堆肥预处理温度控制促进麦秸厌氧发酵产沼气

为阐释温度在堆肥预处理影响秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气中的作用,以麦秸为原料,研究堆肥不同升温阶段麦秸的厌氧发酵产气特性,并以麦秸堆肥的温度数据为基础,以灭菌后的麦秸为原料进行模拟堆肥（不同温度处理）,模拟堆肥后的麦秸进行厌氧发酵产沼气。结果表明,在堆温升至55℃前,麦秸干物质（TS）损失率为4.06%,当堆温升至55℃后麦秸TS损失率迅速增加,堆肥10 d后麦秸TS损失率达22.45%;堆肥后麦秸厌氧发酵产气速率并无明显提高,TS产气量随堆肥时间先增加后降低,以堆温升至55℃时麦秸TS产气量最大,为349.92 mL/g,较开始堆肥增加了7.56%,扣除堆肥造成麦秸有机物损失,堆肥预处理对麦秸产气量并无明显促进;当堆温超过55℃以上9 d的麦秸产气量仅为开始堆肥的66.58%。模拟堆肥的结果表明,不同温度处理对麦秸有机物损失、物质组成均有较大影响,模拟堆肥后麦秸半纤维素大幅降低了28.10%,TS产气量随处理温度、处理时间的增加先增加后降低,当处理温度为55℃时获得最大TS产气量,为342.36 mL/g,较未处理提高了8.35%;随着处理温度的提高和处理时间的延长,麦秸TS产气量逐渐降低。以上结果表明,堆肥预处理产生的高温对破坏秸秆物质结构、提高其厌氧生物转化性能有较大影响,当秸秆堆体温度升至55℃时应停止堆肥,进行厌氧发酵产沼气。该文可为堆肥预处理在秸秆沼气工程中应用提供参考。     

不同因素对秸秆两相厌氧消化的影响

两相法是有机固废物厌氧发酵的主要工艺,该文以稻秸为发酵原料,在实验室条件下比较了单相与两相法两种工艺下的产气量,研究了不同接种物对秸秆水解酸化的影响,pH值、曝气处理对相分离的效果,以期为秸秆两相法厌氧发酵工艺提供基础参数。研究结果表明,在总固体(TS)质量分数8%、35℃条件下,与秸秆单相厌氧发酵相比,采用两相工艺能将沼气中甲烷含量平均由50%提高至66%,但对秸秆原料产气量没有显著影响,接种毛头鬼伞菌（编号为0901）及厌氧污泥可以加快稻秸水解,与对照相比,稻秸半纤维素、纤维素降解率分别提高了2.11倍和8.91倍,间歇曝气不仅不能抑制产酸相产甲烷,还影响总产气量,调节酸化相pH值6.0,可以有效抑制秸秆产酸相的产甲烷,水解酸化相产气所占系统比例由79.52%下降到18.88%,甲烷相产气比例由20.48%提高到81.12%,以上研究为秸秆两相厌氧发酵控制技术提供有益参考。     

麦秸与牛粪混合堆沤预处理厌氧干发酵产沼气中试试验

为阐释堆沤预处理对厌氧干发酵的影响,该文以小麦秸秆和牛粪为发酵原料,采用新型柔性顶膜车库式干发酵装置,在环境温度为26~35℃及发酵底物总固体质量分数为20%的条件下,研究麦秸与牛粪混合堆沤预处理后厌氧干发酵产气特性,分析了堆沤预处理以及厌氧发酵前后麦秸组分的变化。结果表明:堆沤预处理可以明显缩短厌氧干发酵的启动时间,提前工程运行中甲烷体积分数达到30%的产气收集要求时间,加快干发酵进程,进而间接加大了干发酵装置的处理能力,同时能使产气中甲烷体积分数提高10%以上,有效提升沼气品质。堆沤过程中虽有部分半纤维素被降解,损失了部分碳源,但堆沤后麦秸中纤维素的降解率提高了7%以上,累计产气量略有减少,但影响不大。     

切割稻秸发酵产沼气性能影响因素优化

为了替代秸秆沼气湿式发酵的需进行粉碎预处理,探索切割颗粒秸秆的发酵工艺,简化工程操作流程,降低能耗。该文以稻秸为研究对象,研究发酵温度、发酵液浓度、稻秸粒度和堆沤时间对产气性能的影响,并进行试验验证。结果表明:温度与原料挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)产气率的相关性显著(P0.01),最优组合为:40℃、堆沤2 d、粒度1 cm、总固体(total solid,TS)质量分数为8%,最优组合VS产气率为385.9 mL/g;40℃厌氧消化产沼气的速率快,各试验组前20 d累积产气量都达到总产气量的73%以上;正交试验中,40℃试验组均有发酵液温度高于水浴锅现象,以及生化培养箱验证试验组发酵液温度高于对照,2种现象说明水稻秸秆厌氧消化可能有少量放热。研究结果为秸秆沼气工程发酵工艺改进和运行提供参考。     

华南地区稻秸常温干式厌氧发酵试验研究

该文将经过预处理后的稻秸，进行厌氧干式发酵，研究了稻秸发酵过程中的生物气产量、pH值、乙酸及甲烷含量的变化。结果表明，稻秸经过调节C/N和白腐菌预处理后，C/N从37.18降低到28.01，前45d的累积产气量约占总产气量的80.4%；发酵原料总固体产气率为0.457 m³/kg，与常规湿式厌氧发酵相比，不仅提高了池容效率，而且缩短了发酵周期，同时提高了单位原料产气率。发酵液的pH值稳定在6.8～7.5；当发酵前期甲烷含量长期处在较低水平时，可以通过再接种的方法提高甲烷含量。实验结果表明厌氧干发酵产沼气是一种技术上可行的农业废弃物资源化方式，该实验结果为稻秸的大规模生物气化提供重要的工艺设计依据。     

