环境因子及沉水植物对底泥磷释放的影响研究

通过环境因子（温度、pH、扰动、溶解氧等）及沉水植物对底泥磷释放影响的研究，分析了环境因子影响底泥磷释放的因素，及不同环境条件下沉水植物影响底泥磷释放的因素，得出了如下结论：溶解氧、pH、温度及扰动等对底泥磷向上覆水体释放都有一定影响，其中溶解氧和pH值影响较大；湖泊特别浅水型湖泊中，磷对水体富营养化起重要作用；沉水植物在控制湖泊底泥营养向水体扩散、风等外界因素扰动底泥起关键作用；浅水型湖泊中，湖泊底泥受扰动较大适合种植象狐尾藻类多分枝的沉水植物，这样有利于抑制底泥磷向水体的释放．     

农田氮、磷向水体迁移原因及对策

农田氮、磷向水体迁移,不仅造成化肥的利用率低,农业生产成本上升,还对水环境造成污染,引起水体富营养化。综合评述了农田氮、磷向水体迁移的原因及其控制方面的国内外研究进展。氮、磷肥的过量施用和施用比例不合理是导致农田氮、磷向水体迁移的主要原因;氮、磷向水体迁移量受土壤质地、施肥种类、降雨条件等因素影响;相应措施如优化土地利用、合理施肥和处理农田径流等均可有效地降低农田氮、磷向水体迁移风险。在当前的非点源污染治理中,应采取有力措施控制农田养分流失。     

三峡水库消落区土壤磷素释放与富营养化

三峡工程建成后,其独特的水库调度方式将在库周形成垂直距离为30m的消落区,淹没陆地面积632km2。消落区土壤受库水周期性的淹没、出露、冲刷、淤积,加上耕作和施肥影响,将形成一个脆弱生态系统。湖库消落区土壤是污染物的源或汇。消落区土壤磷素释放对水体富营养化有重要影响。研究消落区土壤磷负荷及其释放机制,可以为水库磷负荷提供基础数据,给消落区土地利用方式提供决策依据。淹水土壤磷素释放是与多个因子相关的复杂过程。本文分析了消落区土壤磷释放对富营养化的潜在影响,综述了土壤磷素释放的影响因素:磷形态、有机质、铁、铝、pH、温度和微生物。重点讨论了土壤在淹水—干燥—淹水条件下土壤性质变化和土壤磷素释放机制。一般认为,土壤淹水后,土壤氧化还原电位降低,提高了磷的有效性,促进了磷释放。干—湿交替比连续淹水释放磷是增加或减少,目前还存在争论。     

农田氮、磷的流失与水体富营养化

农田氮、磷的流失，不仅造成化肥的利用率降低，农业生产成本上升，还对水环境造成污染，引起水体富营养化。本讨论了农田氮磷流失对水体富营养化的贡献、农田氮磷流失途径及影响因素。提出了减少农田氮磷流失、控制水体富营养化的措施。     

三峡水库消落区土壤磷素释放与富营养化

三峡工程建成后，其独特的水库调度方式将在库周形成垂直距离为30m的消落区，淹没陆地面积632km^2。消落区土壤受库水周期性的淹没、出露、冲刷、淤积，加上耕作和施肥影响，将形成一个脆弱生态系统。湖库消落区土壤是污染物的源或汇。消落区土壤磷素释放对水体富营养化有重要影响。研究消落区土壤磷负荷及其释放机制，可以为水库磷负荷提供基础数据．给消落区土地利用方式提供决策依据：淹水土壤磷素释放是与多个因子相关的复杂过程。本文分析了消落区土壤磷释放对富营养化的潜在影响，综述了土壤磷素释放的影响因素：磷形态、有机质、铁、铝、pH、温度和微生物。重点讨论了土壤在淹水-干燥-淹水条件下土壤性质变化和土壤磷素释放机制，一般认为，土壤淹水后，土壤氧化还原电位降低，提高了磷的有效性，促进了磷释放。干-湿交替比连续淹水释放磷是增加或减少，目前还存在争论。     

因子分析法在汤河水库富营养化研究中的应用

水体富营养化是湖泊和水库面临的主要水质问题。运用综合营养状态指数法对汤河水库各断面营养水平进行评价，得出其目前的富营养化程度比较轻。因子分析法的应用表明，氮、磷和水温是汤河水库水体富营养化的主要影响因素。     

