对油桐(Aleurites fordii Hemsl.)胚胎学的观察

人们曾根据油桐的花性和果型,来区别油桐的品种;或研究油桐花芽的形成和分化,来观察油桐雌花的发端和子房的形成。但对油桐结籽、长油等胚胎发育过程,却很少研究。研究油桐胚胎发育过程及丰产条件对油桐增产具有重要意义。一、研究方法本文所用的主要研究方法是:石腊切片、整体解剖、花粉培养和装片,在观察和分析中注意结合外界条件对油桐结籽的影响。从3月中旬到油桐开花前,分期固定油桐花芽;在绽蕾时对雌花套袋,开花时进行人工授粉,并逐日固定人工授粉的胚珠;然后将上述的花芽和胚珠,进行石腊切片;观察油桐胚珠的形成过程和结构特点,并进一步分析这些特     

毛白杨胚胎学观察Ⅰ．花药的结构及花粉的发育

本研究所用植物材料于1980－1982年分期分批取自河南郑州和北京等地的毛白杨Populus tomentosa Carr雄株。小孢子发生属同时型，四分体排列有三种形式：四面体形，左右对称形和交叉型。单核小孢子有丝分裂多不均等，少为均为分裂，形成大小一致的两个细胞，以致营养细胞和生殖细胞无法区别，这部分小孢子可能已在体内即走上Vasil(1980)所归纳的组织培养过程中孢子体发育的B途径。对毛白杨雄性不育的形态解剖特征着重予以描述，不散粉的花药皱缩；花粉囊壁层表皮细胞的胞壁呈犬牙状，败育花粉形态多样，大小不一，无核或核极小；无色或染色极深，从发育过程来看，花粉的败育主要是由于减数分裂II末期产生不正常四分体的缘故。同时，绒毡层在减数分裂期间发育极不正常，可能与花粉的败育有密切的关系。     

美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides Marsh)×青杨(P.cathayana Rehd.)分子连锁图谱的构建

利用随机扩增ＤＮＡ多态性ＲＡＰＤ方法，在美洲黑杨（Ｐ．ｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＭａｒｓｈ）×青杨（Ｐ．ｃａｔｈａｙａｎａＲｅｈｄ．）３代谱系中分析分子标记，构建出第１张美洲黑杨×青杨分子连锁图谱。共从３００个１０ｍｅｒ随机引物中筛选出７９个适合引物，检测出可供构图的分离标记１８０个。该图谱由２０个连锁群，１１０个ＲＡＰＤ标记组成。总图距为覆盖基因组总长度的７０３５％，标记间的平均间距为１７２７ｃＭ．连锁群长度在３７１～１８９８，相应标记分别在３～１０。本图谱为杨树抗病、虫和其它性状基因定位提供了框架结构，为实现杨树分子遗传育种迈进了最重要的一步。     

毛白杨（Populus tomentosa Carr)对马格栅锈菌（Melampsora magnusiana Wagn)所致锈病抗病性的研究

经接种试验证明，Melampsora magnusiana wagn只能侵染杨属中白杨派树种，而不能侵染黑杨派和青杨派的树种。在白杨派中，以毛白杨，河北杨和新疆杨最为感病。毛白杨对此锈病的抗病性改变与其个体发育有密切联系：抗病力随植株年龄的增长和叶片的老熟程度而提高，10年生以上的幼树或大树很少发病，夏、秋季开放60天以上的叶片很少受侵染。比较、分析了不同成熟度的叶片在解剖上的差异，并研究了夏孢子侵入的途径。发现夏孢子除可以通过叶背侵入外，同样可以在叶正面萌发，直接穿透角层侵入叶内，叶片的抗病性随角质层及表皮细胞外擘 加厚而增加，测定了老、幼叶片及病、健叶片在生化上的某些变化。     

福建山樱花种子发育观察与育苗技术研究

对福建山樱花花期、种子发育过程进行多年的定点不定期观察,开展了福建山樱花种子的不同催芽条件和不同播种方法的育苗试验。研究结果表明:在福建省南平市,福建山樱花4月20日左右胚珠发育成熟,采种期为4月25日左右;冷藏至翌年春播种,种子发芽率达96.8%;撒播芽苗移栽的播种方法最好,1年生苗木平均高1.72 m、平均地径1.03 cm;福建山樱花生长较迅速,3年生平均高可达3.6 m、平均地径可达3.8 cm。     

Effects of ethylene and (Z)-hexen-3-al on production of volatiles in Populus simonii × P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’ cuttings

