Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of aurones against Spodoptera litura larvae

A series of aurones were prepared from various phenols via phenoxy acetic acids and coumaranones and evaluated for insect antifeedant activity against the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura). The naturally occurring aurone was most active at an ED50 of 0.12 micromol/cm2. The synthetic precursor, coumaranones, showed that the introduction of methoxyl and methyl groups to the benzene ring increased insect antifeedant activity. Similarly, the tested aurones showed that the introduction of methoxyl group to the A and/or B rings increased the insect antifeedant activity, but 4,5,6- and 3',4',5'-trisubstituted compounds did not show this activity in this test. The hydroxylation of aurones in the B ring should be disadvantageous for insect antifeedant activity against S. litura. Although the melting points did not correlate well with the insect antifeedant activity, compounds that were nearly inactive had high melting points. A significant correlation was noted between biological activity (pED50) and a hydrogen-bonding parameter calculated from the Rf value obtained from SiOH thin-layer chromatography and a lipophilicity parameter (log k) calculated from the retention time in ODS high-performance liquid chromatography. The respective correlation coefficients (r) were -0.83 and -0.70. The introduction of alkoxy and alkyl groups along with adequate hydrogen bonding seems to contribute to the antifeedant activity of the compounds tested.     

Insect repellent/antifeedant activity of 2,4-methanoproline and derivatives against a leaf- and seed-feeding pest insect

2,4-methanoproline is a natural product isolated from the seeds of Ateleia herbert smithii Pittier that was formerly suggested to have insect repellent/antifeedant activity; however, this was not tested quantitatively. In this study the insect repellent/antifeedant potency of methanoproline was measured against larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), and adults of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). In addition, several N-alkyl, amino, and nitrile derivatives of methanoproline with varying stereodemanding substituents were synthesized and also tested. It was shown that in S. littoralis methanoproline itself did not show any significant activity but that derivatives 5, 7, 8, and 10 did show a reasonable repulsive/antifeedant activity that was comparable to the commercial repellent DEET. A significant repellent activity was scored for methanoproline in adults of C. maculatus that was similar to DEET.     

Secondary metabolites from Glycine soja and their growth inhibitory effect against Spodoptera litura

The wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc) has been reported to be relatively resistant to insect and pathogenic pests. However, the responsible secondary metabolites in the aerial part of this important plant are largely unknown. From the aerial part of G. soja, 13 compounds were isolated and identified, including seven isoflavonoids (1-7), a cyclitol (8), two sterol derivatives (9 and 10), and three triterpenoids (11-13). Compound 7 is a new isoflavonoid, and compounds 9 and 10 are reported as natural products for the first time. The growth inhibitory activity of 1, 3, 4, and 8 against the larvae of Spodoptera litura was investigated. The most abundant isoflavonoid in the aerial part of G. soja, daidzein (1), which could not be metabolized by S. litura, was found to inhibit the insect larvae growth significantly in 3 days after feeding diets containing the compound. Compounds 3, 4, and 8, which could be partially or completely metabolized, were inactive. Our results suggested that the isoflavonoid daidzein (1) might function as a constitutive defense component in G. soja against insect pests.     

Insect antifeedant activity of tetranortriterpenoids from the Rutales. A perusal of structural relations

Structure-related insect antifeedant relationship of 56 limonoids (both natural and modified) from the plants belonging to the order Rutales was attempted considering substitution patterns, oxidation states, and hydrophobicity, as well as distant geometry derived through conformational analysis on molecular modeling. Orientation of the furan and hydroxylation at specific carbon sites have been shown to influence the antifeedancy against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera litura.     