凤眼莲及底泥对富营养化水体反硝化脱氮特征的影响研究

利用改进的漂浮箱法,通过直接测定水体释放的N2O、N2,在模拟实验中研究种养及未种养漂浮植物凤眼莲条件下富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2、N2O特征及其对消减水体氮的贡献。结果表明,种养或未种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮的产物以N2为主,硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2O而脱除的氮仅占水体TN损失量的0．01％＋0．003％。在实验设定的水体富营养化条件下（NH4^＋ —N浓度6．0～7．2mg·L^-1、NO3^- -N浓度0．81～5．14mg·L^-1、TN浓度为8．9～12．07mg·L^-1）,种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体（无底泥）以向大气界面累积释放N2形式损失的氮量（N2-N量,以N计）为（1609．1±303．4）-（2265．2±262．6）mg,占水体氮损失量的63．2％-17．0％,凤眼莲吸收的N仅占水体TN损失量的（23．7±3．1）％～（28．7±4．8）％,并不是净化水体氮的唯一途径。未种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体（无底泥）向大气界面累积释放N2形式损失的氮占整个水体N损失量的（40．7±8．6）％-（43．6±0．8）％,是富营养化水体自净脱氮的主要途径。施加底泥进一步促进了水体通过反硝化脱氮释放N2而损失的氮量。凤眼莲与底泥对促进反硝化脱氮过程具有良好的交互作用（P〈0．01）。种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体向大气界面释放N2的浓度显著（P〈0．05）高于相应处理下未种养凤眼莲的对照水体,说明凤眼莲可能对水体反硝化脱氮过程有促进作用。     

影响富营养化湖泊底泥氮、磷释放的因素

[目的]分析水体酸碱度、温度以及上覆水营养盐浓度,为合理评估环境因素对湖泊底泥氮、磷释放的影响提供科学依据。[方法]选择富营氧化比较严重的云南省昆明市城市景观湖泊翠湖为研究区域,通过控制不同pH值、温度和上覆水营养盐浓度来模拟影响底泥氮磷释放的因素。[结果](1)放置时间相同条件下底泥氮、磷释放量受到水体酸碱性的影响,中性环境下(pH=7.5)释放量高于酸性和碱性水体条件。底泥释放5,10h条件下,pH值为7.5时底泥磷释放量分别达到5.88,8.28mg/kg;pH值为7.5时底泥氮释放量分别达到22.8,38.4mg/kg;(2)底泥氮、磷释放量随着温度升高而增加。温度为20℃时底泥氮、磷的释放量分别达到28.62,3.75mg/kg;(3)底泥氮、磷的释放量均随着上覆水浓度增加而减少,随着放置时间延长而增加。放置时间5h上覆水氨氮浓度0.31mg/L底泥氮的释放量最大,达到21.63mg/kg。放置10h在氨氮为2.37mg/L时底泥氮的释放量达到最大值(39.22mg/kg);底泥磷释放量在上覆水磷浓度0.14mg/L时底泥总磷的释放量最大;放置时间为5,10h时分别达到4.25,4.91mg/kg。[结论]底泥中营养盐释放是一相当复杂的动态过程,水体酸碱度、温度或上覆水营养盐浓度是影响释放量的主要因素。     

低温条件下满江红对地表水氮磷的去除效应研究

在冬季低温条件下研究了利用固氮植物满江红对模拟的不同磷浓度地表水的氮磷去除效应。结果表明,在各种磷浓度下,满江红对铵态氮、硝态氮和可溶性磷均有较好的去除效果,在试验结束的时候,溶液铵态氮、硝态氮去除率分别达94.04%和95.46%以上。磷的去除率随污染水体磷水平提高而增加,在处理前水体磷污染水平分别为0.1,0.4,1.6 mg P/L的条件下,其去除率分别达到87.0%,96.8%,99.0%。在磷污染水平提高时,满江红的生长量均有增加。满江红的生长量、植物体氮和磷浓度均随水体中磷的水平增加而提高。研究表明,满江红对富营养化地表水营养盐去除效果较好,可作为富营养化地表水修复植物。     

低温条件下满江红对地表水氮磷的去除效应研究

在冬季低温条件下研究了利用固氮植物满江红对模拟的不同磷浓度地表水的氮磷去除效应。结果表明,在各种磷浓度下,满江红对铵态氮、硝态氮和可溶性磷均有较好的去除效果,在试验结束的时候,溶液铵态氮、硝态氮去除率分别达94.04%和95.46%以上。磷的去除率随污染水体磷水平提高而增加,在处理前水体磷污染水平分别为0.1,0.4,1.6 mg P/L的条件下,其去除率分别达到87.0%,96.8%,99.0%。在磷污染水平提高时,满江红的生长量均有增加。满江红的生长量、植物体氮和磷浓度均随水体中磷的水平增加而提高。研究表明,满江红对富营养化地表水营养盐去除效果较好,可作为富营养化地表水修复植物。     

