Characterization of the supernumerary chromosome in cat eye syndrome

Most individuals with cat eye syndrome (CES) have a supernumerary bisatellited chromosome which, on the basis of cytogenetic evidence, has been reported to originate from either chromosome 13 or 22. To resolve this question, a single-copy DNA probe, D22S9, was isolated and localized to 22q11 by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The number of copies of this sequence was determined in CES patients by means of Southern blots and densitometry analysis of autoradiographs. In patients with the supernumerary chromosome, four copies were found, whereas in one patient with a duplication of part of chromosome 22, there were three copies. Therefore, the syndrome results from the presence of either three or four copies of DNA sequences from 22q11; there is no evidence that sequences from other chromosomes are involved. This work demonstrates how DNA sequence dosage analysis can be used to study genetic disorders that are not readily amenable to standard cytogenetic analysis.     

A major human histone gene cluster on the long arm of chromosome 1

A human histone gene cluster was assigned to chromosome 1 by Southern blot analysis of DNA's from a series of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids with 32P-labeled cloned human H4 and H3 histone DNA as probes. Localization of this histone gene cluster on the long arm of chromosome 1 was confirmed by in situ hybridization of this DNA probe to metaphase chromosomes.     

荧光原位杂交在作物遗传育种研究中的应用

荧光原位杂交是一种原位杂交新技术，具有快速，灵敏，准确和有效等特点，它采用生物示记探针，能够将特定的ＤＮＡ或ＲＮＡ序列直接定位于染色体上，该文就荧光原位杂交技术在作物遗传育种研究中的应用进行综述，主要包括以下方面：１）检测重复ＤＮＡ序列及多拷贝基因家族；２）鉴定异源多倍体物种中的异源染色体或染色体片段；（３）检测和定位低拷贝或单拷贝ＤＮＡ序列。随着一些新技术的发展，ＦＩＳＨ技术将会在作物育种的更多     

Chromosomal region of the cystic fibrosis gene in yeast artificial chromosomes: a model for human genome mapping

A general strategy for cloning and mapping large regions of human DNA with yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC's) is described. It relies on the use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect DNA landmarks called sequence-tagged sites (STS's) within YAC clones. The method was applied to the region of human chromosome 7 containing the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene. Thirty YAC clones from this region were analyzed, and a contig map that spans more than 1,500,000 base pairs was assembled. Individual YAC's as large as 790 kilobase pairs and containing the entire CF gene were constructed in vivo by meiotic recombination in yeast between pairs of overlapping YAC's.     

Chromosomal location of human T-cell receptor gene Ti beta

A complementary DNA probe corresponding to the beta-chain gene of Ti, the human T lymphocyte receptor, has been molecularly cloned. The chromosomal origin of the Ti beta gene was determined with the complementary DNA by screening a series of 12 cell hybrid (mouse X human) DNA's containing overlapping subsets of human chromosomes. DNA hybridization (Southern) experiments showed that the human Ti beta gene resides on chromosome 7 and is thus not linked to the immunoglobulin loci or to the major histocompatibility locus in humans.     

苹果细菌人工染色体双色DNA纤维荧光原位杂交体系的建立及应用

【目的】建立苹果DNA纤维荧光原位杂交（Fiber FISH）技术体系,从而为利用该技术确定苹果基因组DNA序列间的位置关系、构建精细物理图谱等方面的应用奠定基础。【方法】以‘Florina’苹果幼叶为试材,通过液氮研磨,尼龙膜过滤和TritonX-100去除叶绿素等步骤提取细胞核。细胞核经碱裂解,采用盖玻片拉伸方法制备DNA纤维。比较细胞核不同裂解时间和在5种不同包被类型的载玻片上DNA纤维拉伸的效果。用碱裂解方法提取来自苹果‘Florina’自交不亲和S9基因座的4个细菌人工染色体（Bacterium Artificial Chromosome）BAC 34G16、 BAC 45M19、BAC 70J19和BAC 69A4。提取的质粒经PEG纯化,用地高辛或生物素标记探针。探针与DNA纤维制片经过80℃变性、37℃杂交2-3 d和洗片,采用“三明治”方法进行信号放大和检测,在荧光显微镜下观察试验结果。【结果】建立了以苹果幼叶为材料,液氮研磨提取细胞核,碱裂解细胞核和盖玻片拉伸制备DNA纤维的试验方法。提取的细胞核纯净、结构完整,细胞核浓度＞5×103个/μL。试验结果表明,细胞核裂解4 min,在多聚赖氨酸包被的载玻片上制备的DNA纤维平直、伸展均匀,纤维量多、细长,效果好。经原位杂交和信号检测,获得了清晰的、具有Fiber FISH典型特征的“念珠状”杂交信号。对已知大小和位置关系的两个BAC克隆BAC 34G16和BAC 45M19进行杂交信号测量和分析,得出BAC 克隆大小（Y,Kb）与信号长度（X,μm）的相关方程为Y=3.47X（R2=0.9215）,其斜率即为该试验技术体系Fiber FISH的分辨率3.47 kb•μm-1。试验对未知大小和位置关系的两个BAC克隆BAC 70J19和BAC 69A4成功地进行了鉴定,它们大小分别为(112.1±18.4)kb和(133.2±16.3 )kb,之间有（90.2±7.3）kb的重叠区域。【结论】建立了以苹果幼叶提取细胞核,制备DNA纤维和原位杂交的方法,获得了高分辨率的苹果DNA纤维原位杂交试验技术体系。     