We studied the effects of ethylene, (Z)-hexen-3-al, combinations of ethylene and (Z)-hexen-3-al, methyl jasmonate on the release of terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) of Populus simonii × P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’ by fumigation. The results show that exposure to ethylene alone did not induce volatiles. However, it was induced by exposure to combinations of (Z)-hexen-3-al and ethylene, a large amount of hexenal and hexen-3-ol as compared to sole (Z)-hexen-3-al exposure, which indicated that the release of wounding signals of P. simonii × P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’ could be synergized by ethylene and (Z)-hexen-3-al. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(2): 143–146 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

Hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) adaptation to a semi-arid region: results from Northwest New Mexico (2002–2011)

A provenance test was initiated in spring 2002 at the New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center at Farmington to examine the adaptability of various hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) crosses to the high elevation, semi-arid conditions of this region of the Southwestern United States. Ten crosses of P. deltoides, P. maximowiczii, P. nigra and P. trichocarpa obtained from nurseries in the Pacific Northwest were grown in replicates (3 plots × 16 trees) under drip irrigation programmed to match tree evapotranspiration (ET) rates. By the end of year 10, six crosses had maintained a 90 % or higher survival rate and had an average wood volume of 246 m³ ha^?1. The P. deltoides × P. nigra (P. × canadensis) clone OP-367 surpassed a ten-year commercial target of 25-cm diameter at breast height (DBH) after eight seasons, and by the end of 2011 attained a DBH of 28.0 cm, height of 19.9 m and wood volume of 473 m³ ha^?1. Results suggest that hybrid poplar production is possible in this type of semi-arid environment using appropriate germplasm and drip irrigation regimes scheduled according to tree ET demand.     

毛白杨胚胎学观察 Ⅱ．胚珠、胚囊的构造，受精作用及胚的发育

本文是毛白杨胚胎学研究的第二部分，研究了毛白杨胚珠、胚囊的构造，受精作用及胚的发育过程；找出了授粉前后花序的外部特征与胚珠发育情况之间的关系。子房由二心皮合成。柱头四裂；花柱为开放型，基生胎座，上生2－4枚胚珠，通常1－2枚发育，其余败育，胚珠倒生型， 珠柄发达；单珠被；厚珠心，直列式四分体；珠孔受精，双受精现象发生在授粉后40小时至6天之间，核型孔乳，胚的发育为简化的“十字花型”。对珠被的特点，胚囊的发育类型，受精的方式以及胚的发育类型予以讨论。     

Clonal variation in root suckering ability of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.)

Current information on the root sucker ability of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) is in most cases based on clone mixtures. In this study, we could separate the performance among clones by using two experimental sites with monoclonal plots of the crossing. The natural regeneration was followed for 2 years after harvest of the formerly planted stands, clear-cut at 22 and 25 years of age, respectively. We found that clonal differences were present in the number of root suckers produced per area unit and their biomass production. However, all included clones produced sufficiently many root suckers for a successful regeneration. To receive a more complete evaluation of the root sucker dynamics for future selection on the clonal level, further studies are needed where vitality, self-thinning and effects of thinning measures are coupled to the goal of the aspen forestry.     

In vitro anther culture and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the AP1 gene from Salix integra Linn. in haploid poplar(Populus simonii × P. nigra)

A reliable,efficient anther culture system,the dominant technique for generating haploid plants in breeding programs,that can be used for generating transgenic poplar plants has been needed.In the present study,therefore,an anther culture system was developed using isolated mid-and late-uninucleate anthers of poplar(Populus simonii x P.nigra).From a combination of SSR and ploidy analyses,six double haploid and two haploid lines were characterized from 86 plants grown from 16 regenerated anther cultured lines.After 48 months of development,two plant lines from the regenerated plants maintained their haploid level in vitro for over 2 years.A number of haploid plants from the different lines weretransferred to soil.The leaves of these transplants were then used as explants for transformation with the APETALA1(AP1) gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.Overexpression of AP1 in haploid poplar induced early flowering with obvious petals when ectopically expressed.To our knowledge,this is the first report on changes in flowering time in AP1-trangenic poplar,which is important for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of tree flower development.     

Emissions of saturated C6-C10 aldehydes from poplar(Populus simonii×P.pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’) cuttings at different levels of light intensity

Aldehydes play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and plant direct and indirect defense against environmental stresses.In this study,the emissions of saturated C6-C10 aldehydes from Populus simonii × P.pyramidalis 'Opera 8277' cuttings were examined by using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) technique at three levels of light intensity(400,800 and 1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1).A positive correlation between the emissions of these aldehydes and light intensity was found.Moreover,nordi-hydroguaiaret...     

