大、发酵过程难调控、除臭成本高且自动化程度低等问题。介绍了现有好氧堆肥技术的实际情况和行业现状，并分析各堆肥技术优缺点，以期推动行业快速健康发展。      

畜禽粪污堆肥技术装备发展现状与趋势

浅述了畜禽粪污堆肥技术工艺和各种粪污堆肥装备,分析了畜禽粪污堆肥技术装备的发展趋势,得出了畜禽粪污堆肥技术装备是解决养殖业粪污处理的有效途径,能够促进绿色发展、生态循环,为我国畜禽粪污堆肥技术装备的设计、生产、应用提供参考。      

农村生活垃圾好氧堆肥技术探讨

目前,农村生活垃圾处理方式主要为卫生填埋、焚烧及堆肥技术,而好氧堆肥是处理农村生活垃圾的较佳方式.为此,讨论了好氧堆肥的影响因子和微生物强化堆肥技术如高温分解菌接种技术、功能性微生物接种技术及微生物除臭技术等,为农村生活垃圾资源化利用提供了技术指导.     

农村固体废弃物堆肥胡敏酸还原土壤Fe3+矿物研究

堆肥胡敏酸作为农村固体废弃物资源化处置的重要产物,除具有保水保肥的功能外,还具有氧化还原特性。针对农村固体废弃物堆肥胡敏酸结构特性,进行了堆肥全过程胡敏酸结构演变对土壤Fe~(3+)矿物还原特性研究。结果表明,随堆肥进行,堆肥胡敏酸芳香化、腐殖化加剧,氧化还原功能基团、组分含量增加,可有效促进土壤Fe~(3+)矿物还原。醌基团是堆肥胡敏酸重要的氧化还原功能基团,堆肥中后期木质纤维素降解释放醌基团,经缩合作用与堆肥胡敏酸结合加速堆肥腐殖化进程,增强堆肥胡敏酸氧化还原性能,提升Fe~(3+)矿物还原能力。     

好氧堆肥反应器系统在废弃物处理中的应用

好氧堆肥技术能有效地处理固体废弃物．实现秸秆、畜禽粪便等农业废弃物无害化、减量化和资源化。近年来，堆肥技术越来越受到重视，相应的堆肥设备发展迅速。为此．根据通风方式、有无搅拌和外形特点．分类介绍了多种在实际生产中应用广泛的商业化好氧堆肥反应器系统，并着重讨述了各类反应器系统的构造和原理。     

基于生命周期评价的苹果修剪枝条堆肥处理环境影响及经济效益分析

本文利用生命周期评价的方法分析了苹果修剪枝条堆肥处理模式的环境影响,并分析其肥料化潜力与经济效益,对枝条处理各环节进行污染物排放评估,为苹果修剪枝条肥料化处理工艺的改进提供参考。研究结果表明：苹果修剪枝条堆肥处理过程中,每处理功能单位苹果枝条产生的污染物总量为76.0219kg,其中CO₂的排放量占总排放量的96.79%,全球变暖对环境的影响高于酸化与富营养化;粉碎包装、熟化灭菌、粉碎、堆肥阶段产生的污染物气体排放量分别占总排放量的38.26%、27.22%、21.04%、10.85%;功能单位苹果修剪枝条堆肥处理的生产成本为515元/t,经济效益为285元/t,可替代尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾的量分别为61.30、120.00、13.20kg。     

规模化牛场粪污生产有机肥技术

阐述了条垛式堆肥要求、微生物腐熟菌剂的使用方法、机械翻抛发酵技术等条垛式堆肥生产有机肥的关键技术环节,分析了规模化牛场利用牛场粪污生产有机肥产生的经济效益、社会效益及应用前景。     

农村厕所粪污好氧堆肥技术研究进展

农村厕所粪污有效处理作为农村环境卫生核心工作之一,既要遵循无害化与资源化利用理念,又要考虑因地制宜原则。就生态价值与经济效益而言,采用好氧堆肥技术处理厕所粪污具有显著的优势,在农村地区应用广泛。结合“厕所革命”的时代背景,通过文献查阅,总结分析了农村厕所粪污的特性和资源化利用潜力,逐条梳理了好氧堆肥的影响因素,重点从农村厕所类型的研发、联合堆肥处理研究、工艺参数优化、外源菌剂和调理剂的应用等方面探讨了厕所粪污的好氧堆肥技术现状及进展,并对农村厕所粪污堆肥处理研究及工程应用提出了展望,为农村厕所粪污高效资源化利用及无害化处置提供借鉴和参考。     

密闭式堆肥反应器在园林废弃物处理中应用和展望

以北京某苗圃基地园林废弃物处理站为研究对象，阐述了密闭式堆肥反应器在园林废弃物处理中的应用，介绍了该处理站的处理工艺和设备配置情况，分析了处理站实现的社会效益、生态效益和经济效益，最后提出了未来堆肥反应器在处理园林废弃物应用中的研究建议和展望。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。