Mapping the Drosophila genome with yeast artificial chromosomes

The ability to clone large fragments of DNA in yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC's) has created the possibility of obtaining global physical maps of complex genomes. For this application to be feasible, most sequences in complex genomes must be able to be cloned in YAC's, and most clones must be genetically stable and colinear with the genomic sequences from which they originated (that is, not liable to undergo rearrangement). These requirements have been met with a YAC library containing DNA fragments from Drosophila melanogaster ranging in size up to several hundred kilobase pairs. Preliminary characterization of the Drosophila YAC library was carried out by in situ hybridization of random clones and analysis of clones containing known sequences. The results suggest that most euchromatic sequences can be cloned. The library also contains clones in which the inserted DNA is derived from the centromeric heterochromatin. The locations of 58 clones collectively representing about 8 percent of the euchromatic genome are presented.     

Gene for alpha-chain of human T-cell receptor: location on chromosome 14 region involved in T-cell neoplasms

A human complementary DNA clone specific for the alpha-chain of the T-cell receptor and a panel of rodent X human somatic cell hybrids were used to map the alpha-chain gene to human chromosome 14 in a region proximal to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Analysis by means of in situ hybridization of human metaphase chromosomes served to further localize the alpha-chain gene to region 14q11q12, which is consistently involved in translocations and inversions detectable in human T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. Thus, the locus for the alpha-chain T-cell receptor may participate in oncogene activation in T-cell tumors.     

Human chromosome 12 is required for elevated HIV-1 expression in human-hamster hybrid cells

Host cell factors act together with regulatory genes of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to control virus production. Human-Chinese hamster ovary hybrid cell clones were used to probe for human chromosomes involved in regulating HIV gene expression. DNA transfection experiments showed that 4 of 18 clones had high levels of HIV gene expression measured by both extracellular virus production and transactivation of the HIV long terminal repeat in the presence of the trans-activator (tat) gene. Karyotype analyses revealed a 94% concordance (17/18) between human chromosome 12 and HIV gene expression. Other chromosomes had an 11 to 72% concordance with virus production.     

基于基因组原位杂交快速构建黄瓜变种间核型

【目的】利用基因组荧光原位杂交（genomic in situ hybridization,GISH）技术,对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.,2n=2x=14）种内两个变种（栽培黄瓜C. sativus var. sativus和野生黄瓜C. sativus var hardwickii）进行中期染色体分析,建立黄瓜变种染色体核型的快速分析方法,为黄瓜细胞分子遗传学研究提供基础。【方法】以栽培黄瓜‘9930’和野生黄瓜C. sativus var. hardwickii为材料,利用CTAB法提取栽培黄瓜‘9930’的基因组总DNA,采用缺刻平移法,将栽培黄瓜‘9930’基因组DNA和45S rDNA分别利用地高辛和生物素标记为探针,与栽培黄瓜‘9930’和野生变种C.sativus var. hardwickii的中期染色体进行荧光原位杂交,根据杂交结果显示的栽培黄瓜与野生变种每条染色体GISH荧光带型的不同,结合45S rDNA位点信号特征,区分栽培黄瓜与野生变种的每条染色体,并进行核型分析。【结果】荧光原位杂交结果显示,GISH信号并非平均分布于所有染色体上,而是在不同染色体的特定部位产生独特的信号,且两个变种间中期染色体的GISH信号模式差异显著。在栽培黄瓜‘9930’有丝分裂中期染色体上,除了6号染色体仅在短臂末端和近着丝粒处产生GISH信号外,其他染色体上的GISH信号集中分布于染色体的两端和近着丝粒的一侧或两侧,且每条染色体的信号特征差异明显;45S rDNA信号主要分布于‘9930’的第1、2、3、4和7号染色体的近着丝粒处,有3对强信号和2对弱信号。在野生黄瓜C. sativus var. hardwickii有丝分裂中期染色体上,杂交信号的位置及强弱与栽培黄瓜‘9930’表现明显不同,近着丝粒处均有GISH信号,但仅在第1、2、4和5号染色体的一端产生GISH信号,45S rDNA信号仅出现在第1、2和3号染色体上,表现为第1号染色体上信号极强,第2和3号染色体上信号极微弱。这些结果显示,以栽培黄瓜基因组DNA为探针的荧光原位杂交能反应出两个变种中期染色体独特的信号分布模式,通过信号的分布模式和强弱,结合45S rDNA位点信号的特异分布,可对每条染色体进行清晰地鉴别,并据此建立了两个变种的核型模式。比较前人发表的黄瓜已有重复序列的分布图,发现GISH揭示的信号分布主要位于黄瓜染色体串联重复序列区域。【结论】黄瓜基因组原位杂交能一次性快速显示基因组串联重复序列的分布图,能有效地用于不同黄瓜变种的快速核型分析;同时发现染色体上串联重复序列的分布及强弱在黄瓜变种间表现出明显的分化。     