Citrus limonoids and their semisynthetic derivatives as antifeedant agents against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. A structure-activity relationship study

The antifeedant activity of Citrus-derived limonoids limonin (1), nomilin (2), and obacunone (3) and their semisynthetic derivatives 4-26 was evaluated against a commercially important pest, Spodoptera frugiperda. Simple chemical conversions were carried out on the natural limonoids obtained from seeds of Citrus limon. These conversions focused on functional groups considered to be important for the biological activity, namely the C-7 carbonyl and the furan ring. In particular, reduction at C-7 afforded the related alcohols, and from these their acetates, oximes, and methoximes were prepared. Hydrogenation of the furan ring was also performed on limonin and obacunone. The known antifeedant properties of the Citrus limonoids are confirmed. Comparison with previously reported data shows that insect species vary in their behavioral responses to these structural modifications. Highly significant antifeedant activity (P < 0.01) for two natural (1 and 3) and three semisynthetic limonoids (4, 8, and 10) was observed against S. frugiperda.     

Acute, sublethal, antifeedant, and synergistic effects of monoterpenoid essential oil compounds on the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lep., Noctuidae)

Monoterpenoids (terpenes and biogenically related phenols) commonly found in plant essential oils were tested for acute toxicity via topical application to tobacco cutworms (Spodoptera litura Fab.). The most toxic among 10 such compounds was thymol (LD(50) = 25.4 microg/larva) from garden thyme, Thymus vulgaris. The compounds were then tested for sublethal effects, specifically inhibition of larval growth after topical application of low doses. Among 6 compounds tested, an LD(10) dose reduced growth by 20% on average 3 days after administration. Feeding deterrence was determined using a cabbage leaf disk choice test. The most deterrent compound was thymol, with a DC(50) of 85.6 microg/cm(2) leaf disk area. Because minor constituents in complex essential oils have been suggested to act as synergists, binary mixtures of the compounds were tested for synergy vis à vis acute toxicity and feeding deterrence. trans-Anethole acted synergistically with thymol, citronellal, and alpha-terpineol, in terms of both acute toxicity and feeding deterrence. On the basis of these findings, several complex mixtures were developed and tested as leads for effective control agents. Candidate mixtures demonstrated good synergistic effects. The observed LD(50) of mixture 3 was 40.6 microg/larvae compared to an expected value of 74.6 microg/larvae. The result of this research is a proprietary product suitable for commercial production.     

骆驼蓬种子提取物对斜纹夜蛾的生物活性效应

用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、苯、石油醚等7种溶剂对骆驼蓬种子进行冷浸提取。提取率分别为23．91％。18．68％．17．80％，18．49％，14．31％．15．13％，17．96％。7种提取物中．以种子乙醇提取物(ESPH)对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的非选择性拒食活性最高。24h拒食率为70．15％。采用酸水总生物碱提取法对ESPH进行初步分离。得到氯仿、正丁醇、水及总生物碱萃取物。生物测定结果表明．总生物碱萃取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的生长发育抑制作用最为强烈，其次为氯仿萃取物。     

污染寄主卵面的斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒PCR检测及其消除

PCR法检测斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus,     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（SpltNPV）碱性核酸外切酶基因的序列分析

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒碱性核酸外切酶基因（alk-exo)定位于基因组的XbaI-I片段上，克隆并测序确定了alk-exo全序列：SpltNPV碱性核酸久切酶基因的完整的读码框为1227个核苷酸。编码一长为408个氨基酸的蛋白质。在距起始密码子ATG上游－37位、－80位各有一个启动子基序TATA框，在－28位有杆状病毒晚期基因的启动子基序TAAG，在ORF终止区有加尾信号poly(A)序列AATAAA。根据核苷酸序列推导的蛋白质的分子量为47kD，等电点为8．9，在296－312位氨基酸存在有一预期跨膜区，其中心位于304位的丙氨酸（GFYYSFGALVCVFCMK）。SpltNPV的alk-exo氨基酸序列与其它8种杆状病毒的alk-exo同源性在37％－43％之间，且与疱疹病毒的alk-exo基因有一定的同源性，通过对8种杆状病毒和疱疹病毒的alk-exo序列比较发现了5个保守区。     

Biotransformation of alpha-terpineol by the larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura)

Biotransformation of alpha-terpineol by the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) larvae was investigated. alpha-Terpineol was mixed in an artificial diet, and the diet was fed to the larvae (fourth-fifth instar) of S. litura. Metabolites were isolated from the frass and analyzed spectroscopically. Main metabolites were 7-hydroxy-alpha-terpineol (p-menth-1-ene-7,8-diol) and oleuropeic acid (8-hydroxy-p-menth-1-en-7-oic acid). Intestinal bacteria from the frass of larvae did not participate in the metabolism of alpha-terpineol. alpha-Terpineol was preferentially oxidized at the C-7 position (allylic methyl group) by S. litura larvae.     