砂质农业土壤养分积累和迁移特点的研究

研究表明，砂质土壤开垦农用后，土壤有机质和保肥性（CEC）明显下降。除大棚蔬菜地外，施用的氮和钾肥不易在土壤中积累，很容易在短时间内沿剖面迁移至地下水，或随地表径流迁移至周围水体。但磷可以活性较高的可提取态形式积累在砂质土壤剖面中，并可逐渐随水进入地下水或迁至地表水，对环境造成危害。长期施用化肥的砂质农地地下水中磷、氮浓度可达到较高的水平。田间观测和模拟淋洗试验表明，砂土中养分极易随水迁移，高浓度的养分流失常发生在施肥后的降雨过程中。因此在砂质土壤上应避免高量施肥，肥料宜少量多次施用，不宜在雨前施用肥料。     

The influence of parent material and livestock intensification on plant-available phosphorus values by the Olsen method in Northern Ireland

Abstract. Leaching of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land is the major cause of eutrophication of surface waters in Northern Ireland. However, soil testing using the Olsen method has shown that while soil P in some catchment areas of the Province is low, surface waters within these catchments are, nonetheless, every bit as eutrophic as other local catchments where soil P is high. Soil P measurements on over 6000 samples from Northern Ireland soils (A horizon only) have indicated that Olsen-P values of improved grassland on most parent materials are linearly related to animal intensification. Exceptions are soils derived from peat, marl and basalt. For each of the latter soils, the measured Olsen-P was shown to be around 10 mg L^–1 lower than expected for farms with similar intensification on other parent materials. In particular, the mean Olsen-P values of samples from basaltic soils under grass with total Fe above 62 g kg^–1 and total Mg above 16 g kg^–1 were significantly lower than those from basaltic soils with low total Fe (<37 g kg^–1) and total Mg (<8 g kg^–1). As a result of the depressed Olsen-P value, excessive quantities of P may be applied to these soils to maintain a recommended soil P index thereby enhancing the potential for nutrient enrichment of adjacent surface waters. In such cases, coworkers have shown that acid ammonium oxalate may be a better extractant than bicarbonate as an indicator of plant-available P.     

土壤磷向地表径流迁移的提取系数研究

农田土壤磷随降雨径流进入地表水体是水环境富营养化的主要污染源。通过天然降雨径流小区,动态监测溶解态磷在降雨径流-土壤系统中的迁移,研究坡耕地表层土壤水浸提磷(WEP)和降雨径流溶解态磷(DTP)之间的关系。应用SPSS统计软件线性回归土壤WEP和径流DTP关系,拟合方程,y=0.281x-0.179(R=0.943)。方程斜率表示降雨径流溶解态总磷浓度对土壤不稳定磷浓度的提取系数。经最小二乘法线性回归检验,该模型拟合优度较高,整体性显著。土壤磷提取系数方程可实现磷素从农业营养元素向水环境污染因子内涵的转换,为农业非点源污染防治和水环境保护规划提供了一种估算农业非点源磷素污染潜在负荷的简单有效工具。     

Microbial biomass phosphorus contributions to phosphorus solubility in riparian vegetated buffer strip soils

This study tests the hypothesis that microbial biomass phosphorus (P) makes a significant contribution to P solubility in riparian buffer strip soils. In 36 soils collected from buffer strips within three UK soil associations, water-extractable inorganic P solubility was most strongly related to NaHCO₃ extractable inorganic P. However, within individual soil associations where soil pedological properties and management were similar, water-extractable inorganic P was most strongly related to microbial biomass P. These results highlight the difficulty in predicting dissolved P leaching risk based on agronomic soil P tests alone and the dissolved P leaching risk presented by having soils high in organic matter and microbial biomass P in close proximity to surface waters.     

Simple phosphorus saturation index to estimate risk of dissolved P in runoff from arable soils

Abstract. There is increasing evidence that phosphorus has been accumulating in the surface horizons of agricultural soils to the extent that some soils represent a potential diffuse source of pollution to surface waters. The relationships between equilibrium phosphorus concentration at zero sorption (EPC ₀) of soil and a number of soil physicochemical variables were investigated in the surface layers of arable and grassland agricultural soils sampled from the Thame catchment, England. Soil EPC₀ could be predicted from an equation including soil test (Olsen) P, soil phosphate sorption index (PSI) and organic matter content (OM) (R²=0.88; P <0.001) across a range of soil types and land use. The simple index Olsen P/PSI was found to be a good predictor of EPC₀ (R²=0.77; P <0.001) and readily desorbable (0.02 m KCl extractable) P (R²=0.73; P <0.001) across a range of soil types under arable having soil organic matter contents of <10%.     