紫萼丁香种子处理对种子发芽和实生苗发育的影响

紫萼丁香是世界上重要的园林观赏树种之一。将紫萼丁香种子进行如下８种处理：经温水浸种２ｈ后，（１）直接播种；冷沙藏（２）３０、（３）６０、（４）９０ｄ后分别进行播种；０．５％高锰酸钾处理并清水洗净后，再用冷沙藏（５）３０、９６）６０、（７）９０、（８）１２０ｄ后分别进行播种。试验结果表明，以（７）效果最好，其出苗率达到８９．３％，发芽时间提前３－２６ｄ，出苗率显著高于（３）的处理效果，且６０ｄ后苗高     

中国沙棘花部形态学和胚胎学研究——Ⅰ.雄花的形态发育

本文报道了中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.subsp.sinensisRousi)雄花的形态发育。雄花序芽属混合型,花后整个脱落。雄花小,无花瓣,花萼2裂,雄蕊4,开花时花萼裂片呈缝隙状张开或全部张开。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成。表皮在花药开裂时枯萎,药室内壁形成带状加厚,中层是短命的。绒毡层细胞双核。腺质绒毡层,延迟至双细胞花粉时在原位退化。绒毡层内切向壁和径向壁上分布有乌氏体,乌氏体和花粉壁之间存在带状的“桥”。小孢子母细胞减数分裂同步或不同步。胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体形和左右对称形。小孢子发生过程中胼胝质的沉积始于小孢子囊靠近花丝维管束的一方,渐向远离花丝维管束的方向扩展,并由小孢子母细胞的角隅处和切向壁向径向壁积累。成熟花粉为二细胞的,扫描电镜图像为圆球形,沿赤道有一环状棱脊,把花粉分为上下两半,每一半各具三沟相对会合于赤道棱脊,并突出成喙。花粉壁具疣状雕纹。     

鞘蛾(Coleophora spp.)的寄生蜂

鞘峨(Coleophora spp.)隶鳞翅目(Lepidoptera),鞘蛾科(Coleophoridae Eupstidae),鞘蛾属(Coleophora Eupista);种类繁多,系一类重要的潜叶害虫。由于其幼虫负鞘潜食、生活隐蔽,防治难度较大。其中一些种类曾猖獗成灾。落叶松鞘蛾(Coleophora laricella(Hubner)曾在北美严重发生,经引进几种寄生蜂,终于成功地控制其危害。我国的落叶松鞘蛾,近20年来发生日趋严重,尤以东北的Coleophora dahurica Flkv.为著。天敌昆虫的引进及保护利用是值得重视的控制措施之一。鉴于国内尚乏鞘蛾天敌的系统报导,为此,提供64种鞘峨的寄生蜂目录,供参考。     

鞘蛾(Coleophora spp.)的寄生蜂

DIVraCh,·se“vt,s(wolk.)(金小蜂利·):瑞典。 EI“‘smus、了iridieepsT}loms.(扁股小蜂科):瑞典。 Gelis instabilis FOrst.(姬蜂科):瑞典。 Gelis palpator Grav.(姬蜂科):不列颠‘英国)。 Glypta sp.(姬蜂科):瑞典。 Hab‘oe了七us radialis Thoms.(金小蜂科):瑞典。 Hemitcles sp.(姬乡卡科):瑞典。 Hemitelcs areatorp:nz.(姬蜂科):不列颠(英国)。 HCmiteles palp“tor Grav.(姬蜂利):不详。 M iot:。p:5 st:IC,crista Thollls.(茧蜂科):瑞典。 phoboca‘npc sp.(姬蜂科):瑞典。 pimPI石·m北tli以比r F.(姬蜂科):瑞典。…     

不同土壤埋藏深度下山杏(Prunus srmeniaca)种子的萌发和幼苗发育

A semi-greenhouse study was conducted to understand the effects of soil burial depth on seed germination and seedling development. The seeds of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) were buried at the soil depths of 0-cm, 4-cm, 8-cm, and 12-cm, respectively, to simulate the seed hoarding behavior of rodents in the field. The results revealed that the rates of seed germination and established seedlings from buried seeds were both the highest in 4-cm burial depth group, and then decreased with increasing soil depth. The number of rotten seeds increased in deeper burial depth. It is unfavourable for seed germination at 0-cm burial depth (i.e., seeds were laid on soil surface). There was insignificant effect of burial depth on growth of established seedlings. The results from this study indicated that proper burial depth in soil would be helpful for the seed germination and seedling growth. The seedlings derived from buried seeds at shallower depth (4 cm) in this research have advantage in their early development.