Biotransformation of beta-myrcene by the larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura)

beta-Myrcene was mixed in an artificial diet at a concentration of 1 mg/g of diet, and the diet was fed to the last instar larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura). Metabolites were recovered from frass and analyzed spectroscopically. beta-Myrcene was transformed mainly to myrcene-3(10)-glycol and myrcene-1,2-glycol. Each pair of double bonds of beta-myrcene was converted to the corresponding diol by oxidation, respectively. The 3,10- and 1,2-double bonds of beta-myrcene were respectively oxidized.     

Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety

Starting from precocenes I and II, four of their derivatives with a lactone moiety were obtained. The compounds have been assessed as antifeedants against several diverse insect species including the storage pests the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum Duv., larvae and adults), the granary weevil beetle (Sitophilus granarius L., adults), and the khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Ev., larvae) and against the herbivorous pest insects Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, adults and larvae) and aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.). Precocenes, especially precocene II, showed a very strong antifeedant effect against all storage pests and aphids. The introduction of a lactone moiety caused a decrease in antifeedant activity against these species. Both precocenes were moderately active against L. decemlineata adults. The best antifeedants to this species were precocene derivatives, especially iodolactones. The introduction of iodine into a molecule had a great effect on the antifeedant activity of those compounds.     

Synthesis and antifeedant activity of new oxadiazolyl 3(2H)-pyridazinones

A total of 20 new compounds containing the oxadiazolyl 3(2H)-pyridazinone moiety were synthesized. The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by (1)H NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analysis. Their insect antifeedant activities against Asiatic corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) were examined and compared with commercial azadirachtin. The compounds exhibited significant levels of activity. The feeding deterrency values of IIIa,j were 57% and 51% at 500 mg/kg concentration, respectively.     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒基因组DNA XbaI 2.0 kb片段全序列分析

报道了斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａ ｌｉｔｕｒａ ｎｕｃｌｅｏｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｖｉｒｕｓ,ＳｐｌｔＮＰＶ）基因组ＤＮＡ ＸｂａＩ２．０ｋｂ片段的核苷酸全序列,该片段包括三个完整的读码框（ｏｐｅｎ ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ ｆｒａｍｅ,ＯＲＦ）,即ＯＲＦ１、ＯＲＦ２、ＯＲＦ３及一个不完整的读码框内氨基酸有１８％相同;ＯＲＦ２长５７０个核苷酸,可编码１８９个氨基酸的蛋白质,分子量为２１．６４ｋＤ     

Metabolism of thymol and trans-anethole in larvae of Spodoptera litura and Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Metabolism of the monoterpenoid thymol and the phenylpropanoid trans-anethole, both constituents of essential oils, was investigated following topical and oral administration of the compounds to the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) and the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni). In both species and irrespective of route, administration of thymol resulted in the excretion of its 3-O-beta-glucoside, whereas trans-anethole was hydroxylated on the side chain methyl group. Both metabolites were isolated and their structures elucidated by interpretation of their mass and NMR spectra. Previous experiments indicated that trans-anethole synergized the toxicity of thymol in S. litura, but analyses of feces indicated that metabolism of thymol was not significantly suppressed when the two compounds were orally coadministered to T. ni larvae.     

Chemical basis for the antifeedant activity of natural hydroxamic acids and related compounds

Natural hydroxamic acids and related compounds derived from the 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one structure show antifeedant activity against the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. This antifeeding activity is based on the electrophilic character of the hydroxamic acid function, the opening of the hemiacetal function and the lipophilic character of the molecule. In addition, the antifeedant activity of the aqueous extracts of different tissues of Acanthus mollis (Acanthaceae) was determined. The activity observed is attributed to the presence of 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one in the extracts.     