Chromosome painting of telomeric repeats reveals new evidence for genome evolution in peanut

Interspecific hybridization is an important approach to improve cultivated peanut varieties. Cytological markers such as tandem repeats will facilitate alien gene introgression in peanut. Telomeric repeats have also been frequently used in chromosome research. Most plant telomeric repeats are(TTTAGGG)n that are mainly distributed at the chromosome ends, although interstitial telomeric repeats(ITRs) are also commonly identified. In this study, the telomeric repeat was chromosomally localized in 10 Arachis species through sequential GISH(genomic in situ hybridization) and FISH(fluorescence in situ hybridization) combined with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) staining. Six ITRs were identified such as in the centromeric region of chromosome Bi5 in Arachis ipa?nsis, pericentromeric regions of chromosomes As5 in A. stenosperma, Bho7 in A. hoehnei and Av5 in A. villosa, nucleolar organizer regions of chromosomes As3 in A. stenosperma and Adi3 in A. diogoi, subtelomeric regions of chromosomes Bho9 in A. hoehnei and Adu7 in A. duranensis, and telomeric region of chromosome Es7 in A. stenophylla. The distributions of the telomeric repeat, 5S r DNA, 45 S r DNA and DAPI staining pattern provided not only ways of distinguishing different chromosomes, but also karyotypes with a higher resolution that could be used in evolutionary genome research. The distribution of telomeric repeats, 5S r DNA and 45 S r DNA sites in this study, along with inversions detected on the long arms of chromosomes Kb10 and Bho10, indicated frequent chromosomal rearrangements during evolution of Arachis species.     

Interferon-beta-related DNA is dispersed in the human genome

Interferon-beta 1 (IFN-beta 1) complementary DNA was used as a hybridization probe to isolate human genomic DNA clones lambda B3 and lambda B4 from a human genomic DNA library. Blot-hybridization procedures and partial nucleotide sequencing revealed that lambda B3 is related to IFN-beta 1 (and more distantly to IFN-alpha 1). Analyses of DNA obtained from a panel of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids that were probed with DNA derived from lambda B3 showed that lambda B3 is on human chromosome 2. Similar experiments indicated that lambda B4 is not on human chromosomes 2, 5, or 9. The finding that DNA related to the IFN-beta 1 gene (and IFN-alpha 1 gene) is dispersed in the human genome raises new questions about the origins of the interferon genes.     

黑麦染色体组中一个新重复序列的发现、定位与应用

 【目的】寻找黑麦基因组中新的重复序列作为特异PCR标记。【方法】以普通小麦中国春、川农18、育成品系R111、绵阳11为对照，以荆州黑麦、秦岭黑麦、非洲黑麦、森林黑麦为材料，用RAPD法筛选到黑麦基因组中的一个高拷贝DNA片段OPD15940，将OPD15940输入到NCBI的BLAST框中进行比对。根据OPD15940设计特异PCR引物D15F和D15R，利用这对引物对小麦族物种进行扩增，验证OPD15940的特异性。进而利用原位杂交技术定位pScD15940在染色体上的位置。【结果】序列比对后发现OPD15940与重复序列Sukkula中近60个53bp的小片段有较高的同源性，但又不同于Sukkula，是一类新的重复序列。通过特异PCR确定仅含黑麦染色质的物种能扩增出OPD15940，因而OPD15940为黑麦所特有。原位杂交结果显示除端部区域外，pScD15940弥散状分布在黑麦整套染色体上。【结论】OPD15940可以作为分子标记检测导入到小麦背景中的黑麦染色体。     

Gene for T-cell growth factor: location on human chromosome 4q and feline chromosome B1

T-cell growth factor (TCGF) or interleukin-2 (IL-2), an immunoregulatory lymphokine, is produced by lectin- or antigen-activated mature T lymphocytes and in a constitutive manner by certain T-cell lymphoma cell lines. By means of a molecular clone of human TCGF and DNA extracted from a panel of somatic cell hybrids (rodent cells X normal human lymphocytes), the TCGF structural gene was identified on human chromosome 4. In situ hybridization of the TCGF clone to human chromosomes resulted in significant labeling of the midportion of the long arm of chromosome 4, indicating that the TCGF gene was located at band q26-28. Genomic DNA from a panel of hybrids prepared with HUT-102 B2 cells was examined with the same molecular clone. In this clone of cells, which produces human T-cell leukemia virus, the TCGF gene was also located on chromosome 4 and was apparently not rearranged. The homologous TCGF locus in the domestic cat was assigned to chromosome B1 by using a somatic cell hybrid panel that segregates cat chromosomes. Linkage studies as well as high-resolution G-trypsin banding indicate that this feline chromosome is partially homologous to human chromosome 4.     