湿地磷的生物地球化学特性

综述了湿地磷的生物地球化学特性，包括湿地土壤中磷的存在形态与磷的固定，湿地淹水对磷固定的影响，持久性淹水土壤中磷的行为，淹水和干旱转换条件下磷的反应，湿地在水体磷去除过程中的作用等。     

Assessing the bioavailability of dissolved organic phosphorus in pasture and cultivated soils treated with different rates of nitrogen fertiliser

A proportion of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) in soil leachates is readily available for uptake by aquatic organisms and, therefore, can represent a hazard to surface water quality. A study was conducted to characterise DOP in water extracts and soil P fractions of lysimeter soils (pasture before and after, and cultivated soil after leaching to simulate a wet winter-autumn) from a field trial. Data on DOP in drainage waters from the field trial were also generated. In water extracts, used as a surrogate for soil solution and drainage water, 70-90% of the total dissolved P (TDP) concentration was made up of DOP, of which 40% was hydrolysable by phosphatase enzymes. Proportions of hydrolysable DOP to TDP in drainage waters of the field trial were less than in water extracts due to enhanced DRP loss via dung inputs, but still large at 35% of DOP. Analysis of lysimeter soils by sequential fractionation indicated that several organic P fractions changed with land use and due to leaching. Further investigation using NaOH-EDTA extracts and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the greatest changes were a decrease in the concentrations of orthophosphate diester P and an increase in orthophosphate monoester P. This was attributed to mineralization by cultivation and plant roots and also to the leaching of mobile diester P. This study suggests that in such soils with a dynamic soil organic P pool, the concentration of readily bioavailable P in soil solution and drainage waters and the potential to impair surface water quality cannot be determined from the DRP concentration alone.     

蔬菜地土壤磷饱和度及其对磷释放和水质的影响

为了解蔬菜地土壤磷素的积累对水环境的影响,我们在浙江省选择了33个代表性蔬菜地,采集和分析了土壤、地表水和地下水样的磷素状况,从土壤磷饱和度的角度,研究了浙江省主要蔬菜土壤磷积累状况及其对地表和地下水水质和土壤磷释放潜力的影响。结果表明,半透膜渗析法测得的磷释放量与土壤磷积累呈正相关,磷释放量随土壤磷饱和度的提高而增加。蔬菜地土壤磷饱和度的增加可显著提高地表水体和地下水中磷的浓度,当土壤磷饱和度小于25%左右时,水体中磷浓度随土壤磷饱和度增加较为缓慢;但当磷饱和度大于25%时,水体中磷浓度随土壤磷饱和度提高迅速上升。地表水中磷浓度主要与表层土壤磷饱和度有关;地下水中磷浓度主要受深层土壤磷饱和度的影响,与表层土壤磷饱和度的相关性较小。土壤磷饱和度可很好地表征土壤磷释放和对环境的潜在影响。     

Phosphatformen in Unterwasserböden Ca-reicher Fließgewässer

Forms of phosphates in underwater soils of Ca-rich running waters Underwater soils of small carbonaceous rivers in Upper Bavaria have phosphorus contents between 300 ppm in oligotrophic creeks and more than 0.2% in heavily polluted waters. The (Al,Fe)-P and the Ca-P occupied 20–35% and 28–38% of total phosphorus (P_t) resp., so that inorganic phosphates represent 53 to 64% of P_t. The correlation between P_t and carbonate is negative, but is positive between P_t and oxalate Fe or organic substance. Addition of P results in a relative increase of (Al,Fe)-P compared with other forms. Approximately 7 to 15% of total P is subject to isotopic exchange with ³²P.     

砂质土壤磷素的组成特点与释放规律研究

砂质土壤磷素主要以可提取态形式积累,有很高的释放潜力。该类土壤磷素的释放受土壤pH、土水作用时间和土壤溶液化学组成等的影响。土壤酸化、土壤溶液中Na+浓度的提高及土壤与水的作用时间增加可促进土壤磷素的释放。用淋洗方法和平衡提取等2种方法对土壤磷素的释放评价表明,淋洗方法测得的P量较小,可代表土壤短期内P释放强度;而平衡提取法提取的P数量较大,可代表土壤P长期释放的容量。