Biotransformation of gamma-terpinene and (-)-alpha-phellandrene by the larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura)

gamma-Terpinene was mixed in artificial diet at a concentration of 1 mg/g of diet, and the diet was fed to the last instar larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura). Metabolites were recovered from frass and analyzed spectroscopically. gamma-Terpinene was transformed mainly to p-mentha-1,4-dien-7-oic acid and p-cymen-7-oic acid (cumic acid). Similarly, (-)-alpha-phellandrene was transformed mainly to (4R)-p-mentha-1,5-dien-7-oic acid and p-cymen-7-oic acid (cumic acid). The C-7 position (allylic methyl group) of gamma-terpinene and (-)-alpha-phellandrene was preferentially oxidized.     

杆状病毒SpltMNPV gp41基因的克隆、表达及抗体制备

摘要：GP41是杆状病毒包埋型病毒粒子（Occlusion-derived virus，ODV）特有的糖蛋白，它介导芽殖型病毒粒子（Budded virus，BV）的核衣壳通过胞核。用PCR方法扩增得到斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedro virus，SpltMNPV）gp41基因, 并将其克隆至5′端有6×His编码序列的原核表达载体pQE30上，转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )M15[pREP4]，在1 mmol/L异丙基-D-硫代半乳糖（IPTG）诱导下超量表达了与理论预测值相符的1个37.9 kD融合蛋白。以纯化的融合蛋白为抗原，免疫新西兰大白兔制备了特异的抗GP41抗体。Western印迹分析表明，该抗体适合进一步分析SpltMNPV GP41蛋白。     

Biotransformation of (+)- and (-)-menthol by the larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura).

(+)-Menthol was mixed in an artificial diet at a concentration of 1 mg/g of diet, and the diet was fed to the last instar larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura). Metabolites were recovered from frass and analyzed spectroscopically. (+)-Menthol was transformed mainly to (+)-7-hydroxymenthol. Similarly, (-)-menthol was transformed mainly to (-)-7-hydroxymenthol. The C-7 position of (+)- and (-)-menthol was preferentially oxidized.     

虫害诱导烟草抗性对斜纹夜蛾取食及解毒酶的影响

为探究不同虫害诱导抗性烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura Fabricius)取食和解毒生理的影响,本研究以烤烟品种雄性不育K326为供试材料,观察斜纹夜蛾幼虫对棉铃虫[Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)]诱导烟草、斜纹夜蛾诱导烟草、烟蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulzer)]诱导烟草的取食选择,以机械处理(打孔、针刺)和未作任何处理的烟草作为阳性和阴性对照,检测分析了取食各虫害处理烟草后斜纹夜蛾体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)等酶活性的变化。结果表明,斜纹夜蛾初孵幼虫喜食阳性对照打孔和烟蚜诱导处理后的烟叶,而相对避免取食同种昆虫诱导后的烟叶,3龄幼虫亦喜食阳性对照打孔诱导烟叶。取食各虫害处理烟叶后斜纹夜蛾体内的AchE活性均被诱导升高,其中烟蚜处理的AchE活性最高,在48 h时较CK升高了65.17%。棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾和烟蚜处理在48、48和4 h时分别诱导CarE、MFO、GST活性较CK升高14.38%、72.22%和47.47%,而三种处理对应的MFO和GST,CarE、MFO分别在12和48,48、4 h时升高后与CK没有显著差异(P>0.05),斜纹夜蛾处理的GST活性和烟蚜处理的CarE活性均在48 h时被明显抑制,仅为CK的55.67%和81.05%。说明斜纹夜蛾对不同抗性烟草存在取食差异,取食抗性烟草均可激活斜纹夜蛾AchE活性,不同抗性处理下其他酶活性随着时间呈现特异性变化。本研究可为斜纹夜蛾在烟田中的综合防治研究提供思路和研究基础。