Translocation and rearrangement of myeloperoxidase gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (subtype M3) is characterized by malignant promyelocytes exhibiting an abundance of abnormally large or aberrant primary granules. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of these azurophilic granules, as assessed by cytochemical staining, is unusually intense. In addition, M3 is universally associated with a chromosomal translocation, t(15;17)(q22;q11.2). In this report, the MPO gene was localized to human chromosome 17 (q12-q21), the region of the breakpoint on chromosome 17 in the t(15;17), by somatic cell hybrid analysis and in situ chromosomal hybridization. By means of MPO complementary DNA clones for in situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis, the effect of this specific translocation on the MPO gene was examined. In all cases of M3 examined, MPO is translocated to chromosome 15. Genomic blot analyses indicate rearrangement of MPO in leukemia cells of two of four cases examined. These findings suggest that MPO may be pivotal in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia.     

Somatic cell hybrid between the established human line D98 (presumptive HeLa) and 3T3

Somatic cell hybrids have been made between an established human cell line with a long culture history and established mouse fibroblast line. When first analyzed, the hybrid cells contained nearly twice as many mouse chromosomes as the mouse parent line and a human chromosome complemnent of about half that of the human parent. There was further loss of human chromosomes on continued cultivation. This behavior resembles that of other human mouse hybrids and appears to be characteristic of the human-mouse combination. However, the number of human chromosomes is greater than in hybrids made from human diploid fibroblasts. Some clones contain more than a haptoid quantity of human DNA per cell and should synthesize a much greater number of human gene products.     

A BAC-based physical map of the major autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster

We constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map of chromosomes 2 and 3 of Drosophila melanogaster, which constitute 81% of the genome. Sequence tagged site (STS) content, restriction fingerprinting, and polytene chromosome in situ hybridization approaches were integrated to produce a map spanning the euchromatin. Three of five remaining gaps are in repeat-rich regions near the centromeres. A tiling path of clones spanning this map and STS maps of chromosomes X and 4 was sequenced to low coverage; the maps and tiling path sequence were used to support and verify the whole-genome sequence assembly, and tiling path BACs were used as templates in sequence finishing.     

鲤45S rDNA的染色体荧光原位杂交定位

应用荧光原位杂交技术,通过设计位于5.8S rDNA、18S rDNA和非转录IGS区域的3条探针CAAG1191、CAAG1845和CAAG3602,分别对散鳞镜鲤Cyprinus carpio var.scattered mirror和松浦鲤Cyprinus carpio Songpu的45S核糖体DNA(ribosomal DNA,rDNA)进行染色体定位及共定位.结果表明:45S rDNA均位于两品种鲤一对近端着丝粒染色体的短臂末端,具有染色体特异性,表明45S rDNA序列的探针能够在鲤细胞遗传学研究中用于标识其所在染色体,并与鲤遗传连锁图谱中长度为227 cM的1号连锁群相对应;两品种鲤的染色体数目均为2n=100,45S rDNA在鲤基因组内仅定位于一对同源染色体,不存在复制位点,证实了鲤基因组在全基因组复制事件之后又经历了重新二倍化过程.     

PCR-based screening of BAC clones of different chromosomes in Chinese cabbage

In this paper, taking SSR and functional gene sequence as the primers and the plasmid of first- and second-level pools of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library as templates, the PCR method was used for specific clones of different chromosomes in Chinese cabbage. The results showed that the number of positive clones was 1?C11 per primer and the average number of clone was 3.9 by screening 19200 clones of BAC library using 12 pairs of SSR primers from 10 linkage groups individually, which were nearly consistent with about 3.4 times of genome coverage. Positive clones were acquired in chromosome Nos. 2 to 5 and 8 to 10 without screening with the positive clones in chromosome Nos. 1, 6, and 7. In addition, the primer of FLC1 functional gene of chromosome No. 10 was used for PCR screening, and two BAC clones containing FLC1 gene were acquired. Therefore, different specific BAC clones of chromosomes were taken by using SSR primer and functional gene primer. Specific clone screening of chromosomes could provide a probe for identifying the chromosome accurately. Meanwhile, the BAC library screening method was optimized, serving as an effective technical means for quick BAC clone screening.