稻秸蚯蚓堆制后的物理、化学及微生物特性变化

利用水稻秸秆与畜禽粪便（牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪）等干重混合物（RCD、RPM、RCE）接种蚯蚓（Eisenia foetida）进行堆制,研究堆肥产物的物理、化学及微生物特性变化。结果表明,蚯蚓堆制30 d后,稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪堆肥产物MBC含量显著下降; 3种稻秸粪便混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,堆肥产物微生物代谢熵、脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加,尤以RCD的变化明显。稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪及稻秸鸡粪混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,总固形物平均重量损失分别增加6.45%、4.22%和3.82%; pH值均降低,其中RCD显著降低。蚯蚓堆制有助于提高堆肥产物全氮、全磷和全钾含量,同时使碳氮比降低。水稻秸秆混入部分畜禽粪便经蚯蚓堆制可减少堆肥时间并提高堆肥质量,混入的粪便以牛粪最好,猪粪次之,鸡粪最差。     

稻秸厌氧发酵产沼气预处理

秸秆厌氧发酵是一种有效的秸秆利用途径,秸秆预处理对发酵过程影响显著,为了探索合理的预处理方法,该文对秸秆预处理工艺进行了研究。以稻秸为原料,首先研究了不同浓度的Ca(OH)2溶液浸泡对秸秆有机物降解的影响,当采用9 g/L Ca(OH)2溶液时,5 d溶出化学需氧量（COD）可增加75.9%,说明碱处理能有效促进秸秆水解。但同时,碱处理容易导致厌氧系统酸化,在未调节pH值的情况下,碱处理的总产气量较对照组降低17.4%。然后通过二次正交旋转组合设计试验,研究了秸秆厌氧发酵预处理中秸秆粉碎粒度、C/N、堆沤时间3个因素的改变对产沼气量的影响。建立了沼气产量的二次多项式数学模型,得到了秸秆厌氧发酵预处理的优化工艺条件：秸秆粉碎粒度为4～6 mm,C/N为40,堆沤时间为8 d。表明预处理过程中秸秆无需过度粉碎,且预处理使得高C/N原料正常发酵,为利用秸秆等高C/N原料厌氧发酵提供了试验依据。     

尿素氨化预处理改善稻秸干法厌氧发酵特性

为了提高稻秸的可生物降解性,利用尿素氨化预处理方式,研究不同尿素质量分数(2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)和不同预处理温度(25、30、35、40、45、50℃)对稻秸预处理前后木质纤维素含量变化及干发酵产气特性的影响。结果表明:1)不同尿素质量分数对稻秸预处理效果影响显著,尿素预处理能够破坏稻秸木质纤维素的结构,预处理后稻秸的碳氮比降低,预处理后稻秸的累计产气量比未经处理组高20.67%~38.20%(P0.05),尿素质量分数为4%时效果较好;2)不同预处理温度对稻秸预处理效果影响不显著,尿素预处理效果主要受尿素质量分数的影响。研究结果为秸秆的预处理工艺提供参考,并为秸秆厌氧干发酵技术提供数据支持。     

汽爆预处理青玉米秸秆厌氧发酵特性

为了研究青玉米秸秆未汽爆和汽爆预处理后厌氧发酵产沼气特性,该文采用汽爆压力为2.5MPa,保压时间为90s,加入质量分数为30%的沼液,未气爆青玉米秸秆的TS(总固体物)质量分数为6%,汽爆预处理青玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的TS质量分数分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、6%、8%、10%和15%,考察了厌氧发酵过程中pH值和产气量随时间和TS质量分数的变化。结果表明:未汽爆秸秆在TS质量分数为6%时能够顺利厌氧发酵,但汽爆秸秆厌氧发酵液极易酸化,且无法调节,适宜的TS质量分数最大为4%;未汽爆秸秆挥发性固体产气率为214.6mL/g,汽爆秸秆在TS质量分数为3%时产气率最大,为334.8mL/g,比未处理秸秆提高了56%;未汽爆秸秆的产气速率为3.3mL/(g·d),汽爆秸秆产气速率随TS质量分数增大而减小,在TS质量分数为1%时最大,为14.8mL/(g·d)。青玉米秸秆经汽爆预处理后其厌氧发酵产沼气的产气率和产气速率大大提高,可以节约发酵时间,缩短发酵周期,有利于秸秆能源化利用的工业化生产。     

不同预处理条件对棉秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

为探索合理的预处理方法以实现棉秆的高效厌氧发酵,研究了高温处理、NaOH处理与生物处理3种预处理方式对棉秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。经预处理的棉秆以8%的总固体质量分数,在常温（(23±2)℃）下进行沼气发酵试验。结果表明,经NaOH及生物预处理,棉秆的木质纤维结构破坏较明显,而高温预处理对棉秆的表观结构影响不大。3种预处理均能有效缩短发酵启动时间,并不同程度提高棉秆产沼气的能力,作用大小依次为：NaOH处理＞高温预处理＞生物预处理。其中以质量分数为4%的 NaOH对棉秆（含水率为60%）处理10 d的效果最佳,发酵61 d后的总产气量可达31 022.5 mL,日均产气量为508.57 mL/d,总固体产气率、挥发性固体产气率分别为193.89、216.30 mL/g,要远高于其他处理及对照,有效地提高了棉秆厌氧发酵的效率。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.